Solved Problems of Mass and Heat Conduction: June 2020

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/342493142
Solved Problems of Mass and Heat Conduction
Experiment Findings · June 2020

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35712.25605
CITATIONS READS
0 993
1 author:
Mohammad Ali
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)
64 PUBLICATIONS 11 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Modeling View project
Building model for heat transfer View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Mohammad Ali on 27 June 2020.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Mass and Heat Conduction
Solved Problems of Mass and Heat Conduction
Dr. Mohammad Ali

Department of Electrical & Electronic
EngineeringTel, University of Nottingham
Malaysia Campus Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
+60-3-89212020
Email: ali.abbas@nottingham.edu.my
2-34
2-68 A Compressed Air Pipe Is Subjected To Uniform Heat Flux On The Outer Surface And Convection
On The Inner Surface. The Mathematical Formulation, The Variation Of Temperature In The Pipe, And
The Surface Temperatures Are To Be Determined For Steady One-Dimensional Heat Transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat Conduction Is Steady And One-Dimensional Since The Pipe Is Long Relative To Its
Thickness, And There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Center Line. 2 Thermal Conductivity Is Constant.
3 There Is No Heat Generation In The Pipe.
Properties The Thermal Conductivity Is Given To Be K = 14 W/M°C.
Analysis (A) Noting That The 85% Of The 300 W Generated By The Strip Heater Is Transferred To The
Pipe, The Heat Flux Through The Outer Surface Is Determined To Be
Q s Q s 0.85  300 W
q s = = = = 169.1 W/m 2
A2 2r2 L 2 (0.04 m)(6 m)
Noting That Heat Transfer Is One-Dimensional In The Radial R Direction And Heat Flux Is In The
Negative R Direction, The Mathematical Formulation Of This Problem Can Be Expressed As
d  dT  r
r =0
dr  dr  Heater
r2
dT (r1 )
And −k = h[T − T (r1 )] Air, -10°C r1
dr
dT (r2 )
k = q s
dr
L=6 m
(B) Integrating The Differential Equation Once With Respect To R Gives
dT
r = C1
dr
Dividing Both Sides Of The Equation Above By R To Bring It To A Readily Integrable Form And Then
Integrating,
dT C1
=
dr r
T (r ) = C1 ln r + C2
Where C1 And C2 Are Arbitrary Constants. Applying The Boundary Conditions Give
C1 q r
R = R2: k = q s → C1 = s 2
r2 k
C1  k   k  q s r2
R = R1: −k = h[T − (C1 ln r1 + C 2 )] → C 2 = T −  ln r1 − C1 = T −  ln r1 − 
r1  hr1   hr1  k
Substituting C1 and C2 Into The General Solution, The Variation Of Temperature Is Determined To Be
 k   k   r k  q s r2
T (r ) = C1 ln r + T −  ln r1 − C1 = T +  ln r − ln r1 + C1 = T +  ln + 
 hr1   hr1   1 r hr1  k
 r 14 W/m  C  (169.1 W/m 2 )(0.04 m)  r 

