Fundamentals of AC/DC: Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Training System

Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Training System
Fundamentals of AC/DC
1-800-Lab-Volt
www.labvolt.com
87681-20
|3087681200000d~
Job Sheets - Student

Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Training System
Fundamentals of AC/DC
Job Sheets—Student
Edition 1
87681-20
FIRST EDITION
Second Printing, September 2011
Copyright 2010 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopied, recorded, or otherwise, without prior written
permission from Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the
part of Lab-Volt Systems, Inc. The Lab-Volt® materials described in this document are furnished under a license
agreement or a nondisclosure agreement.
ISBN 978-1-60533-314-4
Lab-Volt® logos are registered trademarks of Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.
Lab-Volt recognizes product names as trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Locktronics is a trademark of Matrix Multimedia Limited.
The content of the Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Trainer course has been taken from parts of Electricity
Matters 1, Electricity Matters 2, Advanced Electrical Principles DC, and Advanced Electrical Principles AC,
by Matrix Multimedia Limited, and has been modified to conform to the PEET Training System under a
cooperative agreement.
Certain clipart and images used within these job sheets are used with permission from:
Copyright Collection—Photos.com
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Other trademarks and trade names may be
used in this document to refer to either the entity claiming the marks and names or their products. Lab-Volt
Systems, Inc. disclaims any proprietary interest in trademarks and trade names other than its own.
Foreword
The Lab-Volt Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Training System, Model 48800, is a modular
program that covers the basics of electricity and electronics in order to give students a strong
foundation for material they will see in the future.
The curriculum is divided into the following topics:

• Fundamentals of AC/DC
• Basic Electronics
• Motors and Generators
vii
Table of Contents
Introduction �� x i
Job Sheet 1 Trainer Familiarization �� 1– 1
Job Sheet 2 Symbols and Schematics �� 2– 1
Job Sheet 3 General Safety Rules �� 3– 1
Job Sheet 4 Electrical Safety Rules �� 4– 1
Job Sheet 5 What Is Voltage? �� 5– 1
Job Sheet 6 What Is Current? �� 6– 1
Job Sheet 7 What Is Resistance? �� 7– 1
Job Sheet 8 Conductors and Insulators �� 8– 1
Job Sheet 9 Basic Electrical Circuits �� 9– 1
Job Sheet 10 Switch-Controlled Circuits �� 10– 1
Job Sheet 11 Voltage in Series Circuits �� 11– 1
Job Sheet 12 Voltage in Parallel Circuits �� 12– 1
Job Sheet 13 Voltage in Series-Parallel Circuits �� 13– 1
Job Sheet 14 Current in Series Circuits �� 14– 1
Job Sheet 15 Current in a Parallel Circuit �� 15– 1
Job Sheet 16 Current in a Series-Parallel Circuit �� 16– 1
Job Sheet 17 Ohm’s Law �� 17– 1
Job Sheet 18 Resistors �� 18– 1
Job Sheet 19 Resistor Color Code �� 19– 1
Job Sheet 20 The Variable Resistor �� 20– 1
Job Sheet 21 Series Resistors Circuits �� 21– 1
Job Sheet 22 Parallel Resistor Circuits �� 22– 1
Job Sheet 23 Series-Parallel Resistor Circuit �� 23– 1
Job Sheet 24 Electromagnetism �� 24– 1
ix
Job Sheet 25 The Buzzer �� 25– 1
Job Sheet 26 What Is AC? �� 26– 1
Job Sheet 27 Capacitors �� 27– 1
Job Sheet 28 Inductors �� 28– 1
Job Sheet 29 Resistors and Inductors in Series �� 29– 1
Job Sheet 30 Resistors and Capacitors in Series �� 30– 1
Job Sheet 31 Resistors Inductors and Capacitors in Series �� 31– 1
Job Sheet 32 Resistors and Inductors in Parallel �� 32– 1
Job Sheet 33 Resistors and Capacitors in Parallel �� 33– 1
Job Sheet 34 Resistors Inductors and Capacitors in Parallel �� 34– 1
Job Sheet 35 Transformers �� 35– 1
Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart
Appendix B ANSI and ISO Symbols

Introduction
The topics covered in this manual are presented in the form of Job Sheets. The Job Sheets
include a description of the objectives, a list of equipment required, a list of safety procedures,
and a list of steps required to attain the objectives.
The topics are introduced in an Information Job Sheet. However, to obtain detailed information
about the covered topic, you should refer to your textbook or ask your instructor to guide your
learning process.
Safety Considerations
Make sure you are wearing appropriate protective equipment when performing the jobs.
You should never perform a job if you have any reason to think that a manipulation could be
dangerous for you or your teammates.
Symbols
Insert text here Note from review file: add a section on symbols and refer to Appendix B...
Appendices
The appendices included in the manual are:
Appendix A: Equipment Utilization Chart, shows in which Job Sheet(s) the equipment is used.
Appendix B: ANSI and ISO Symbols, shows a variety of commonly used schematic symbols
that represent electrical components, which may appear in diagrams throughout
this manual. This text is from Schematic Diagram Symbols. It needs to change
for ANSI and ISO.
Improvements
Equipment is constantly being improved by manufacturers to maintain state-of-the-art quality.
Therefore, you may discover some discrepancies between the instructions and/or graphics in
the course and the actual equipment. To ensure correct setup and operation, always consult the
latest equipment user guide.
xi
xii
Information
Job Sheet 1
Trainer Familiarization
The Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Trainer, PEET, provides the materials necessary
to teach about the basics of electricity and the electronic components that use electricity. The
PEET Training System consists of the following components. You will become familiar with each
component, and will learn the purpose of each one. Study the list of parts and explanations
below to develop a better understanding of each item’s function or purpose.
Electrical Components are mounted on durable plastic carriers that are printed with the
corresponding circuit symbol. Components are mounted on the bottom side of the carrier.
Spring Clips are used to connect to the baseboard. The Spring Clips can be bent many times
without breaking and are rustproof.
All components have strong soldered connections to the spring clips. Circuit Symbols are
printed on the top side of the carrier for circuit diagram comparison.
Trainer Components
Baseboard—a hard plastic surface with a series of metal pillars that the components easily
plug into to create working circuits.
Figure 1-1. Baseboard.
Fundamentals of AC/DC 1–1

Connecting Link—connects circuit components together, so that there are no gaps in the
circuit.
Figure 1-2. Connecting Link.
Power Supply Carrier—connects an external power supply to the baseboard and powers the
circuit being assembled.
Figure 1-3. Power Supply Carrier with Voltage Figure 1-4. Power Supply Carrier with Battery
Symbol. Symbol.
Lamp Holder Carrier—provides a socket for a small light bulb.
Figure 1-5. Lamp Holder.
1–2 Fundamentals of AC/DC

Buzzer—converts electricity into sound.
Figure 1-6. Buzzer.
Resistor—an electrical component that produces a voltage across its terminals that is
proportional to the current passing through it. Some resistors have special properties that allow
them to vary their resistance depending on temperature or light exposure.
Figure 1-7. 10Ω Resistor. Figure 1-8. 12Ω Resistor.

Figure 1-13. 1kΩ Resistor. Figure 1-14. 2.2kΩ Resistor.
Figure 1-15. Resistor with unknown value.
Potentiometer—a type of resistor, that has three terminals to form an adjustable voltage
divider. This allows the output voltage to be divided into a fraction of the input voltage.
Figure 1-16. 250Ω Potentiometer.
Capacitor—an electrical component that stores energy in an electric field. A common capacitor
consists of two conductors, elements that allow electricity to pass, separated by an insulator,
an element that doesn’t allow electricity to pass.
Figure 1-17. 1μF Capacitor.

Inductor—an electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field that is created by the
electric current passing through it. A common inductor consists of a conducting wired shaped
into a coil to produce a strong magnetic field.
Figure 1-18. 47 mH Choke.
Transformer—an electrical component that is used to increase or decrease the voltage of an

alternating current circuit by varying the amount of turns in its windings.
Figure 1-19. Transformer.
Switches—used to mechanically open and close a circuit.
Figure 1-20. Press Switch. Figure 1-21. On/Off Switch.

Sampler—allows different materials to be used in a circuit to test their electrical properties.
Figure 1-22. Sampler.

Job Sheet 1
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will be identifying the electrical parts that come with the trainer. Verify
your findings with the pictures and parts list provided.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Refer to the Equipment Utilization Chart in Appendix A to obtain the list of equipment
required for this job.
SAFETY PROCEDURES
As you complete this procedure, keep in mind the following safety rules.
Never touch “live” wires with your bare hands or with tools.
Turn off the power before working on a circuit.
Use a meter to make sure the circuit is off before working on it.
Always hold test leads by their insulated areas.
Always confirm that the circuit is wired correctly before turning on the power. If
required, have your instructor check your circuit wiring.
Perform the experiments as you are instructed: do not deviate from the
documentation.
Be aware that some components can become very hot during operation. Always
allow time for the components to cool before proceeding to touch or remove
them from the circuit.
Be sure someone is nearby to shut off the power and provide first aid in case of
an accident.
Remove power cords by the plug head and not by pulling on the cord. Check for
cracked or broken insulation on the cord.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Locate each component listed below. As you find each component,

you should inspect the component mounted to the bottom side of each
carrier to relate the component with the symbol on the top side of the
carrier.
Baseboard Connecting Link
Power Supply Carrier with Power Supply Carrier with
Voltage Symbol Battery Symbol

Lamp Holder Carrier Buzzer

Lamp Holder Carrier Buzzer
Resistor 10Ω Resistor 12Ω
Resistor 1kΩ Resistor 2.2kΩ
Resistor Rx Potentiometer 250Ω
Capacitor 1μF Choke 47 mH
Transformer Switch Press
Switch On/Off Sampler
২ 2. Practice installing the carrier components onto the baseboard.
Note: The small carriers are designed to fit between two pillars on the
baseboard and large carriers between four pillars on the baseboard. The spring
clips mounted to the carriers should fit snuggly to ensure an electrical connection
between components.
২ 3. List at least four components that you tried to install on the baseboard.
২ 4. Were you able to install the components successfully?

