| Te Ficst Law of Therm. modynamicg re breryy &% the adilily fo do Work. J L nerty fopns feat, 1 Werk. Lneryy Ele diced (= Pagneig Nuclear ¥ Symbols A Teted enegy E (od) r ~ Specific eneyy e- Z CHM) Energy pale E = E_ (kife - kd Me Crern ray Pa Sy stem Kin tic Lory) [| Kez Lm I ster 9 Raia trergy dt fe mn gmad (4) (Vv velociby Crd) 9 acee bylion cP gro (oS), 2: elenabion (ov) —— S- Internal Zrepqgy 5 os ye Internal energy was defined earlier as the sum of all the microscopic forms of Oo energy of a system. It is related to the molecular structure and the degree of CC i ~~ molecular activity and can be viewed as the sum of the kineric and pazensial y, energies of the molecules. - oe Be ids Mea =F Fh ‘translation ‘vibration -U4 Ke + PE | Osim eo \ Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system in two distinct forms: heat Sour tany and work (Fig, 2-14) Iti important to distinguish between these two forms of energy. Therefore, they will be discussed first, to form a sound basis for the development of the laws of thermodynamics. | Heat is defined as the form of energy that is transferred between two sys- FIGURE 2-14 tems (or a system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature differ- —=—=«Eyeusp.can cus pounds ence (Fig. 2-15), That is, an energy interaction is heat only if it takes place work because of a temperature difference. | ‘A process during which there is no beat transferis called anadiabatie process —— ig 217. = inarence isthe diving Feros fret ante Th ler he {orperre dees, igre theme of at tram a=2 Why) - timeSimilar Lis Eelueen Healy K Werk | 1. Both are recognized at the boundaries of a system as they cross the boundaries. That is, both heat and work are boundary phenomena. 2. Systems possess energy, but not heat or work. 3. Both are associated with a process, not a state. Unlike properties, heat or work has no meaning at a state. 4, Both are path functions (i.c., their magnitudes depend on the path fol- | owed during a process as well as the end states). TR Fi Law of Tadic So far, we have considered various forms of energy such as heat Q, work W, and total energy E individual each other during a U rms of energy and energy interactions. Based on experimental observations, the first law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can only fore, every bit of energy should be accounted for during ‘@ proces’ ons FIGURE 2-40 Ficune 2-41 “The ince in the energy of potato Inthe ascnce of any work hea rans tit ———sgntem sequal to te mot eat tans. In the light of the preceding discussions, the conservation of energy principle ~} can be expressed as follows: The net change (increase or decrease) in the tonal energy of the system during a process is equal to the difference between | the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system during that process. That is, cxtering the syten) ~ (ving the yarn) ~ (coergy ofthe sytem) En — Ean = SE oyeom “This relation is often referred to as the energy balance and is applicable 0 any kindof system undergoing any kindof process. The successful use of this ‘elation to solve engineering problems depends on understanding the various forms of energy and recognizing the forms of energy transfer.| FIGURE 2-14 Energy can cross the boundaries of a | ___ closed system in the form of heat and work. Signs Convith § ion Whe - Vt What + 4%pPobln 2 Shab in the boiler is 2831 Kd cycle the heat asf in he oiler 283] KK The ea ae Taw of thermodynamics on the yee calculate the power delivered by the turbine, the power required Cy nat w= 1k yb - Wine MokWe 2boe-Te ~~ kW Qt * st hp we Qin Ge F, 2yl The First Law of Theymedy nami Cs oR. KE + OPE \ U+t TOV SPE 2 mg (2. -2) AU ¢ P er ideol fEE only: 7 Vy “AU. mC, Al= in bth ( =mOyC],- > dign Gnverlions Qand Ud Wie -ve Qn. LVe Wht 4ve QQ. -veJem Cy Tell (seit lesson ) — pb- [ denlizy Be Mu lial Shale, 0 nal clobe 5 and hype 4 the process 4 Determine Whe [Pav (Pay) BE j Le signs at Wh ve on~ve) o GY — 6 — Apply the j vit law Co € | reuired Answey?