= −10C +  ln +  = −10 + 0.483 ln + 12.61
 r (30 W/m 2  C)(0.037 m)  14 W/m  C
 1   r1 
2-35
(C) The Inner And Outer Surface Temperatures Are Determined By Direct Substitution To Be
 r 
Inner Surface (R = R1): T (r1 ) = −10 + 0.483 ln 1 + 12.61 = −10 + 0.483(0 + 12.61) = −3.91C
 r1 
 r   0.04 
Outer Surface (R = R2): T (r1 ) = −10 + 0.483 ln 2 + 12.61 = −10 + 0.483 ln + 12.61 = −3.87C
 r1   0.037 
Note That The Pipe Is Essentially Isothermal At A Temperature Of About -3.9C.
2-36
2-69
"GIVEN"
L=6 "[M]"
R_1=0.037 "[M]"
R_2=0.04 "[M]"
K=14 "[W/M-C]"
Q_Dot=300 "[W]"
T_İnfinity=-10 "[C]"
H=30 "[W/M^2-C]"
F_Loss=0.15
"ANALYSIS"
Q_Dot_S=((1-F_Loss)*Q_Dot)/A
A=2*Pi*R_2*L
T=T_İnfinity+(Ln(R/R_1)+K/(H*R_1))*(Q_Dot_S*R_2)/K "Variation Of Temperature"
"R İs The Parameter To Be Varied"
R [M] T [C]
0.037 3.906
0.03733 3.902
0.03767 3.898
0.038 3.893
0.03833 3.889
0.03867 3.885
0.039 3.881
0.03933 3.877
0.03967 3.873
0.04 3.869
-3.87
-3.879
T [C]
-3.888
-3.897
-3.906
0.037 0.0375 0.038 0.0385 0.039 0.0395 0.04
r [m]
2-70 A Spherical Container Is Subjected To Uniform Heat Flux On The Outer Surface And Specified
Temperature On The Inner Surface. The Mathematical Formulation, The Variation Of Temperature In The
Pipe, And The Outer Surface Temperature, And The Maximum Rate Of Hot Water Supply Are To Be
Determined For Steady One-Dimensional Heat Transfer.
2-37
Assumptions 1 Heat Conduction Is Steady And One-Dimensional Since There Is No Change With Time
And There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Mid Point. 2 Thermal Conductivity Is Constant. 3 There Is
No Heat Generation In The Container.
Properties The Thermal Conductivity Is Given To Be K = 1.5 W/M°C. The Specific Heat Of Water At
The Average Temperature Of (100+20)/2 = 60C Is 4.185 Kj/KgC (Table A-9).
Analysis (A) Noting That The 90% Of The 500 W Generated By The Strip Heater Is Transferred To The
Container, The Heat Flux Through The Outer Surface Is Determined To Be
Q s Q s 0.90  500 W
q s = = = = 213.0 W/m 2
A2 4r2 2
4 (0.41m) 2
Noting That Heat Transfer Is One-Dimensional In The Radial R Direction And Heat Flux Is In The
Negative R Direction, The Mathematical Formulation Of This Problem Can Be Expressed As
d  2 dT 
r =0
dr  dr  Insulation
k T1
And T (r1 ) = T1 = 100C
Heater r2
r1 r
dT (r2 )
k = q s
dr
(B) Integrating The Differential Equation Once With Respect To R Gives
dT
r2 = C1
dr
Dividing Both Sides Of The Equation Above By R2 And Then Integrating,
dT C1
=
dr r 2
C1
T (r ) = − + C2
r
Where C1 And C2 Are Arbitrary Constants. Applying The Boundary Conditions Give
C1 q s r22
R = R2: k = q s → C1 =
r22 k
C1 C q r 2
R = R1: T (r1 ) = T1 = − + C2 → C2 = T1 + 1 = T1 + s 2
r1 r1 kr1
Substituting C1 and C2 Into The General Solution, The Variation Of Temperature Is Determined To Be
C1 C C  1 1  1 1  q r 2
T (r ) = − + C 2 = − 1 + T1 + 1 = T1 +  − C1 = T1 +  −  s 2
r r r1  r1 r   r1 r  k
 1 1  (213 W/m 2 )(0.41 m) 2  1
= 100C +  −  = 100 + 23.87 2.5 − 
 0.40 m r  1.5 W/m  C  r
(C) The Outer Surface Temperature Is Determined By Direct Substitution To Be
 1   1 
Outer Surface (R = R2): T (r2 ) = 100 + 23.87 2.5 −  = 100 + 23.87 2.5 −  = 101.5C
 r2   0.41 
Noting That The Maximum Rate Of Heat Supply To The Water Is 0.9  500 W = 450 W, Water Can Be
Heated From 20 To 100C At A Rate Of
2-38
Q 0.450 kJ / s
Q = mC
 p T → m
= = = 0.00134 kg / s = 4.84 kg / h
C p T (4.185 kJ / kg C)(100 − 20) C
2-39
2-71
"GIVEN"
R_1=0.40 "[M]"
R_2=0.41 "[M]"
K=1.5 "[W/M-C]"
T_1=100 "[C]"
Q_Dot=500 "[W]"
F_Loss=0.10
"ANALYSIS"
Q_Dot_S=((1-F_Loss)*Q_Dot)/A
A=4*Pi*R_2^2
T=T_1+(1/R_1-1/R)*(Q_Dot_S*R_2^2)/K "Variation Of Temperature"
R [M] T [C]
0.4 100
0.4011 100.2
0.4022 100.3
0.4033 100.5
0.4044 100.7
0.4056 100.8
0.4067 101
0.4078 101.1
0.4089 101.3
0.41 101.5
101.6
101.4
101.2
101
T [C]
100.8
100.6
100.4
100.2
100
0.4 0.402 0.404 0.406 0.408 0.41
r [m]
2-40
Heat Generation In Solids
2-72C No. Heat Generation In A Solid Is Simply The Conversion Of Some Form Of Energy Into Sensible
Heat Energy. For Example Resistance Heating In Wires Is Conversion Of Electrical Energy To Heat.
2-73C Heat Generation In A Solid Is Simply Conversion Of Some Form Of Energy Into Sensible Heat
Energy. Some Examples Of Heat Generations Are Resistance Heating In Wires, Exothermic Chemical
Reactions In A Solid, And Nuclear Reactions In Nuclear Fuel Rods.
2-74C The Rate Of Heat Generation Inside An Iron Becomes Equal To The Rate Of Heat Loss From The
Iron When Steady Operating Conditions Are Reached And The Temperature Of The Iron Stabilizes.
2-75C No, It Is Not Possible Since The Highest Temperature In The Plate Will Occur At Its Center, And
Heat Cannot Flow “Uphill.”
2-76C The Cylinder Will Have A Higher Center Temperature Since The Cylinder Has Less Surface Area
To Lose Heat From Per Unit Volume Than The Sphere.
2-77 A 2-Kw Resistance Heater Wire With A Specified Surface Temperature Is Used To Boil Water. The
Center Temperature Of The Wire Is To Be Determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat Transfer Is Steady Since There Is No Change With Time. 2 Heat Transfer Is One-
Dimensional Since There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Center Line And No Change In The Axial
Direction. 3 Thermal Conductivity Is Constant. 4 Heat Generation In The Heater Is Uniform.
Analysis The Resistance Heater Converts Electric Energy Into Heat
At A Rate Of 2 Kw. The Rate Of Heat Generation Per Unit Volume 110C
Of The Wire Is
Q gen Q gen 2000 W
g = = = = 1.455  10 8 W/m 3 r
V wire ro L
2
 (0.0025 m) 2 (0.7 m)
D
The Center Temperature Of The Wire Is Then Determined From Eq. 2-71 To Be
gro 2 (1.455  10 8 W/m 3 )(0.0025 m) 2
To = Ts + = 110C + = 121.4C
4k 4(20 W/m.C)
2-41
2-78 Heat Is Generated In A Long Solid Cylinder With A Specified Surface