Yes
No
Note: If you are having trouble locking any of the components into place, ask
your instructor for assistance.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of checking the parts?
2. Another term used for electrical part is .
3. List two parts found in your trainer.
4. Who is responsible to see that you have all the parts?
5. Where are the parts in your trainer stored?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________
Instructor approval:____________________________________________________


Information
Job Sheet 2
Symbols and Schematics
Everyday you come across symbols, used at home or when you are out and about. They are
quicker to read than long messages using words. Circuit symbols describe which components
are used in a circuit, and show how they are connected.
Like countries with different languages, in different places of the world different symbols are
used to represent the same electrical component. In the following job sheets you will encounter
American National Standards Institute, ANSI, symbols and International Organization of
Standardization, ISO, symbols.
Figure 2-1. Symbols.
For a list of ANSI and ISO Symbols see Appendix B.

Circuit Schematic Examples

A circuit might look like this:
It is simpler to use symbols:
Or, better still:
Figure 2-2. Circuit to Schematic Conversion 1.

Look at the two circuits, A and B. Compare them. Are they the same?
Figure 2-3. Circuit to Schematic Conversion 2.


Job Sheet 2
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will be assembling circuits using the symbols and schematics.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
CAUTION: Make sure the power supply is set to 6V.
Figure 2-5. 6 Volts Power Supply Setting.

২ 1. Shown are four circuits using symbols and also as “real” layouts. Build
each one using a 6V 0.04A bulbs, and work out the answers to the
questions.
Figure 2-6. Schematic 1. Figure 2-7. Locktronics Board 1.
২ 2. Is the bulb bright or dim?

Bright
Dim
২ 3. Are the bulbs bright or dim?

Bright
Dim

২ 4. Are the bulbs bright or dim?

Bright
Dim
২ 5. What does the switch control?

It is much quicker and easier to describe what is in a circuit by drawing a

diagram using symbols, but you must use standard symbols that everyone
understands.
২ 6. Here is another circuit. Build it just using the circuit diagram, and then
answer the question.
Figure 2-14. Schematic 5.
২ 7. What does the switch control?

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Identify this symbol .
2. What is the symbol for a resistor?
3. What is the symbol for a capacitor?
4. Why are symbols used to represent electrical components?
5. Why are schematics used to represent electrical circuits?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________


Information
Job Sheet 3
General Safety Rules
Safety rules are just words. They do not protect you from harm. It is up to you to use these
rules whether you are at home or at work. Many tasks for home and job are finished without
injury because you know how to perform these tasks safely. In the shop or work area you will
find machines you have never used before. This can present a danger to you. Remember, what
you do not know can hurt you.
Figure 3-1. General Safety Practices.


Job Sheet 3
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will describe safe or unsafe working conditions.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Procedure
Read each safety rule. In the lines provided, describe the possible results of not
obeying the rule.
২ 1. Don’t clown around.
২ 2. Get an okay before starting work.
২ 3. Report all injuries at once.
২ 4. Wear safety glasses.

২ 5. Keep your work area clean.
২ 6. Use tools correctly.
২ 7. Observe the proper methods of lifting and handling objects.
২ 8. Do not talk to or distract other people working with equipment.
২ 9. Never leave a machine while it is running or while it is coasting.
২ 10. Get permission before using power tools.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. State two main causes which produce shop accidents.
2. Write one good reason why you should apply safety rules.
3. List at least four kinds of accidents than can happen in the shop.
4. Write at least three ways to avoid bodily harm while working in the shop.

5. What should you do if an accident happens?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 4
Electrical Safety Rules
Electricity cannot be seen; but, its effects can be both seen and felt. If you detect the flow
of electric current through the body, the effect is called electrical shock. If you do not apply
electrical safety rules, you leave yourself open to the dangers of shock. When you know what
electricity is and respect it, you will be able to work safely with it.
Figure 4-1. Respect Electricity to Prevent Electric Shock.


Job Sheet 4
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will be able to tell how to avoid electrical shock.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Procedure
২ 1. List some items in your work area that use electricity:

Read each electrical safety rule. In the lines provided, give a brief reason for using
each rule.
২ 2. Never touch live wires with your bare hand or with tools.
২ 3. Turn off the power before opening a circuit to work on it.

২ 4. In some cases there is nothing to show that a switch has been turned
off. Use a meter to make sure the circuit is off before working on it.
২ 5. Hold test leads by the insulated probes and not by the metal part of the
probe.
২ 6. Use a rubber mat on the floor in front of your work bench.
২ 7. Do not use gas, cleaning solvent, or chemicals around operating

electrical equipment.
২ 8. Do not touch large power resistors. They can get hot and burn your
hand.

২ 9. Be sure to have someone nearby to shut off power and give first aid in
case of an accident.
২ 10. Keep one hand in a pocket or behind your back when you work around
high voltage.
২ 11. Always move slowly. Quick movement invites accidental shock.
২ 12. Remove power cords by the plug head and not by pulling on the cord.
Check for cracked or broken insulation on the cord.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Is the saying, “What I can not see, can not hurt me” a true statement?
Yes
No
2. Do electrical safety rules protect you from danger? Explain.
3. What is meant by electrical shock?
4. What could happen if you stored a hot soldering iron?
5. Describe what can happen if cracked or frayed power cords are used.
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 5
What is Voltage?
Electric charges in matter are sometimes unequal. Atoms that have unequal charges are said
to have a difference of potential. Another term that means the same thing is electromotive
force (emf). The term suggests a “force that moves electricity”. Voltage is the name given to
that force. A capital “E” is the symbol for voltage—electromotive force.
The volt is the unit of voltage measurement. The symbol for the volt is “V”. Do not confuse
voltage (E), the electric force, with volts (V), the unit for measuring that force.
Voltage is measured with a voltmeter. Voltmeters are connected in parallel with a circuit
component.
Figure 5-1. Multimeter.

What is Voltage?

Job Sheet 5
What is Voltage?
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to accurately measure voltage using a voltmeter on a
digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
Procedure
Figure 5-2. 9 Volt Power Supply Setting.

What is Voltage?
Using a Multimeter to Measure Voltage
২ 1. A multimeter can measure either AC or DC quantities. The following

symbols are used to distinguish between the two:
Figure 5-3. AC Power. Figure 5-4. DC Power.
২ 2. Plug one wire into the black COM socket.
২ 3. Plug another into the red V socket.
২ 4. Select the 20V DC range by tuning the dial to the ‘20’ mark next to the
‘V___’ symbol.
Note: It is good practice to set the meter on a range that is much higher
than the reading you are expecting. Then you can refine the measurement by
choosing a lower range that suits the voltage you find.
২ 5. Plug the two wires into the sockets at the ends of the component under
investigation.
২ 6. Press the red ON/OFF switch when you are ready to take a reading.
২ 7. If you see a ‘-’, negative, sign in front of the reading, it means that the
wires from the voltmeter are connected in reverse. Switch their positions
to get a positive reading.
Set Up
২ 8. Set up the arrangement shown (without the voltmeters). Again make

sure the power supply is set to 9V. This is a series circuit—there is only
one route around it.

What is Voltage?
Figure 5-5. Circuit Schematic #-1.
২ 9. Measure the voltage across the first bulb by connecting the voltmeter
as shown at P. To do this, plug the wires from the voltmeter into the two
posts at either end of the first bulb, as shown in the picture. Record your
results.
Figure 5-6. Voltmeter Connection Example.
Voltage (P) =
২ 10. Next, measure the voltage across the second bulb, shown by
connecting the voltmeter as shown at Q. Record your results.
Voltage (Q) =
২ 11. Then measure the voltage across the third bulb, by connecting the
voltmeter at point R. Record your results.
Voltage (R) =

What is Voltage?
২ 12. Add together the readings of the voltmeter for points P, Q, and R. What
do you notice about this total?
Voltage (Combined) =
২ 13. Next, repeat steps 9-13 for the following circuits to measure the voltage
across bulbs P, Q, and R in the following circuits.
CAUTION: Make sure to adjust the power supply accordingly for each circuit.
Voltage (P1) =
Voltage (Q1) =
Voltage (R1) =
Voltage (P2) =
Voltage (Q2) =
Voltage (R2) =

What is Voltage?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. In a series circuit, the voltages across the components add up to the voltage
across the .
2. In a parallel circuit, the components all have the voltage

across them.
3. Copy the following circuit diagrams, and calculate the voltages across bulbs A
to E.

What is Voltage?
Record your calculations here:

Voltage (A) =
Voltage (B) =
Voltage (C) =
Voltage (D) =
Voltage (E) =
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 6
What is Current?
In order for electricity to be useful, electrons must be able to flow to where they can be put to
work. The flow of electrons is called current. The path that the current flows along is called a
circuit.
Voltage is the force that pushes the current through a circuit. Therefore, the circuit must make
a complete path between the negative terminal and positive terminal of the voltage source.
Current will then travel through the circuit from the negative to the positive terminal. This is a
“complete” circuit.
Letter I is the symbol for current. The ampere is the unit for measuring current. The letter
A is the symbol for ampere. Current (I) is the flow of electrons and Ampere (A) is the unit of
measure for current flow.
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Ohmmeter
Figure 6-1. Meter Symbols.

What is Current?

Job Sheet 6
What is Current?
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to make current measurements using an ammeter on a
digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
Figure 6-2. 9 Volt Power Supply Setting.

What is Current?
Using a Multimeter to Measure Current:
২ 1. A multimeter can measure either AC or DC quantities. The following

symbols are used to distinguish between the two:
Figure 6-3. AC Power. Figure 6-4. DC Power.
২ 2. Plug one wire into the black COM socket.
২ 3. Plug another into the red mA socket.
২ 4. Select the 200mA DC range by turning the dial to the “200m” mark next
to the ‘A ____’ symbol.
২ 5. Break the circuit where you want to measure the current, by removing a
link, and then plug the two wires in its place.
Note: The ammeter range is protected by a fuse located inside the body of the
multimeter. This fuse may have ‘blown’, in which case the ammeter range will not
work. Report any problems to your teacher so that he or she can check the fuse.
Figure 6-5. Digital Multimeter.

What is Current?
Set Up
২ 7. Set up the arrangement in Figure 6-6. Again make sure the power
supply is set to 9V. This is a series circuit. There is only one route for
electric current around the circuit.
২ 8. Measure the current flowing at point P. To do this, plug the wires from
the ammeter into the two posts at either end of the link at point P, and
then remove the link. See Figure 6-7. Record your reading.
Figure 6-7. Ammeter Connection Example.
Current (P) =
২ 9. Replace the link at P.
২ 10. Measure the current at point Q, R, and S following the same procedure
in steps 8 and 9. Record your readings.
Current (Q) =
Current (R) =
Current (S) =

What is Current?
২ 11. Repeat steps 7-11 for the following circuits. Be sure to adjust the power
supply for each circuit. Record your readings.
Current (P1) =
Current (Q1) =
Current (R1) =
Current (S1) =
Current (T1) =
Current (U1) =
Current (P2) =
Current (Q2) =
Current (R2) =
Current (S2) =

What is Current?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. In a series circuit, the current flows in all parts.
2. In a parallel circuit, the currents in all the parallel branches add up to the current
leaving the .
3. Copy the following circuit diagrams, and calculate the readings on ammeters A
to H.

What is Current?
Record your calculations here:

Current (A) =
Current (B) =
Current (C) =
Current (D) =
Current (E) =
Current (F) =
Current (G) =
Current (H) =
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 7
What Is Resistance?
Our job would be quite simple if voltage and current were the only things found in an electric
circuit. However, something tries to block current flow in every circuit. This is because electrons
in some materials stick together better than electrons in other materials. This is called bonding.
Many years ago, scientists found that better bonded electrons resist electron movement. This
opposition to electron movement, or current flow, is called resistance.
The letter R is the symbol for resistance. Resistance is a property, or characteristic, of the
circuit materials. The ohm is the unit of measure used to describe the amount of resistance
in a circuit or in any of the circuit parts. The Greek letter Ω (pronounced omega) is the symbol
for ohm. Remember resistance (R) refers to opposition to current flow. Ohm (Ω) refers to the
amount of resistance in a circuit. In a later exercise, the relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance will be demonstrated.

What Is Resistance?

Job Sheet 7
What Is Resistance?
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to measure resistance accurately using an ohmmeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
Using a Multimeter to Measure Resistance
২ 1. Plug one wire into the black COM socket, and the other into the VΩ
socket.
২ 2. Select the 200kΩ range, or a range that is much higher than what you
are expecting.

What Is Resistance?
২ 3. Plug the two wires into the sockets at the ends of the component under
investigation.
Set Up
২ 5. Plug in the following resistors to the baseboard: 10Ω, 47Ω, 180Ω, 270Ω,
1kΩ, and 2.2kΩ resistors.
২ 6. Test each component by plugging the wires from the ohmmeter into the
posts at either side of each component. Record your results.
Note: You may need to adjust the range to get a more accurate reading.
Resistance (A) =
Resistance (B) =
Resistance (C) =
Resistance (D) =
Resistance (E) =
Resistance (F) =
২ 7. Do the measurements you made with the ohmmeter match the

resistance quantities printed on the top side of the components?
Yes
No

What Is Resistance?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What Is Resistance?
2. What is the symbol for resistance?
3. What unit is resistance measured with?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

What Is Resistance?

Information
Job Sheet 8
Conductors and Insulators
Electricity is in use all around us. It provides the light for this room and power for the
instruments you are using in this program. We can use electricity as we know it today because
of conductors and insulators.
Conductors are the metal wires that carry electricity from an electric power plant to the places
it is used. You can see electric wires along a road. Sometimes the wires are covered with a
material called an insulator. This cover, or jacket, on the wire keeps electricity from places
where it is not wanted.
Bad electrical connections are often traced to broken conductors and worn insulation in home
washers, dryers, electric stoves, or small appliances. These and other appliances are repaired
by technicians who use schematic diagrams and multimeters to find faulty wiring and parts.
Without conductors and insulators, electricity could not be moved from one place to another,
and we would not have refrigeration, radio, or satellite images of Mars. In this unit you will find
out what makes some materials good conductors and other materials good insulators.
Figure 8-1. Conductors and Insulators Move Electricity.


Job Sheet 8
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will be identifying different types of insulators and conductors.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
CAUTION: Make sure the power supply is set to 4.5V.
Figure 8-2. 4.5 Volts Power Supply Setting.

Setup
২ 1. Build a circuit that makes a bulb light. Use a 6.0V 0.04A bulb.
Figure 8-3. 6.0V 0.04A Bulb.
২ 2. Assemble the circuit shown in Figure 8-4.
LK8900
Figure 8-4. Circuit Assembly 1.
Material Testing
২ 3. Swap one link for the carrier with the sampler. See Figure 8-5.
Figure 8-5. Circuit Assembly 2.

২ 4. Put different materials across the gap on the sampler link and see if the
bulb lights.
Try the following materials:
Material Light Bulb

Aluminum Foil Lights
Does not light
Rubber band Lights
Does not light
Paper Lights
Does not light
Plastic Lights
Does not light
Copper Lights
Does not light
Air Lights
Does not light
Lead Lights
Does not light
Pencil Lead (graphite) Lights
Does not light
Glass Lights
Does not light
Wood Lights
Does not light
Coin Lights
Does not light
Piece of Cloth Lights
Does not light
Plastic Pen Lights
Does not light
Material of your choice: Lights
Does not light

২ 5. Sort the materials into two groups: conductors and insulators.
২ 6. Fill in the table with the findings from your experiment.
Materials That Conduct Materials That Insulate

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which class of substances do objects that let electricity pass belong to?
2. If you have a hard, shiny object that felt cold to touch, would you expect it to be a
conductor? Explain your answer to your partner or to your teacher.
3. What would be a way to test whether water is a conductor or insulator? Check

your answer with your teacher, and if you get the go-ahead, try your idea out.
4. Test pure water, tap water (not the same as pure water), and salty water. Is there
a difference?
Yes
No
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________


Information
Job Sheet 9
Basic Electrical Circuits
Bricks and lumber are the building blocks of houses. To build a house you need the know-how
and skills of masonry and carpentry. Circuits are the building blocks of electrical systems. To
build a circuit, you must learn the rules of basic circuits. You must become skilled in working
with these circuits to have a career in electricity.
The circuit for an electric light is really quite simple. So is a circuit that provides power to an
electric motor. However, a circuit supplying power to an electric motor may have more than just
one simple circuit.
A Closed Circuit refers to a circuit that provides an uninterrupted conductive path for electrons
to flow. The flow of electrons can only occur when a closed path exists between the terminals of
a power source.
An Open Circuit refers to a circuit with a break in it usually caused by an electrical component
failure. As previously stated, if a circuit is not closed, electrons will not be able to flow and the
electrical device will not operate properly.


Job Sheet 9
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will be assembling a simple circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

When assembling circuits, be careful to not create a short circuit. A short

circuit occurs when electricity can get from one side of the power supply
to the other without going through the bulb. This might damage the power
supply. See Figure 9-2 for an example of a short circuit.
SHORT CIRCUIT
Figure 9-2. Short Circuit Example.
Set Up
২ 1. Set up the arrangement shown in Figure 9.4 using 6V 0.04A Bulbs.
Figure 9-3. 6 Volt 0.04A Bulb.
Figure 9-4. Circuit Diagram 1.

Circuit Building
২ 2. Add connecting links to make the bulb light.
২ 3. Make other shapes with the connecting links to make the bulb light. Try
to complete the arrangement as shown in Figure 9-5.
Figure 9-5. Circuit Diagram 2.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between an open circuit and a closed circuit?
2. Will a bulb light if there is break in the path of conductors going from the power
supply to the bulb and then back to the power supply?
Yes
No
3. What happens if electricity flows from one terminal of the power supply to the
other terminal without going through the bulb?