Temperature. The Variation Of Temperature In The Cylinder Is Given By
gr02   r  
2
T (r ) = 1 −    + Ts 80C
k   r0  
 
k
(A) Heat Conduction Is Steady Since There Is No Time T Variable Involved. go r
(B) Heat Conduction Is A One-Dimensional. D
(C) Using Eq. (1), The Heat Flux On The Surface Of The Cylinder At R = r0
Is Determined From Its Definition To Be
dT (r0 )  gr 2  2r    gr 2  2r0 

q s = −k = −k  0 −  = − k  0 −  = 2 gr0 = 2(35 W/cm3 )(4 cm) = 280 W/cm 2
dr  k  r 2   k  r2 
 0  r = r0  0 
2-42
2-79
"GIVEN"
R_0=0.04 "[M]"
K=25 "[W/M-C]"
G_Dot_0=35E+6 "[W/M^3]"
T_S=80 "[C]"
"ANALYSIS"
T=(G_Dot_0*R_0^2)/K*(1-(R/R_0)^2)+T_S "Variation Of Temperature"
R [M] T [C]
0 2320
0.004444 2292
0.008889 2209
0.01333 2071
0.01778 1878
0.02222 1629
0.02667 1324
0.03111 964.9
0.03556 550.1
0.04 80
2500
2000
1500
T [C]
1000
500
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
r [m]
2-43
2-80E A Long Homogeneous Resistance Heater Wire With Specified Convection Conditions At The
Surface Is Used To Boil Water. The Mathematical Formulation, The Variation Of Temperature In The
Wire, And The Temperature At The Centerline Of The Wire Are To Be Determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat Transfer Is Steady Since There Is No Indication Of Any Change With Time. 2 Heat
Transfer Is One-Dimensional Since There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Center Line And No Change In
The Axial Direction. 3 Thermal Conductivity Is Constant. 4 Heat Generation In The Wire Is Uniform.
Properties The Thermal Conductivity Is Given To Be K = 8.6 Btu/HFt°F.
Analysis Noting That Heat Transfer Is Steady And One-Dimensional In The Radial R Direction, The
Mathematical Formulation Of This Problem Can Be Expressed As
1 d  dT  g
r + = 0
r dr  dr  k
dT (r0 )
And − k = h[T (r0 ) − T ] (Convection At The Outer Surface)
dr
dT ( 0)
= 0 (Thermal Symmetry About The Centerline)
dr
Multiplying Both Sides Of The Differential Equation r
By R And Rearranging Gives T
Water h
d  dT  g
r =− r ro
dr  dr  k
0
Integrating With Respect To R Gives
dT g r 2
r =− + C1 (A) Heater
dr k 2
It Is Convenient At This Point To Apply The Second Boundary Condition Since It Is Related To The First
Derivative Of The Temperature By Replacing All Occurrences Of R And Dt/Dr In The Equation Above By
Zero. It Yields
dT (0) g
B.C. At R = 0: 0 =−  0 + C1 → C1 = 0
dr 2k
Dividing Both Sides Of Eq. (A) By R To Bring It To A Readily Integrable Form And Integrating,
dT g
=− r
dr 2k
g 2
And T (r ) = − r + C2 (B)
4k
Applying The Second Boundary Condition At r = r0 ,
gr0  g 2  gr g 2
B. C. At r = r0 : −k = h − r0 + C 2 − T  → C 2 = T + 0 + r0
2k  4k  2h 4k
Substituting This C2 Relation Into Eq. (B) And Rearranging Give
g 2 
gr
T (r ) = T + (r0 − r 2 ) + 0
4k 2h
Which Is The Desired Solution For The Temperature Distribution In The Wire As A Function Of R. Then
The Temperature At The Center Line (R = 0) Is Determined By Substituting The Known Quantities To Be
2-44
g 2 gr0
T (0) = T + r0 +
4k 2h
2
(1800 Btu/h.in 3 )(0.25 in) 2  12 in  (1800 Btu/h.in 3 )(0.25 in )  12 in 
= 212F +  +   = 290.8F
4  (8.6 Btu/h.ft.F)  1 ft  2  (820 Btu/h  ft 2  F)  1 ft 
Thus The Centerline Temperature Will Be About 80°F Above The Temperature Of The Surface Of The
Wire.
2-45
2-81E
"GIVEN"
R_0=0.25/12 "[Ft]"
K=8.6 "[Btu/H-Ft-F]"
"G_Dot=1800 [Btu/H-İn^3], Parameter To Be Varied"
T_İnfinity=212 "[F]"
H=820 "[Btu/H-Ft^2-F]"
"ANALYSIS"
T_0=T_İnfinity+(G_Dot/Convert(İn^3, Ft^3))/(4*K)*(R_0^2-R^2)+((G_Dot/Convert(İn^3,
Ft^3))*R_0)/(2*H) "Variation Of Temperature"
R=0 "For Centerline Temperature"
G [Btu/H.In3] T0 [F]
400 229.5
600 238.3
800 247
1000 255.8
1200 264.5
1400 273.3
1600 282
1800 290.8
2000 299.5
2200 308.3
2400 317
320
300
280
T0 [F]
260
240
220
250 700 1150 1600 2050 2500
3
g [Btu/h-in ]
2-46
2-82 A Nuclear Fuel Rod With A Specified Surface Temperature Is Used As The Fuel In A Nuclear
Reactor. The Center Temperature Of The Rod Is To Be Determined.
Assumptions 1 Heat Transfer Is Steady Since There Is No 175°C
Indication Of Any Change With Time. 2 Heat Transfer Is One-
Dimensional Since There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Center g
Line And No Change In The Axial Direction. 3 Thermal
Conductivity Is Constant. 4 Heat Generation In The Rod Is
Uniform.
Uranium rod
Properties The Thermal Conductivity Is Given To Be K = 29.5
W/M°C.
Analysis The Center Temperature Of The Rod Is Determined
From
gro 2 (7  10 7 W/m 3 )(0.025 m) 2
To = T s + = 175C + = 545.8C
4k 4(29.5 W/m.C)
2-47
2-83 Both Sides Of A Large Stainless Steel Plate In Which Heat Is Generated Uniformly Are Exposed To
Convection With The Environment. The Location And Values Of The Highest And The Lowest
Temperatures In The Plate Are To Be Determined.
Transfer Is One-Dimensional Since The Plate Is Large Relative To Its Thickness, And There Is Thermal
Symmetry About The Center Plane 3 Thermal Conductivity Is Constant. 4 Heat Generation Is Uniform.
Properties The Thermal Conductivity Is Given To Be K =15.1 W/M°C.
Analysis The Lowest Temperature Will Occur At Surfaces Of
Plate While The Highest Temperature Will Occur At The k
Midplane. Their Values Are Determined Directly From g
T =30°C T =30°C
gL (5  10 5 W/m 3 )(0.015 m) h=60 W/m2.°C
T s = T + = 30C + = 155C h=60 W/m2.°C
h 60 W/m .C
2
2L=3 cm
gL 2
(5  10 W/m )(0.015 m)
5 3 2
To = Ts + = 155C + = 158.7C
2k 2(15.1 W/m.C)
2-84 Heat Is Generated Uniformly In A Large Brass Plate. One Side Of The Plate Is Insulated While The
Other Side Is Subjected To Convection. The Location And Values Of The Highest And The Lowest
Temperatures In The Plate Are To Be Determined.
Transfer Is One-Dimensional Since The Plate Is Large Relative To Its Thickness, And There Is Thermal
Symmetry About The Center Plane 3 Thermal Conductivity Is Constant. 4 Heat Generation Is Uniform.
Properties The Thermal Conductivity Is Given To Be K =111 W/M°C.
Analysis This Insulated Plate Whose Thickness Is L Is Equivalent
To One-Half Of An Uninsulated Plate Whose Thickness Is 2L k
Since The Midplane Of The Uninsulated Plate Can Be Treated As g
Insulated Surface. The Highest Temperature Will Occur At The
Insulated Surface While The Lowest Temperature Will Occur At Insulated T =25°C
The Surface Which Is Exposed To The Environment. Note That L h=44 W/m2.°C
L=5 cm
In The Following Relations Is The Full Thickness Of The Given
Plate Since The Insulated Side Represents The Center Surface Of
A Plate Whose Thickness Is Doubled. The Desired Values Are
Determined Directly From
gL (2  10 5 W/m 3 )(0.05 m)