4. Does the shape of the circuit make any difference?

Yes
No
5. Can you set up a circuit to make two bulbs light? There are two ways to do this.
One way makes the bulbs dimmer than when there was just one bulb. The other
way keeps roughly the same brightness as in the one bulb circuit. Can you make
both of these circuits?
Circuit 1:
Circuit 2:
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 10
Switch Controlled Circuits
You know how handy switches are for turning lights on and off. Sometimes a light switch fails to
work correctly. Then you have to unscrew a hot light bulb in order to “turn” the light out.
Light control is only one of many uses for switches. A switch can be used in any circuit to start
and stop the flow of electricity.
Figure 10-1. Switches Safely Control the Start and Stop of Electricity.
Figure 10-2. Light Switch. Figure 10-3. Doorbell Switch.


Job Sheet 10
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how a switch controls the flow of electricity.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
CAUTION: Make sure the power supply is set to 4.5 Volts.
Figure 10-4. 4.5 Volts Power Supply Setting.

২ 1. Set up the arrangement shown in Figure 10-6 using a 6V 0.04A bulb.
Figure 10-5. 6 Volts 0.04A Bulb.
Figure 10-6. Circuit Layout 1.
২ 2. Close the switch and see what happens.
২ 3. Change the circuit so that there are two 6V 0.04A bulbs controlled by a
switch.
২ 4. Now change the circuit again so that the switch controls only one bulb
and the other bulb is lit all the time.
The diagram below shows the symbols used for two kinds of switches. A
push switch is ‘on’ only as long as you are pressing it. While a toggle switch
will stay on until you turn it off.
Push switch
Toggle switch
Figure 10-7. Push Switch and Toggle Switch.

২ 5. Below are two switches, a doorbell switch and a light switch. Decide
whether each switch is a toggle or a push switch.
Toggle switch
Push switch
Toggle switch
Push switch
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What does a switch do to the flow of electricity when it is closed?
2. What does a switch do to the flow of electricity when it is open?
3. Besides lights, name four things that can be controlled by switches.

4. What is the advantage of having a switched circuit instead of an un-switched

circuit?
5. Besides the push switches and toggles switches that were discussed in this
exercise, list any other types of switches you can think of.
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 11
Voltage in Series Circuits
A series circuit has parts connected end-to-end. See Figure 11-1. In a series circuit there is
only one path for current to flow. The power supply voltage, also called the applied voltage, is
“applied” to all the series parts.
As we said, voltage from a power source is called applied voltage. Each part in the series circuit
receives a portion of that applied voltage. The voltage each part gets is called the voltage
drop. Each part, or component, in a series circuit that uses electricity will have a voltage drop
that can be measured by a voltmeter.
Figure 11-1. A simple series lamp circuit. Two lamps are in series with the battery
In a simple circuit having only one lamp, as shown in Figure 11-2 (a), the voltage drop across
the lamp equals the applied voltage. If two similar lamps are wired in series, see Figure 11-2
(b), the voltage drop across each lamp is about one-half the voltage applied to the lamp circuit.
As more loads (lamps, coils, etc.) are added in series, the voltage drops will be less. But, if all
the voltage drops are added together, the total voltage drop will still equal the applied voltage.
V
V APPLIED
(a)
1/2 APPLIED VOLTAGE
1/2 APPLIED VOLTAGE
(b)
Figure 11-2. Voltage load distributed across series loads.
Voltage drops in a series circuit are related to the resistance of the part. Total voltage drop
equals the sum of the voltage drops across the individual components. Finally, total voltage
drops in a series circuit equals the applied voltage of the power source.


Job Sheet 11
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn to trace the distribution of voltage using a schematic of a
series circuit. You will verify the presence of voltage in a series circuit with a digital
multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

২ 1. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 11-4 (a).
(a) (b)
+ +
6 Vdc
6 Vdc
− −
Figure 11-4. A test circuit for measuring and comparing voltage drops across series loads.
২ 2. Measure the voltage drop across the lamp and record your results.
Voltage drop =
২ 3. Add a second lamp to the circuit as shown in Figure 11-4 (b).
২ 4. Measure the voltage drop across each lamp and record the results.
Voltage drop (Lamp1) =
২ 5. How does the sum of the voltage drop across each lamp compare with
applied voltage?
২ 6. Replace a connecting link with a 47Ω resistor.
২ 7. Measure and record the voltage drops across each component.

Calculate and record the total voltage drop in the circuit.
Voltage drop (47Ω Resistor) =
Total voltage drop in the circuit =

২ 8. Unscrew one of the lamps from its socket. What effect does this have
on the circuit?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is a circuit load?
2. What is applied voltage?
3. What is a voltage drop?
4. Describe voltage drop in a series circuit.

5. How is total voltage drop calculated in a series circuit?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 12
Voltage in Parallel Circuits
In a parallel circuit, all the parts have one lead connected to the negative terminal of the power
source. The other lead is connected to the positive terminal of the power source. Figure 12-1
shows a simple parallel circuit using lamps for a load.
Figure 12-1. Simple parallel lamp circuit.
After looking at Figure 12-1, you can see that voltage is applied equally to each load in a
parallel circuit. In other words, the voltage drop across each load in a parallel circuit is equal to
the applied voltage.
When loads are connected in a parallel circuit, they do not affect each other. Even with one
load removed, a closed circuit still exists for the remaining circuit load or loads.
A switch can be used to control a parallel circuit. The switch is added to the circuit so it will
control only the load to which it is connected. See Figure 12-2 (a). Other loads need their own
switches. If one switch is to control all the loads in a parallel circuit, it must be placed in series
with one of the wires connected to the power supply as shown in Figure 12-2 (b).
(a) (b)
Figure 12-2. Switch-controlled series circuits.


Job Sheet 12
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to trace the distribution of voltage using a schematic
of a parallel circuit. You will verify the voltage in a parallel circuit with a digital
multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

২ 1. Once the Power Supply is set to 6V, wire the parallel circuit shown
in Figure 12-4. Take voltage readings across the output of the power
supply and across each lamp.
+
−6 Vdc 1 2
Figure 12-4. A test circuit for measuring voltage drop in a parallel lamp circuit.
২ 2. What readings did you get?

Voltage (Supply) =
Voltage (Lamp1) =
Voltage (Lamp2) =
২ 3. Add a 1kΩ resistor in series with the two lamps. Measure and record the
voltages across the two lamps and across the resistor. How does the
resistor’s resistance affect the voltage drop across it compared to the
voltage drops across the lamps?
Voltage (Lamp1) =
Voltage (Lamp2) =
Voltage (1kΩ Resistor)=
২ 4. Replace one of the connecting links between the first lamp and the
power supply carrier with a toggle switch. What does the switch control?

২ 5. Take out the toggle switch and replace the connecting link.
২ 6. Replace one of the connecting links between the two lamps with the
toggle switch. What does the switch control?
২ 7. What did you discover concerning the placement of the switch at these
two points?

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is a parallel circuit?
2. What amount of applied voltage reaches each load in a parallel circuit?
3. Describe what would happen to a parallel circuit if one of the loads were
removed?
4. How would one switch be connected to control all the loads in a parallel circuit?
5. What is the relationship between the applied voltage and the voltage drop across
each load in a parallel circuit?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 13
Voltage in Series-Parallel Circuits
The series-parallel circuit is not hard to understand. It is simply a circuit with series circuits and
parallel circuits connected together. Most electronic data and communications equipment use
many series-parallel circuits.
To study the way voltage divides in this kind of a circuit, it is best to work with the parallel parts
first. Then, put the parallel parts in a series with the rest of the circuit. Figure 13-1 will help
show how this is done.
Load Load
C C
Load Load
A B
Loads
V V A and B
(a) (b)
Figure 13-1. A simple series-parallel lamp circuit.
In Figure 13-1 (a), both lamps A and B are parallel to each other. In the last exercise you
learned that the voltage drop is the same across each load in a parallel circuit. Therefore, the
voltage drop across loads A and B are equal. Since there is only voltage value across the
parallel loads, we can think of them as one part in series with load C as shown in Figure 13-1 (b).
Working with series-parallel lamp circuits gives us a good chance to see how voltage divides
across series and parallel loads. In series-circuit experiments you learned that loads in series
all share the applied voltage. Each load receives only part of the voltage supplied by the power
source. On the other hand, parallel loads each receive the full voltage applied to the parallel
circuit.


Job Sheet 13
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to trace the distribution of voltage using a schematic
of a series-parallel circuit. You will verify the voltage in a series parallel circuit with a
digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
Figure 13-2. 6V Volts Power Supply Setting.

২ 1. Once the Power Supply is set to 6V, assemble a circuit using the
schematic in Figure 13-3 as a guide. Use the yellow connecting leads
to bridge the gap between the power supply module and the lamp
modules.
Note: Dotted lines indicate that components will be added later. Begin by
assembling the components with solid lines.
E C D
6 Vdc
A B
Figure 13-3. Series-Parallel Circuit Schematic.
২ 2. Insert one power supply lead at point A. Insert the other power supply
lead at point C. Note the brightness of the lamp and then move the
power supply lead from point C to point E and write down any change in
the brightness of the lamp.
২ 3. Remove the power supply lead at point E and return it to point C. Place
a connecting link across points A and B, place another connecting
link across points C and D, and a lamp module across points D and
B. Describe any change in lamp brightness resulting from putting two
lamps in parallel.

২ 4. Remove the power lead at point C and return it to point E. The circuit
should look like Figure 13-4.
What kind of circuit is this? Describe the brightness of the lamps.
Note: Make sure to observe the lamps very closely because the light may be
very dim.
E C D
+
−6 Vdc
A B
Figure 13-4. A test circuit for measuring voltage drops in a series-parallel circuit.
২ 5. Measure the voltage drop across each parallel lamp. Measure the
voltage drop across the single lamp in series with the first two lamps.
Record your findings.
Voltage (Lamp1) =
Voltage (Lamp2) =
Voltage (Lamp3) =
২ 6. Add the one voltage drop across the parallel circuit to the voltage drop
across the single series lamp and note how this sum compares with the
applied voltage.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is a series-parallel circuit?
2. How would you begin to study a series-parallel circuit?
3. How does the brightness of two lamps in parallel and two lamps in series
compare with the brightness of a single lamp?
4. Where would be the best place to insert a switch for controlling all loads in a
series-parallel circuit?
5. If 12 volts were applied to three similar lamps in a series-parallel circuit, what

would be the total voltage drop across the lamps?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 14
Current in Series Circuits
A series circuit has only one path for current. Any number of loads may be connected end-to-
end in a series circuit. The loads may be motors, lamps, or heating devices. However, each
load increases the resistance of the series circuit.
All the load resistors add up to equal one total resistance for the circuit. As a result, only one
value of current will flow through the series circuit.
Because there is only one path for current flow in a series circuit, any load that opens due to its
failure will result in an open circuit. There is no current flow in an open circuit. For this reason
each part in a series circuit must be working well if the other loads in the circuit are to work
correctly.


Job Sheet 14
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn to demonstrate how current travels through a series circuit
using a test circuit. You will test your results with a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

২ 1. Once the power supply is set to 6V, assemble the circuit shown in
Figure 14-2.
Figure 14-2. Two lamps in series with an ammeter.
২ 2. Draw a schematic of the circuit just tested. Be sure to include the

ammeter at the proper place in the schematic. Draw arrows to show
direction of current flow.
The schematic should show current leaving the negative terminal of the
power supply, passing through one lamp, the ammeter the other lamp
and then back to the power supply through the positive terminal.
২ 3. Rewire the circuit as shown in Figure 14-3.
Note: If you get a negative reading with the ammeter you must reverse the
leads.

Figure 14-3. Two lamps in series with an Figure 14-4. How many errors are in
ammeter schematic 2. this schematic?

২ 4. Record the current flow and tell what is wrong with the schematic of the
circuit as it is shown in Figure 14-4.
Current =
২ 5. Wire the circuit shown in Figure 14-5 (a). Read the ammeter and then
rewire the circuit to match the schematic shown in Figure 14-5 (b).
Figure 14-5. Schematics for step 5.
২ 6. What is the current flow in this circuit? How did the increased resistance
of the coil affect the current flow?
Current (A) =
Current (B) =

Conclusion
There is only one current path through a series circuit. The current flow is the same
wherever it is measured. Increasing the number of loads will reduce the current flow
at all points in the circuit. Current flows through a series circuit from the negative
terminal of the power supply to the positive terminal.
Review Questions
1. How is an ammeter inserted into a series circuit to measure current?
2. How many paths for current flow exist in a series circuit?
3. Where in a series circuit must the ammeter be inserted to insure on accurate

reading?
4. In which direction does the one current path in a series circuit flow?

5. What is the effect on current flow of adding additional loads to a series circuit?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________


Information
Job Sheet 15
Current in a Parallel Circuit
A parallel circuit will have two or more paths for current to flow. Any number of loads may be
connected between the terminals of the power source in a parallel circuit. The loads may be
motors, lamps, or heating devices. However, each load provides an added path through which
current can flow.
The sum of current through the paths, or circuit branches, is equal to the total current for the
circuit. Adding load paths in a parallel circuit has the same effect on current flow as reducing
the resistance in a series circuit. Current flow is increased.
Unlike measuring current in a series circuit, current measured in each branch of a parallel
circuit depends upon where the ammeter is placed. Current flow in each branch depends upon
the resistance of each branch. A branch load that has high resistance to current flow will give
a low reading on the ammeter. A branch load that has low resistance to current flow will give a
high reading on the ammeter.
Total current flow in a parallel circuit equals the sum of the current flowing in each of the circuit
branches. An open in any one branch will not affect the operation of the other parallel branch
loads. However, total circuit current will be reduced by what was used by the branch.


Job Sheet 15
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will demonstrate how current travels through a parallel circuit using a
test circuit. You will verify your results with a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

২ 1. Once the power supply is set to the 6V, assemble the circuit shown in
Figure 15-2. The ammeter may be wired in series with either lamp. The
results will be the same.
Figure 15-2. Diagram and schematic of parallel test circuit.
২ 2. What is the measure of current flow through one of the lamp branches?
Lamp Current =
২ 3. Rewire the circuit so that the ammeter is in series with the branch that
has the resistor. Draw the schematic of this circuit showing current flow
direction.
২ 4. What is the current?

Resistor Current =
২ 5. Calculate the total current flow in this parallel circuit. Connect the circuit
shown in Figure 15-3 to verify your calculations. What is the total current
flow in this circuit?
Figure 15-3. The ammeter is inserted in the circuit to measure total current flow.
Total Current =

২ 6. Using the same circuit as in step 4, unscrew one of the lamps and note
if there is a change in current flow as indicated by the ammeter.
Conclusion
There is more than one current path through a parallel circuit. The current flow in
each branch of a parallel circuit depends on the load resistance in that branch. The
total current equals the sum of the current in the individual circuit branches. An open
in one of the branch circuits lowers the total current. It does not affect the operation of
the loads in the other branches.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How many current paths exist in a parallel circuit?
2. How is an ammeter inserted into a parallel circuit to measure branch current?
3. How is an ammeter inserted into a parallel circuit to measure total circuit current?
4. What is the effect on current flow of adding additional branches to a parallel

circuit?
5. What happens to current in a parallel circuit if an open occurs in one of the circuit
branches?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 16
Current in a Series-Parallel Circuit
It can be hard to follow current in a large series-parallel circuit. However, it can be easy if
two important rules are followed. The first rule has to do with current flow. Current leaving
the negative terminal of the power source travels through the circuit and enters the positive
terminal. Current flows directly through the circuit. It never flows in circles around parallel circuit
parts.
The second rule has to do with dividing parallel and series circuits. It is best to work with
voltage and current values in the parallel circuit branches first. Total parallel current is then just
another value in series with other branches of the circuit.


Job Sheet 16
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will demonstrate how current travels through a series-parallel circuit
using a test circuit. You will verify your results with a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

Procedure
২ 1. Once you have set the power supply to 6V, assemble the circuit shown
in Figure 16-2.
C
B
Figure 16-2.Series-Parallel Circuit Schematic .
২ 2. Measure current at points A, B, and C. Show the current values and

direction of current flow on the schematic.
Current (A)=
Current (B)=
Current (C)=
২ 3. Rewire the circuit as shown in Figure 16-3.
Figure 16-3. Rewired Series-Parallel Circuit Schematic.
২ 4. Measure and record the current flowing through the two parallel
branches of the circuit.
Current (D)=
Current (E)=
২ 5. Calculate the total current through the parallel branches of the circuit
in Figure 16-3. Next, measure the current through the series lamp and
compare it with the total current flow through parallel branches.
Calculated Total Current Flow (Parallel Branches) =
Current Flow (Series Lamp) =

How do they compare?
২ 6. Unscrew the lamp in the parallel branch of the circuit.
২ 7. What happened to the lamp in the series part of the circuit? Explain.
Conclusion
Current flow through a series-parallel circuit flows from the negative to the positive
terminals of the power supply. When working with the series-parallel circuit, it is best
to find the total current through the parallel branches of the circuit. The single total
value can then be treated as a single value in a series circuit.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Describe current flow through a series-parallel circuit.
2. What would cause one parallel branch to have a lower current flow than another
branch?
3. How is total current flow in the parallel branches of a series-parallel circuit

calculated?
4. Compare total current through the parallel branches with current flow in the
series part of a series-parallel circuit.
5. What effect would an open in one of the parallel branches have on current flow in
the series part of a series-parallel circuit?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 17
Ohm’s Law
Up to now we have discussed the properties of electricity and electrical circuits. We noted
that every circuit has voltage, current, and resistance. Ohm’s Law ties these three electrical
properties together.
George Simon Ohm discovered that different substances, or materials, had different degrees of
resistance to the flow of electricity. He found that if the voltage in a circuit where kept the same,
a high resistance resulted in little current flow and a low resistance resulted in a high current
flow.
Ohm’s Law is expressed by the formula, V = I x R. Letter V stands for voltage, I for current, and
R for resistance. With a little shifting of the letters, two other formulas can be made: R = V / I
and I = V / R.
Electricity is useful because it supplies the power for getting things done. It is a fact that, at
any given voltage (V), a lot of current (I) will get more done than a small amount of current.
Therefore, by multiplying voltage and current together we can determine how much power (P)
is used or needed: P = I x V.

Ohm’s Law

Job Sheet 17
Ohm’s Law
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how much resistance, current, voltage, and power is in a
circuit using Ohm’s Law.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

Ohm’s Law
২ 1. Once the power supply is set to 6V, assemble the circuit as shown in
Figure 17-2.
Figure 17-2. Circuit for Ohm’s Law.
২ 2. Measure the voltage across the resistor. Since you know the value of
the resistor, use the measured voltage value and the resistor value to
calculate the current.
Calculated Current =
২ 3. Measure the current and compare the results.

Measured Current =
২ 4. Now, add the Rx resistor in series with the 180Ω resistor (R) as seen in
Figure 17-3.
Figure 17-3. Circuit with two resistors in series.
২ 5. Measure the total current (I) in the circuit.