Ts = T + = 25C + = 252.3 C
h 44 W/m 2 .C
gL2 (2 10 5 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
To = Ts + = 252.3C + = 254.5 C
2k 2(111 W/m.C)
2-48
2-85
"GIVEN"
L=0.05 "[M]"
K=111 "[W/M-C]"
G_Dot=2E5 "[W/M^3]"
T_İnfinity=25 "[C]"
"H=44 [W/M^2-C], Parameter To Be Varied"
"ANALYSIS"
T_Min=T_İnfinity+(G_Dot*L)/H
T_Max=T_Min+(G_Dot*L^2)/(2*K)
H [W/M2.C] Tmin [C] Tmax [C]

20 525 527.3
25 425 427.3
30 358.3 360.6
35 310.7 313
40 275 277.3
45 247.2 249.5
50 225 227.3
55 206.8 209.1
60 191.7 193.9
65 178.8 181.1
70 167.9 170.1
75 158.3 160.6
80 150 152.3
85 142.6 144.9
90 136.1 138.4
95 130.3 132.5
100 125 127.3
2-49
550
500
450
400
Tmin [C]
350
300
250
200
150
100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2
h [W/m -C]
550
500
450
400
350
Tmax [C]
300
250
200
150
100
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2
h [W/m -C]
2-50
2-86 A Long Resistance Heater Wire Is Subjected To Convection At Its Outer Surface. The Surface
Temperature Of The Wire Is To Be Determined Using The Applicable Relations Directly And By Solving
The Applicable Differential Equation.
Properties The Thermal Conductivity Is Given To Be K = 15.1 W/M°C.
Analysis (A) The Heat Generation Per Unit Volume Of The Wire Is
Q gen Q gen 2000 W

g = = = = 1061
.  108 W / m 3
Vwire ro L2
 (0.001 m) 2 (6 m) T k T
h g h
The Surface Temperature Of The Wire Is Then (Eq. 2-68)
o
gr (1061
.  108 W / m3 )(0.001 m) 0 r
ro
Ts = T + = 30 C + = 409 C
2h 2(140 W / m2 .  C)
(B) The Mathematical Formulation Of This Problem Can Be Expressed As
1 d  dT  g
r + = 0
r dr  dr  k
dT (r0 )
And − k = h[T (r0 ) − T ] (Convection At The Outer Surface)
dr
dT ( 0)
dr
Multiplying Both Sides Of The Differential Equation By R And Integrating Gives
d  dT  g dT g r 2
r =− r → r =− + C1 (A)
dr  dr  k dr k 2
Applying The Boundary Condition At The Center Line,
dT (0) g
B.C. At R = 0: 0  =−  0 + C1 → C1 = 0
dr 2k
dT g g 2
=− r → T (r ) = − r + C2 (B)
dr 2k 4k
Applying The Boundary Condition At r = r0 ,
gr0  g 2  gr g 2
B. C. At r = r0 : −k
= h − r0 + C 2 − T  → C 2 = T + 0 + r0
2k  4k  2h 4k
g 2 
gr
T (r ) = T +(r0 − r 2 ) + 0
4k 2h
Which Is The Temperature Distribution In The Wire As A Function Of R. Then The Temperature Of The
Wire At The Surface (R = R0 ) Is Determined By Substituting The Known Quantities To Be
g 2 
gr 
gr (1061
.  108 W / m3 )(0.001 m)
T (r0 ) = T + (r0 − r02 ) + 0 = T + o = 30 C + = 409 C
4k 2h 2h 2(140 W / m2 .  C)
Note That Both Approaches Give The Same Result.
r
Ts
2-87E Heat Is Generated Uniformly In A Resistance Heater Wire. The Temperature Difference Between
The Center And The Surface Of The Wire Is To Be Determined. ro
0
2-51
Heater
Assumptions 1 Heat Transfer Is Steady Since There Is No