Total Current (I) =
২ 6. Calculate the voltage (V) across the 180Ω resistor (R).
Note: Remember V = I x R
Calculated Voltage =
২ 7. Check the results with V measured across the 180Ω resistor.

Measured Voltage =

Ohm’s Law
২ 8. Subtract the measured value of V across the 180Ω resistor from the
supply voltage to find V across Rx. Use this value of V and total current
(I) to calculate the resistor value of Rx.
Calculated Voltage (Rx) =
Calculated Resistance (Rx) =
২ 9. Reconfigure the circuit so that the resistors are in parallel. See Figure
17-4.
Figure 17-4. Circuit with two resistors in parallel.
২ 10. Measure the voltage (V) supplied to the circuit and calculate the current
(I) through the 180Ω resistor (R).
Note: Remember I = V / R
Supply Voltage =
Current (180Ω) =
২ 11. Measure the total current (I) at position A.

Total Circuit Current (I) =
২ 12. Subtract the current through the 180Ω resistor from the total current.
Calculated Current (Rx) =
২ 13. Calculate the resistance of Rx.

Calculated Resistance (Rx) =
২ 14. Does this agree with the value found by the previous calculation?
Note: The voltage is constant in a parallel circuit.
Yes
No

Ohm’s Law
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What values must be measured before resistance can be calculated using Ohm’s
law?
2. State how Ohm’s law can be used to find current.
3. Since voltage is often known, what would be one advantage of using Ohm’s law
to find voltage?
4. According to Ohm’s law, if the voltage is held constant, what will happen to the
current if circuit resistance is increased?
5. Given: I = 15 mA, R = 5kΩ; Find V.
V =
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 18
Resistors
In electronics, resistors limit current flow. Resistance is described as opposition to the flow of
electricity. Resistors are used to make a voltage drop or to limit circuit current.
Toasters, television, and turn signals are a few of the many things that use resistance.
Thermistors, thin-film, and Thyrite are all special resistors used in electronics. A thermistor
changes resistance as temperature changes. The thin-film resistor is used widely in
microcomputers and is only about 1/1000-inch (25 μm) thick. Resistors made of Thyrite lower
resistance as voltage increases. They are used to protect electronic parts from a jolt of high
voltage.
The most common resistor is made of tiny bits of carbon packed together in the shape of a
cylinder. The resistance value of a fixed resistor is set when it is made. The value can not be
changed. The fixed resistor has a tubular body with leads coming out both ends.
Figure 18-1. Circuit.

Resistors

Job Sheet 18
Resistors
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how a resistor works by creating your own resistor.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

Resistors
২ 1. Make your own resistor by clamping a piece of thin pencil lead (a

mixture of carbon and clay) between the terminal posts of the sampler
link. See Figure 18-3.
Figure 18-3. Sampler Link with Pencil Lead.
২ 2. Set up the circuit shown in Figure 18-5, using a 6.5V 0.3A bulb.
Figure 18-4. 6.5V 0.3A Bulb.
LK8900
Figure 18-5. Circuit Schematic.
২ 3. Close the switch and notice how bright the bulb looks.
Note: The brighter the bulb, the greater the current flow.
২ 4. Next, swap your pencil lead resistor for one of the connecting links and
then close the switch again. Is the bulb brighter or dimmer?
Brighter
Dimmer

Resistors
২ 5. What does this tell you about the electric current when you add the
resistor?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What does a resistor do to the flow of electrical current?
2. As resistance increases what happens to current?
3. What material is used to make the most common type of resistor?
4. Name 4 devices that use resistors.

Resistors
5. Draw the schematic symbol for a fixed resistor.
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 19
Resistor Color Code
Most small, fixed value resistors use colored bands to show ohmic value. A resistor may have
three or more colored bands.
Figure 19-1. Resistor Color Bands.

Resistor Color Code

Job Sheet 19
Resistor Color Code
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to determine the ohmic values of resistors using the
resistor color code.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Purple Grey White
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Figure 19-2. Resistor Color Code Table
২ 1. Take out the Rx resistor carrier from the components kit and flip it over
to look at the actual resistor.

Resistor Color Code
২ 2. Locate the resistor tolerance band. The resistor tolerance band will
either be gold (representing a 5% tolerance) or silver (10% tolerance).
২ 3. Once you have located the resistance tolerance band, begin at the end
opposite to the tolerance band and write down the colors of the bands
on the resistor.
Band 1 Color:
Band 2 Color:
Band 3 Color:
২ 4. Now, refer to the resistor color code table and for color band 1 and 2
write down the number they represent. For color band 3 put down the
number of zeros shown by the color (for example, a red band as color
band 3 would mean to add 2 zeros.
Band 1 Number:
Band 2 Number:
Band 3 Zeros:
২ 5. Now put the numbers and zeros together in the same order and test the
resistor using the ohmmeter. Do the numbers match?
Yes
No

Resistor Color Code
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How can you tell which is the first color-coded band representing the ohmic
value?
2. What do the first three bands stand for?
3. What is the tolerance of a resistor with a gold tolerance band?
4. What is the ohmic value of a resistor with brown, green, and yellow color bands
in that order?
5. What is the ohmic value of a resistor with orange, blue, and purple color bands in
that order?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Resistor Color Code

Information
Job Sheet 20
The Variable Resistor
All resistors discussed so far have had one value of resistance. They are given the term fixed
resistors because their value cannot be changed. A resistor having a value that can be changed
is called a variable resistor.
These are very common in a wide range of electronic devices. They act as volume controls
in radios and hi-fi, lighting dimmers, mixers in karaoke and recording desks, and adjustable
thermostats in heating systems. They are widely used in sensors, such as light-sensing units.
Variable resistors are also called potentiometers or rheostats.
The variable resistor is a linear component, equal lengths of track possess equal amounts of
resistance. Therefore, equal degrees of rotation cause equal changes of value of resistance.
Figure 20-1 shows the inner workings of a typical variable resistor.
There are three tag terminals, A, B, and C. A and B are connected to the ends of a carbon
track, shaped, in the diagram as a letter ‘C’. This track has a fixed resistance – 250 Ω for the
one we will be using in this experiment. C is connected to a ‘wiper’, that slides around the
carbon track, when the knob on the component is turned. In effect, there are two resistors, RA
and RB, built into the device, RA being the resistance of the track between A and C, and RB the
resistance of the track between B and C. The symbols for these resistors is superimposed onto
the diagram.
When the knob is turned in the direction shown by the arrow, the length of track between B and
C increases, so that RB increases, whereas the track between A and C shortens, so that RA
decreases.
Figure 20-1. Inner workings of a variable resistor.

The variable resistor can also operate as a voltage divider. Voltage dividers use a combination
of resistors to carve up the voltage from the power supply into smaller portions. Since, the
variable resistor is in effect two resistors, the voltage can be divided between them by rotating
the knob. The difference between operating as a variable resistor and a voltage divider is very
important. When acting as a variable resistor it is connected in series with the load (in this
experiment the loads is a lamp), so whatever current is flowing through the load also flows
through the variable resistor. This current may be very small when the knob is turned to give
maximum resistance, but it is never zero. As a voltage divider, it controls the voltage applied to
the bulb. The current through the bulb will now be zero when the knob is turned to one extreme.
However, there is always current flowing through the variable resistor. It is important to make
this current large, compared to the current flowing through the load.

Job Sheet 20
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how a variable resistor operates both as a variable resistor
and as a voltage divider.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

২ 1. Assemble the circuit as shown in Figure 20-3.
Figure 20-3. A circuit using a variable resistor, schematic.
২ 2. Here, the Locktronics component is set up as a variable resistor.

You can tell because the circuit uses only two legs of the component
(Resistors have only two legs). This circuit may be difficult to build, so
Figure 20-4 shows how to include the variable resistor.
250
LK8900
Figure 20-4. A circuit using a variable resistor, image.
২ 3. Turn the knob on the variable resistor and notice the effect on the
brightness of the bulb. Why is this happening?
২ 4. Turn the knob so the bulb is as dim as possible
২ 5. Next connect the component as a voltage divider by adding a

connecting link between the variable resistor and the bottom of the
lamp.

Figure 20-5. Variable resistor as a voltage divider, schematic.
250Ω
LK8900
Figure 20-6. Variable resistor as a voltage divider, image.
২ 6. What happens to the lamp? Be sure to look very closely because the
change is very small.
Notice that a new symbol is used for the component since it is being used
as a voltage divider.
২ 7. Turn the knob and see what happens to the brightness of the bulb. Why
does this happen in a voltage divider circuit?

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is a resistor having a value that can be changed called?
2. Why is this type of resistor used in a circuit?
3. How is the desired resistance produced by a variable resistor?
4. Name a device that uses variable resistors.
5. How does a variable resistor operate as a voltage divider?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 21
Series Resistors Circuits
RT = R1 + R2 + … Rn. This is the series resistance equation used to find the total value of
all the resistors in a series circuit. Total resistance in a series circuit equals the sum of each
resistor. “RT” stands for total resistance “R1 + R2” stand for the values of the first two resistors
in a series circuit. R1 is added to R2 and this sum is added to each of the remaining resistors in
the circuit. The symbol “Rn” refers to the last resistor that is added.
Figure 21-1. Resistors in Series.


Job Sheet 21
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to find total resistance in a series resistor circuit using
the series resistor equation. You will verify your results with a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
CAUTION: Make sure the power supply is set to 4.5V.
Figure 21-1. 4.5V Volts Power Supply Setting.

২ 1. Connect a 270Ω resistor, a 1kΩ resistor, and a 2.2kΩ resistor in series

with the power supply, as shown in Figure 21-2.
Figure 21-2. Series Resistor Circuit.
২ 2. Use extra connecting links so that the current can be measured at

points A, B, C, and D. The photograph shows one way to build the
circuit.
২ 3. Remove the connecting link at A, and connect a multimeter, set to read

up to 2mA DC, in its place. Record the current flowing at point a in the
table.
২ 4. Remove the multimeter and replace link A.
২ 5. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the lins at points B, C, and D.
২ 6. Set up the multimeter to read DC voltages of about 5V and connect it

in parallel with the 270Ω resistor as shown in Figure 21-3. Record the
voltages in the table.
Figure 21-3. Voltage reading using a multimeter.

২ 7. Repeat this step for the 1kΩ and 2.2kΩ resistors.
২ 8. Now change the power supply to 9V and repeat the whole process with
the new supply voltage.
Power supply voltage 4.5V 9V

Current at point A in mA
Current at point B in mA
Current at point C in mA
Current at point D in mA
Voltage across R1 (270Ω resistor)
Voltage across R2(1kΩ resistor)
Voltage across R3(2.2kΩ resistor)

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Use your four current readings to obtain an average value for the current. Write
down this value, as I, in the next table.
2. Add together the voltages across the three resistors and write that in the table.
Complete the table.
Power supply voltage 4.5V 9V

Average current I in mA
Total voltage VS across all resistors
Total resistance RT = VS / I
Total resistance RT = R1 + R2 + R3
3. What is a circuit having parts connected end-to-end called?
4. What is the formula for total resistance in a series circuit ?
5. R1 = 15KΩ, R2 = 2.2MΩ, R3 = 68KΩ. If these resistor are connected in series,

what is their total resistance?
Total Resistance:
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 22
Parallel Resistor Circuits
In a parallel circuit each of the circuit parts is wired to both the negative and positive leads
of the power source. A parallel resistor circuit has two or more paths for current flow. Each
resistor is part of the total resistive load. Each resistor shares the voltage drop, limits current
flow, and uses power in the circuit. To fully understand parallel circuits it is necessary for you to
learn to calculate these values.
Figure 22-1. Parallel Resistor Circuit.
There are three ways to find total resistance in a parallel resistor circuit. The method used
depends on the type of circuit and the method you like to use.
1. When all the resistors are of the same value, you simply divide the value of one resistor by
the number of resistors. For example if you had three 100Ω resistors in parallel:
RT = 100Ω / 3 = 33.3Ω
2. The second method is used to find the total resistance of two resistors that are not the
same value by dividing their product by their sum. For example: find the total resistance of
60Ω and a 40Ω resistor in parallel:
RT = 60Ω x 40Ω / (60Ω + 40Ω)
RT = 2400Ω / 100
RT = 24Ω
3. Another method which is useful for unlike resistors uses the equation:
RT = 1 / ((1 / R1) + (1 / R2) + ….. (1 / Rn))
For example find the total resistance of a 60Ω, 40Ω, and 20Ω parallel resistor circuit:
RT = 1 / ((1 / 60Ω) + (1 / 40Ω) + (1 / 20Ω))
RT = 1 / (0.0167 + 0.0250 + 0.0500)
RT = 1 / 0.0917
RT = 10.9Ω


Job Sheet 22
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how to find the total resistance of a resistor circuit using the
parallel resistance equation. You will verify your results with a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 270Ω resistor, a 1kΩ resistor and a 2.2kΩ resistor in parallel,

as shown in Figure 22-2.
Note: Use extra connecting links so that the current can be measured at points
A, B, C, D and E. The photograph shows one way to do this.

Figure 22-2. Parallel Resistor Schematic.
২ 2. Set the power supply voltage to 4.5V.

up to 2mA DC, in its place. The photograph shows the multimeter in
position to do this. Record the current flowing at point A in the table.
Figure 22-3. Current Measurements of a Parallel Resistor Circuit.
২ 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for links B, C, D, and E. Record your results in the
table.
২ 6. Set up the multimeter to read DC voltages of about 5V and connect it in

parallel with the 270Ω. Record the voltage in the table.
২ 7. Repeat step 6 for the 1kΩ resistor and the 2.2kΩ resistor. Record your
results in the table.

Power supply voltage 4.5V

Current at point E in mA
Voltage across R1 (270Ω resistor)
Voltage across R2(1kΩ resistor)
Voltage across R3(2.2kΩ resistor)
The current from the power supply divides up between the three possible
routes, and then joins back up again. So, when you add together the
currents at B, C and D, the total should equal the current at A. The current at
A should be virtually the same as the current at E.
২ 8. Complete the following table.

Average of currents at A and E in mA
Total of currents, I, at B, C and D in mA
Average voltage across resistors VS
Total resistance from 1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Describe how a parallel resistor circuit is wired.

2. What are the three methods used to find the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
3. Find the total resistance for a parallel circuit having 10Ω, 20Ω, and 30Ω resistors.
Show your work.
4. Calculate the total resistance of a parallel circuit having a 30Ω and a 90Ω
resistor. Show your work.
5. How does the total resistance of a parallel resistor circuit compare to the values
of the individual resistor in each branch?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 23
Series-Parallel Resistor Circuit
A series-parallel circuit is a combination of series and parallel circuits. In a series-parallel

resistor circuit, the same current passes through series-wired resistors but divides through
resistors connected in parallel. Each resistor is part of the total resistive load and voltage drop.
Each one limits current flow, and uses power.
Equations learned for series resistor circuits will be used for the series branch of series-parallel
resistor circuit. Equations learned for parallel resistor circuits will be used for the parallel branch
of a series-parallel resistor circuit.
Figure 23-1. Image Resistors in a Series-Parallel formation.
Steps for solving a series-parallel circuit:
1. Find the total resistance of the parallel branches.
2. Put the value(s) found in step 1 in series with the rest of the circuit.
3. Find the total series resistance including the value(s) found in step 2.
4. See Figure 23-2 for a schematic example.

A R3 10K R1 ´ R2
RP =
R1 + R2
RP
R1
5, 000 ´15, 000
5K R2 =
E 5, 000 + 15, 000
15K
75, 000, 000
=
20, 000
= 3,7
750W
B R3 10K
RT = RP + R3
RP
E = 3, 750 + 10, 000
3750
= 13, 750W
C
RT = 13, 750W
Figure 23-2. Steps for finding total resistance in a series-parallel circuit.

Job Sheet 23
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will find total resistance in a series-parallel resistor circuit using
resistance equations. You will verify your results with a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 270Ω resistor, a 1kΩ resistor and a 2.2kΩ resistor, as shown

in the circuit diagram. The 270Ω and 1kΩ resistor in series, and the
2.2kΩ resistor in parallel with those two resistors. See Figure 23-3.
Note: Use extra connecting links so that the current can be measured at points
A, B, C, and D. See Figure 23-4.

Figure 23-3. Series-Parallel Figure 23-4. Series-Parallel

Resistor Schematic. Resistor Image.
২ 2. Set the power supply voltage to 4.5 V.

up to 2mA DC, to read the current at A. Record the measurement in the
table.
২ 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for links B, C, and D. Record your readings in the
table.
২ 6. Set the multimeter to read DC voltages of about 5V and connect in

parallel with the 270Ω Resistor. Record the voltage in the table.
২ 7. Repeat step 6 for the 1kΩ and 2.2kΩ resistors. Record the voltages in
the table.

Voltage across R1 (270Ω resistor)
Voltage across R2(1kΩ resistor)
Voltage across R3(2.2kΩ resistor)

২ 8. The full power supply voltage appears across the 2.2kΩ resistor, but is
split between the 270Ω and 1kΩ resistors. Complete the table following
table.
Average of currents at A and D in mA ( = I)
Sum of currents at B and C in mA
Sum of voltages across R1 and R2 ( =VS)
Combined resistance of R1 and R2 (in series) (=RC)
Total resistance of all three resistors RT = RC x R3 / RC + R3

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is a series-parallel resistor circuit?
2. How do the rules used for finding total resistance in series and parallel resistor
circuits apply to finding total resistance in a series-parallel resistor circuit?
3. What is the first part of the circuit to be considered when calculating total
resistance in a series-parallel resistor circuit?
4. Why does the calculated total resistance value vary from the measured value?
5. If three 10kΩ resistors are connected together to form a series-parallel circuit

(two in parallel and one in series), what is the total circuit resistance? Show your
work.
Total Circuit Resistance:
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 24
Electromagnetism
There are two basic kinds of magnets. One is a permanent magnet and the other is a
temporary magnet. A permanent magnet is any material that is magnetized and creates its
own magnetic field that is always there.
Some magnets are temporary. They become magnets only when placed in the magnetic field
of another magnet. A temporary magnet “captures” lines of force and uses them to form its own
magnetic field.
Metals that contain iron can be made into magnets. Hard metal can make a strong permanent
magnet. Steel can be made into a permanent magnet because it is a mixture of iron and
carbon. The magnetism in a permanent magnet is also called residual magnetism.
Iron is softer than steel. Iron makes good temporary magnets. Other electricity is used to make
temporary magnets.
Electromagnetism is magnetism that is made when current flows in a conductor. A stronger

magnetic field can be made by wrapping a very long conductor into a coil. This brings together
the wire and its magnetic field into a small area. Therefore, as more turns are added to the
coil, the magnetic field around the coil will increase. The magnetic field that surrounds the coil
can be further increased by inserting a soft iron core inside the coil. This principle is used for a
specialized type of electromagnet called a lifting magnet.
Figure 24-1. Magnet.