Change With Time. 2 Heat Transfer Is One-Dimensional Since
There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Center Line And No
Change In The Axial Direction. 3 Thermal Conductivity Is
Constant. 4 Heat Generation In The Heater Is Uniform.
Btu/HFt°F.
Analysis The Resistance Heater Converts Electric Energy Into Heat At A Rate Of 3 Kw. The Rate Of Heat
Generation Per Unit Length Of The Wire Is
Q gen Q gen (3  3412.14 Btu/h)
g = = = = 2.933  10 8 Btu/h.ft 3
V wire ro L
2
 (0.04 / 12 ft) (1 ft)
2
Then The Temperature Difference Between The Centerline And The Surface Becomes
gro 2 (2.933  10 8 Btu/h.ft 3 )(0.04 / 12 ft) 2
Tmax = = = 140.4F
4k 4(5.8 Btu/h.ft.F)
2-88E Heat Is Generated Uniformly In A Resistance Heater Wire. The Temperature Difference Between
The Center And The Surface Of The Wire Is To Be Determined.
r
Assumptions 1 Heat Transfer Is Steady Since There Is No
Ts
Change With Time. 2 Heat Transfer Is One-Dimensional Since
There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Center Line And No ro
Change In The Axial Direction. 3 Thermal Conductivity Is
Constant. 4 Heat Generation In The Heater Is Uniform. 0
Btu/HFt°F. Heater
Analysis The Resistance Heater Converts Electric Energy Into Heat At A Rate Of 3 Kw. The Rate Of Heat
Generation Per Unit Volume Of The Wire Is
Q gen Q gen (3  3412.14 Btu/h)
g = = = = 2.933  10 8 Btu/h.ft 3
V wire ro 2 L  (0.04 / 12 ft) (1 ft)
2
Then The Temperature Difference Between The Centerline And The Surface Becomes
gro 2 (2.933  10 8 Btu/h.ft 3 )(0.04 / 12 ft) 2
Tmax = = = 181.0F
4k 4(4.5 Btu/h.ft.F)
2-52
2-89 Heat Is Generated Uniformly In A Spherical Radioactive Material With Specified Surface
Temperature. The Mathematical Formulation, The Variation Of Temperature In The Sphere, And The
Center Temperature Are To Be Determined For Steady One-Dimensional Heat Transfer.
Assumptions 1 Heat Transfer Is Steady Since There Is No Indication Of Any Changes With Time. 2 Heat
Transfer Is One-Dimensional Since There Is Thermal Symmetry About The Mid Point. 3 Thermal
Conductivity Is Constant. 4 Heat Generation Is Uniform.
Analysis (A) Noting That Heat Transfer Is Steady And One-Dimensional In The Radial R Direction, The
1 d  2 dT  g Ts=80°C
k
r + = 0 with g = constant
r 2 dr  dr  k g
And T (r0 ) = Ts = 80C (Specified Surface Temperature) r

0 ro
dT ( 0)
= 0 (Thermal Symmetry About The Mid Point)
dr
(B) Multiplying Both Sides Of The Differential Equation By R2 And Rearranging Gives
d  2 dT  g 2
r =− r
dr  dr  k
dT g r 3
r2 =− + C1 (A)
dr k 3
Applying The Boundary Condition At The Mid Point,
dT (0) g
B.C. At R = 0: 0  =−  0 + C1 → C1 = 0
dr 3k
Dividing Both Sides Of Eq. (A) By R2 To Bring It To A Readily Integrable Form And Integrating,
dT g
=− r
dr 3k
g 2
And T (r ) = − r + C2 (B)
6k
Applying The Other Boundary Condition At r = r0 ,
g 2 g 2
B. C. At r = r0 : Ts = − r0 + C2 → C2 = Ts + r0
6k 6k
g 2
T (r ) = Ts + (r0 − r 2 )
6k
Which Is The Desired Solution For The Temperature Distribution In The Wire As A Function Of R.
(C) The Temperature At The Center Of The Sphere (R = 0) Is Determined By Substituting The Known
Quantities To Be
g 2 gr 2 (4  10 7 W/m 3 )(0.04 m) 2
T ( 0) = T s + (r0 − 0 2 ) = Ts + 0 = 80C + = 791C
6k 6k 6  (15 W/ m.C)
Thus The Temperature At Center Will Be About 711°C Above The Temperature Of The Outer Surface Of
The Sphere.
2-53
2-90
"GIVEN"
R_0=0.04 "[M]"
G_Dot=4E7 "[W/M^3]"
T_S=80 "[C]"
K=15 "[W/M-C], Parameter To Be Varied"
"ANALYSIS"
T=T_S+G_Dot/(6*K)*(R_0^2-R^2) "Temperature Distribution As A Function Of R"
T_0=T_S+G_Dot/(6*K)*R_0^2 "Temperature At The Center (R=0)"
R [M] T [C]
0 791.1
0.002105 789.1
0.004211 783.2
0.006316 773.4
0.008421 759.6
0.01053 741.9
0.01263 720.2
0.01474 694.6
0.01684 665
0.01895 631.6
0.02105 594.1
0.02316 552.8
0.02526 507.5
0.02737 458.2
0.02947 405
0.03158 347.9
0.03368 286.8
0.03579 221.8
0.03789 152.9
0.04 80
K [W/M.C] T0 [C]
10 1147
30.53 429.4
51.05 288.9
71.58 229
92.11 195.8
112.6 174.7
133.2 160.1
153.7 149.4
174.2 141.2
194.7 134.8
215.3 129.6
235.8 125.2
256.3 121.6
276.8 118.5
297.4 115.9
317.9 113.6
338.4 111.5
358.9 109.7
379.5 108.1
400 106.7
2-54
800
700
600
500
T [C]
400
300
200
100
0
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04
r [m]
1200
1000
800
600
T0 [C]
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
k [W/m-C]
2-55
2-91 A Long Homogeneous Resistance Heater Wire With Specified Surface Temperature Is Used To Boil
Water. The Temperature Of The Wire 2 Mm From The Center Is To Be Determined In Steady Operation.
Analysis Noting That Heat Transfer Is Steady And One-Dimensional In The Radial R Direction, The
r
1 d  dT  g
r + = 0 180°C
r dr  dr  k
ro
And T (r0 ) = Ts = 180C (Specified Surface Temperature) g
dT ( 0)
dr
Resistance wire
Multiplying Both Sides Of The Differential Equation By R And Rearranging Gives
d  dT  g
r =− r
dr  dr  k
dT g r 2
r =− + C1 (A)
dr k 2
It Is Convenient At This Point To Apply The Boundary Condition At The Center Since It Is Related To The
First Derivative Of The Temperature. It Yields
dT (0) g
B.C. At R = 0: 0  =−  0 + C1 → C1 = 0
dr 2k
dT g
=− r
dr 2k
g 2
And T (r ) = − r + C2 (B)
4k
Applying The Other Boundary Condition At r = r0 ,
g 2 g 2
B. C. At r = r0 : Ts = − r0 + C2 → C2 = Ts + r0
4k 4k
g 2 2
T (r ) = Ts + (r0 − r )
4k
Which Is The Desired Solution For The Temperature Distribution In The Wire As A Function Of R. The
Temperature 2 Mm From The Center Line (R = 0.002 M) Is Determined By Substituting The Known
Quantities To Be
g 2 5  107 W / m3
T (0.002 m) = Ts + (r0 − r 2 ) = 180 C + [(0.005 m) 2 − (0.002 m) 2 ] = 212.8 C
4k 4  (8 W / m.  C)
Thus The Temperature At That Location Will Be About 33°C Above The Temperature Of The Outer
Surface Of The Wire.
2-56
2-92 Heat Is Generated In A Large Plane Wall Whose One Side Is Insulated While The Other Side Is
Maintained At A Specified Temperature. The Mathematical Formulation, The Variation Of Temperature In
The Wall, And The Temperature Of The Insulated Surface Are To Be Determined For Steady One-
Dimensional Heat Transfer.
Transfer Is One-Dimensional Since The Wall Is Large Relative To Its Thickness, And There Is Thermal
Symmetry About The Center Plane. 3 Thermal Conductivity Is Constant. 4 Heat Generation Varies With
Location In The X Direction.
Analysis (A) Noting That Heat Transfer Is Steady And One-
Dimensional In X Direction, The Mathematical Formulation Of This
Problem Can Be Expressed As k
2 g
d T g ( x )
2
+ =0
dx k Insulated T2 =30°C
Where g = g 0e −0.5x / L And g0 = 8106 W/M3
dT ( 0)
And = 0 (Insulated Surface At X = 0) x
dx L
T ( L) = T2 = 30C (Specified Surface Temperature)

(B) Rearranging The Differential Equation And Integrating,
d 2T g 0 −0.5x / L dT g 0 e −0.5x / L dT 2 g 0 L −0.5x / L
= − e → = − + C1 → = e + C1
dx 2
k dx k − 0.5 / L dx k
Integrating One More Time,
2 g L e −0.5 x / L 4 g L2
T ( x) = 0 + C1 x + C2 → T ( x ) = − 0 e −0.5 x / L + C1 x + C2 (1)
k −0.5 / L k
Applying The Boundary Conditions:
dT (0) 2 g 0 L −0.50/ L 2 g L 2 g L
B.C. At X = 0: = e + C1 → 0 = 0 + C1 → C1 = − 0
dx k k k
2 2
4 g L 4 g L 2 g L2
B. C. At X = L: T ( L) = T2 = − 0 e −0.5 L / L + C1 L + C2 → C2 = T2 + 0 e −0.5 + 0
k k k
Substituting The C1 And C2 Relations Into Eq. (1) And Rearranging Give
g 0 L2
T ( x ) = T2 + [4(e −0.5 − e −0.5 x / L ) + (2 − x / L)]
k
Which Is The Desired Solution For The Temperature Distribution In The Wall As A Function Of X.
(C) The Temperature At The Insulate Surface (X = 0) Is Determined By Substituting The Known Quantities
To Be
g 0 L2
T (0) = T 2 + [4(e −0.5 − e 0 ) + (2 − 0 / L )]
k
(8  10 6 W/m 3 )(0.05 m) 2
= 30C + [4(e −0.5 − 1) + (2 − 0)] = 314.1C
(30 W/m  C)
Therefore, There Is A Temperature Difference Of Almost 300°C Between The Two Sides Of The Plate.
2-57
2-93
"GIVEN"
L=0.05 "[M]"
T_S=30 "[C]"
K=30 "[W/M-C]"
G_Dot_0=8E6 "[W/M^3]"
"ANALYSIS"
G_Dot=G_Dot_0*Exp((-0.5*X)/L) "Heat Generation As A Function Of X"
"X İs The Parameter To Be Varied"
X [M] G [W/M3]
0 8.000E+06
0.005 7.610E+06
0.01 7.239E+06
0.015 6.886E+06
0.02 6.550E+06
0.025 6.230E+06
0.03 5.927E+06
0.035 5.638E+06
0.04 5.363E+06
0.045 5.101E+06
0.05 4.852E+06
8.0x106
7.5x106
7.0x106
g [W/m^3]
6.5x106
6.0x106
5.5x106
5.0x106
4.5x106
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
x [m]
2-58
References
[1] K S M Sahari, M F Abdul Jalal, R Z Homod and Y K Eng, (2013) “Dynamic indoor thermal comfort model identification based
on neural computing PMV index” conference series: earth and environmental science, IOP, 16 (2013) 012113.
[2] M.S. Ahmed, A. Mohamed, T. Khatib, H. Shareef, Raad Z. Homod, J.A. Ali, (2017), Real Time Optimal Schedule Controller for
Home Energy Management System Using New Binary Backtracking Search Algorithm, Energy and Buildings, 138 (2017) 215–
227.
[3] MS. Ahmed, A. Mohamed, Raad Z. Homod, H. Shareef, (2017), A home energy management algorithm in
demand response events for household peak load reduction, PrzeglAd˛ Elektrotechniczny 93 (3), 2017, 197–200.
[4] MS. Ahmed, A. Mohamed, Raad Z. Homod, H. Shareef, (2017). Awareness on Energy Management in
Residential Buildings: A Case Study in Kajang and Putrajaya, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 12
(5) 1280 – 1294.
[5] MS. Ahmed, A. Mohamed, Raad Z. Homod, H. Shareef, (2016) Modeling of Electric Water Heater and Air
Conditioner for Residential Demand Response Strategy, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research,
11(16) 9037-9046.
[6] M.S. Ahmed; A. Mohamed; H. Shareef; Raad Z. Homod; J.A. Ali; K.B. Khalid, (2016), Artificial neural network
based controller for home energy management considering demand response events, conference on Advances of
Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, ICAEESE, (2016) 32 - 36.
[7] MS. Ahmed, A. Mohamed, Raad Z. Homod, H. Shareef, (2016) Hybrid LSAANN Based Home Energy
Management Scheduling Controller for Residential Demand Response Strategy, Energies 2016(9)716.
[8] M.S. Ahmed; A. Mohamed; Raad Z. Homod; H. Shareef; A.H. Sabry; K.B. Khalid, (2015), Smart plug prototype
for monitoring electrical appliances in Home Energy Management System, conference on research and
development, IEEE, (2015) 32 – 36
[9] Homod, R.Z., Gaeid, K.S., Dawood, S.M., Hatami, A. and Sahari, K.S., 2020. Evaluation of energy-saving
potential for optimal time response of HVAC control system in smart buildings. Applied Energy, 271, p.115255.
[10] R.Z. Homod, Falah A. Abood, Sana M. Shrama, Ahmed K. Alshara (2019), Empirical Correlations for Mixed
Convection Heat Transfer Through a Fin Array Based on Various Orientations, International Journal of Thermal
Sciences, 137 (2019) 627-639.
[11] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), Measuring Device for Human Comfort Sensation and Influence of High Air
Temperature, Conference: Creativity creates peoples, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34338.89288.
[12] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), Analysis and Optimization of HVAC Control Systems Based on Energy and Performance
Considerations for Smart Buildings, Renewable Energy, 126 (2018) 49-64.
[13] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), Measuring Device for Human Comfort Sensation by Converting Fanger Formula Using
Applications of Artificial Intelligence, Patent, Iq, G01N23/20033 (2018) G05D23/19.
[14] Raad Z. Homod, (2014) “Assessment regarding energy saving and decoupling for different AHU (air handling
unit) and control strategies in the hot-humid climatic region of Iraq” Energy, 74 (2014) 762-774.
[15] Raad Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, H. A.F. Almurib, F. H. Nagi, (2014) “Corrigendum to Gradient auto-tuned
Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Forward control of a HVAC system using predicted mean vote index” Energy and
Buildings, 82 (2014) 812.
[16] Raad Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, H. A.F. Almurib (2014) “Energy saving by integrated control of natural
ventilation and HVAC systems using model guide for comparison” Renewable Energy,71 ( 2014) 639–650.
[17] R. Z. Homod, (2014) “Modeling and Fault-Tolerant Control Developed for HVAC Systems” LAP LAMBERT
Academic Publishing, (2014), ISBN: 978-3-659-57392-7.
[18] R. Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, (2014), Intelligent HVAC Control for High Energy Efficiency in Buildings, LAP
LAMBERT Academic Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-8473-0625-2.
[19] Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad, Raad Z. Homod, Ibrahim Yitmen, (2020), Environmental Profile on Building
Material Passports for Hot Climates, Sustainability 2020, 12(9), 3720.
2-59
[20] Maytham S. Ahmed and Raad. Z. Homod, (2014) “Energy Saving by Tackling Shaft Voltage in Turbine
Generators” LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, (2014), ISBN: 978-3-659-58452-7.
[21] R. Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, (2013) “Energy Savings by Smart Utilization of Mechanical and Natural
Ventilation for Hybrid Residential Building Model in Passive Climate” Energy and Buildings, 60 (2013) 310–329.
[22] R. Z. Homod, (2013) “Review on the HVAC System Modeling Types and the Shortcomings of Their Application”
Journal of Energy, (Vol. 2013), ID 768632, 10 pages.
[23] R. Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, H. A.F. Almurib, F. H. Nagi, (2012) “Gradient auto-tuned Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy
forward control of a HVAC system using predicted mean vote index” Energy and Buildings, 49 (6) (2012) 254-
267.
[24] R. Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, H. A.F. Almurib, F. H. Nagi, (2012) “RLF and TS fuzzy model identification of
indoor thermal comfort based on PMV/PPD” Building and Environment, 49 (2012)141-153.
[25] Raad. Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, H. A.F. Almurib, F. H. Nagi, (2012) “Corrigendum to Double cooling coil
model for non-linear HVAC system using RLF method” Energy and Buildings, Volume 43 (2011) 3737.
[26] R.Z. Homod (2012), “Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Modelling and Adaptive Control of Indoor Thermal Comfort in
HVAC Systems Using Predicted Mean Vote Index”, PhD Thesis, University of Tenaga Nasional, Kajang,
Malaysia.
[27] Raad. Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, H. A.F. Almurib, F. H. Nagi, (2011), Double cooling coil model for non-linear
HVAC system using RLF method, Energy and Buildings, Volume 43 (2011) 2043–2054.
[28] R.Z. Homod, K.S.M. Sahari, H.A.F. Mohamed, F. Nagi, (2010), Modeling of heat and moisture transfer in
building using RLF method, conference on research and development, IEEE, (2010) 287 – 292.
[29] R. Z Homod., K. S. M. Sahari, H. A. F. Mohamed, F. Nagi, (2010), Hybrid PID-cascade control for HVAC
system, international journal of systems control, 1 (4) (2010) 170-175.
[30] R. Z. Homod, (2009) “Automatic Control for HVAC System” Book, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanik, Fakulti
Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaya, 2009, 208 pages.
[31] R. Z. Homod, T. M. I. Mahlia, Haider A. F. Mohamed (2009) “PID-Cascade for HVAC System Control”
International Conference on Control, Instrumentation and Mechatronic Engineering (CIM09), June 2-3, (2009)
598-603.
[32] R. Z. Homod, T. M. I. Mahlia, Haider A. F. Mohamed (2009) “Rejection of Sensor Deterioration, Noise,
Disturbance and Plant Parameters Variation in HVAC System” International Conference on Control,
Instrumentation and Mechatronic Engineering (CIM09), June 2-3, (2009) 604-609.
[33] R.Z. Homod (2009), “Automatic Control for Hvac System” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
[34] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), Algorytm zarządzania konsumpcj a enegii w gospodarstwach domowych, Renewable
Energy, 126 (2018) 49-64.
[35] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), FUZZY MODELLING AND ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF INDOOR THERMAL
COMFORT IN HVAC SYSTEMS USING PREDICTED MEAN VOTE INDEX, 126 (2018) 49-64.
[36] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), Review in the HVAC System modeling types and the shortcomings of its application,
Renewable Energy, 126 (2018) 49-64.
[37] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), Robust Control of Heat Exchangers for energy saving, Renewable Energy, 126 (2018) 49-64.
[38] Maytham S Ahmed, Azah Mohamed, Raad Z Homod, Hussain Shareef, Ahmad H Sabry, (2018), khairuddin bin
khalid Smart Plug Prototype for Monitoring Electrical Appliances in Home Energy Management System, 2015
IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD) 49-64.
2-60
[39] R. Z. Homod, K. S. M. Sahari, (2014), Intelligent HVAC control for high energy efficiency in buildings:
achieving energy savings with developed nonlinear control strategies of central air-condition for intelligent
buildings, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, ISBN: 978-3-8473-0625-2.
[40] Raad Z. Homod, (2019), Viva of my thesis: TS Fuzzy Modelling and Adaptive Control of Indoor Comfort in
HVAC Systems Using Predicted Mean Vote Index, 126 (2019) 49-64.
[41] Raad Z. Homod, (2019), Neural Control For HVAC System, 66 (2019) 19-68.
[42] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), Two-Phase Spray Cooling of the Electronics System, 687 (2018) 12-48.
[43] Raad Z. Homod, (2018), First International Conference for Invention, University of Babylon, 28-29-November-
2018.
[44] Raad Z. Homod, (2019), Innovation Conference and Exhibition, Ministry of Construction and Housing and
Municipalities and Public Works, 25-26-February-2019.
[45] Raad Z. Homod, (2019), Second Conference and Exhibition of Inventions, Karbala's Donating is a Residence of
Science and Scientists, 20-22-March-2019.
[46] Raad Z. Homod, (2019), Festival and Exhibition AL-Mustaqbal University College of Patents of invention AL-
Mustaqbal University College (Private College) Babylon-Iraq 27-30-April-2019.
[47] Raad Z. Homod, (2019), Second International Festival of Invention, Innovation and Copyright, Al-KITAB
University-Iraq 4-5-May-2019.
[48] Raad Z. Homod, (2019), International Exhibition on Innovation and Technology, Tehran-Iran 9-12-June-2019.
[49] Raad Z. Homod, Hussein Togun, Haider J. Abd, Khairul S. M. Sahari, (2020), A novel hybrid modelling
structure fabricated by using Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy to forecast HVAC systems energy demand in real-time for
Basra city, Sustainable Cities and Society, 56 (2020) 102091.
.12-48) 2018( 687, ‫ االصطناعي الذكاء تطبيقات احد باستخدام فانكر معادلة بتحويل االنسان راحة قياس جهاز‬Raad Z. Homod, (2018), ]50[
2-61
View publication stats

Solved Problems of Mass and Heat Conduction: June 2020

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solved Problems of Mass and Heat Conduction: June 2020

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

Solved Problems of Mass and Heat Conduction

Experiment Findings · June 2020

Modeling View project

Building model for heat transfer View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Solved Problems of Mass and Heat Conduction

Dr. Mohammad Ali

 r 14 W/m  C  (169.1 W/m 2 )(0.04 m)  r 

Note That The Pipe Is Essentially Isothermal At A Temperature Of About -3.9C.

(C) The Outer Surface Temperature Is Determined By Direct Substitution To Be

Heat Generation In Solids

2-78 Heat Is Generated In A Long Solid Cylinder With A Specified Surface

dT (r0 )  gr 2  2r    gr 2  2r0 

Substituting This C2 Relation Into Eq. (B) And Rearranging Give

gL (2  10 5 W/m 3 )(0.05 m)

H [W/M2.C] Tmin [C] Tmax [C]

Q gen Q gen 2000 W

Assumptions 1 Heat Transfer Is Steady Since There Is No

And T (r0 ) = Ts = 80C (Specified Surface Temperature) r

Where g = g 0e −0.5x / L And g0 = 8106 W/M3

T ( L) = T2 = 30C (Specified Surface Temperature)

View publication stats

You might also like