Electromagnetism

Job Sheet 24
Electromagnetism
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will demonstrate the characteristics of electromagnetism using
components supplied in your kit. You will verify your results visually.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

Electromagnetism
২ 1. Set up the circuit shown if Figure 24-4, using a 6.5V 0.3A bulb.
Figure 24-3. 6.5V 03A Bulb.
Figure 24-4. Circuit with sampler module.
২ 2. Find the plastic bobbin that has the fine wire coiled around it. This
wire is insulated by coating it in a thin layer of lacquer. Make sure that
the ends of the coil have had the lacquer removed, and so are bright
copper.
২ 3. Connect the coil in the circuit by clamping the ends in the sampler. See
Figure 24-5.
Figure 24-5. Wire coil connection.
২ 4. Place a magnetic compass next to the coil.

Electromagnetism
২ 5. Switch on the power supply. What happens?
২ 6. Now switch off.
২ 7. Wave a magnet near the compass. What happens?
২ 8. What does this show about the coil when it was carrying a current?
২ 9. Slide a steel nail inside the coil. Switch on the power supply and watch
the magnetic compass. Is the effect stronger than before?
Yes
No
Figure 24-6. Wire coil with nail inside.
২ 10. See if you can make paper clips stick to the nail.

Electromagnetism
২ 11. Try the same experiment using an iron nail instead of a steel nail. Can
you see any difference?
Note: Look carefully at what happens after you have switched off the electricity,
in both cases.

Electromagnetism
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the name given to a core of magnetic material surrounded by a coil of

wire which has an electric current flowing through it?
2. What do you get when an electric current flows through the turns of a coil?
3. What is the center of the coil of an electromagnet called?
4. How can the strength of the magnetic field of a coil be increased?
5. Are iron and steel good magnetic materials?

Yes
No
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Electromagnetism

Information
Job Sheet 25
The Buzzer
Bells and buzzers often signal the start and end of work, school and recreation. You may
be surprised to learn how simple the buzzer circuit is. All the parts of a buzzer circuit are
connected in series. Of course, that means current in the circuit must pass through each part
of the circuit. If there is a break in any part of the circuit, the current will stop flowing. As an
example, a wire may come loose from a power supply terminal. A switch may be left open. Or,
and this is very important, the armature may be pulled to the core.
This is how a buzzer works when power is applied:
• The circuit is closed,

• The magnet is energized, and
• The armature is pulled in.
• Thus, the circuit is broken,
• The magnetism is lost, so
• The armature moves back to its first position and the process starts over again.
This all happens very fast. Any noise made by the armature as it moves is repeated over and
over. The noise the armature makes is what we call a buzzing sound. If we hook a tiny hammer,
also known as a clapper, to the armature, the buzzer can be made to hit a bell or fire gong.

The Buzzer

Job Sheet 25
The Buzzer
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn the operation of a buzzer in terms of its electromagnetic
principles. You will verify your results by building a buzzer circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

The Buzzer
Note: If the buzzer does not sound then flip its position.
+
Figure 25-2. Buzzer Circuit.
২ 2. Close the switch to complete the series circuit.
২ 3. Open the switch to stop the buzzer.
২ 4. Swap a connecting link in front of the buzzer with a 120Ω resistor. What
effect does it have on the buzzer?
120ohm
120Ω
+
Figure 25-3. Buzzer Resistor Circuit.

The Buzzer
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What happens when a break, or open, occurs in a series circuit?
2. Describe how the buzzer switches electricity.
3. What can be done to change the tone of the buzzer?
4. Describe the current flowing in the circuit and the effect it has on the magnetic
field.
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

The Buzzer

Information
Job Sheet 26
What is AC?
“Don’t make a mountain out of a mole hill.” This saying tells us not to make big problems out of
little things. It’s something to remember as we start this discussion of AC. Alternating Current is
a lot like DC. But, it does not flow in just one direction. Alternating Current flows in one direction
for a moment … then turns around and flows in the other direction for a moment … then
reverses itself again-and-again – until someone turns it off. See Figure 26-1 for an example of
AC travelling in a wave.
Graphs are a good way to show what happens to current and voltage as they change. If you
decide to continue in your study of electronics, there will come a time when you will learn to
use an electronic oscilloscope. At that time, you will see that the graphs you draw look like
electronic drawings on the TV-like screen of an oscilloscope. Figure 26-1 shows graphs of a
sine wave.
Figure 26-1. A graph of two different AC frequencies. Each swings the same distance above and below the
reference line. However, there are two cycles of wave A in each second and six cycles of wave B in each
second.
Another graph shows what you need when you make your own graphs. See Figure 26-2. The
line in the center is a reference line. Any movement along that line from the left to the right
shows the passing of time. A 0 marks the beginning point. Point A shows what happened next.
Letter C happened after B.

What is AC?
Figure 26-2. This graph can show either the voltage or dc current that flows as portable light is turned on at A,
off at B, and on again for the period from C to D.
The reference line marked amplitude measures distance above and below the beginning point
at 0. The area above the reference line is used to show what is positive. Negative levels are
shown in the area under the time reference line.

Job Sheet 26
What is AC?
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will explain the difference between alternating current and direct
current using graphs to show that difference. You will use the digital multimeter
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE

What is AC?
২ 1. Place the power supply carrier on the baseboard and plug it in.
২ 2. Set the multimeter to read 20 Vdc.
২ 3. Touch the red lead to the pillar at the top of the power supply and the
other lead to the bottom of the pillar. Is the multimeter reading positive
or negative? Record your result.
Positive
Negative
২ 4. Draw a time reference line and an amplitude reference line like those
shown in Figure 26-2. You can use numbers to show the time in
seconds. Now, make a graph of what happened in step 4.
Note: Your graph should look like the line (called waveform) between A and B of
Figure 26-2.

What is AC?
২ 5. Reverse the leads to the power supply. Is the reading positive or

negative? Record your result.
Positive
Negative
২ 6. Draw in the results of step 6 on the graph. Start where the last
waveform stops. This s square-shaped waveform should be “hanging”
below the time reference line.
২ 7. Reverse the leads to the battery again. Now quickly reverse the lead
again, and again. What is happening to the voltage and current flow?
২ 8. If you graph step 8, you will have a good example of alternating current
compare your graph with what appears on the oscilloscope in Figure
26-4.
Figure 26-4. Compare your finished graph with the wave displayed on the oscilloscope.

What is AC?
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Compare AC to DC.
2. Why will graphing a waveform be useful in your later studies?
3. What is the purpose of the time reference line on the graphs used in this
exercise?
4. Discuss the meaning of the areas above and below the time reference line.
5. If a light bulb were wired in place of the meter used in this exercise, what effect
would the current reversal have on the operation of the bulb?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 27
Capacitors
What do closets and capacitors have in common?
Besides beginning with the letter “c”, the closet may help you remember something about the
capacitor. The closet is a place to store things. The bigger the closet, the more it will hold.
Capacitors are storage areas for electricity. A big capacitor will store more electricity than a
small capacitor.
Capacitors control current flow. Like a signal light controlling the flow of traffic, a capacitor can
stop dc but let ac flow through the same circuit.
Capacitors also oppose a changing voltage. The faster the rate of change of voltage is,
the greater the current that must flow to charge or discharge the capacitor. The higher the
frequency of the AC is, the faster the voltage changes, and so the greater the current flowing
in the circuit. In other words, the current depends on the frequency of the AC supply. This
behavior is described in terms of the capacitive reactance, xc. Defined in the same way as
resistance, xc = v / i and with the same units, Ohms. The capacitive reactance measures the
opposition of the capacitor to changing current. The higher the frequency is, f, the greater the
change in voltage, and the greater the current flow. The formula for capacitive reactance is
xc = 1 / (2πfC)
A simple capacitor is made of two flat plates that do not touch. The plates are kept apart by a
material called a dielectric that will not conduct electricity. Air, paper, and mica are examples of
dielectric materials.
If DC is applied to a capacitor, electrons will flow into, and be stored on, one of the plates. Once
the plate is full, the current will stop flowing.
However, alternating current will flow through a capacitor. When the AC flows in one direction,
the negative plate of the capacitor fills with electrons. When the AC changes polarity, the same
plate empties into the circuit. At the same time, electrons flow through the circuit into the other
plate of the capacitor.
The amount of electricity a capacitor can store is measured in farads.
Figure 27-1. Capacitors.

Capacitors

Job Sheet 27
Capacitors
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how capacitors store electricity and control its flow in a
circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Set the AC signal generator to output a frequency of 50Hz.
২ 2. Connect a 1µF capacitor in series with the AC signal generator, as

shown in the circuit diagram in Figure 27-2.
Note: Use enough connecting links so that the current can be measured at
point A.

Capacitors
Figure 27-2. Capacitor Circuit.
২ 3. Remove the connecting link at A, and connect a multimeter in its place.

Record the current flowing at point A in the table.
২ 5. Set up the multimeter to read AC voltages of up to 20V and connect it in

parallel with the capacitor. Record the voltage in the table.
২ 6. Now change the power supply frequency to 100Hz and repeat the
measurements. Record them in the table.
২ 7. Do the same for frequencies of 500Hz and 1kHz. Again, record these
measurements in the table.
Frequency Current I Voltage V

50Hz

100Hz

500Hz

1kHz


Capacitors
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Why will direct current not flow in a circuit containing a capacitor?
2. Why does alternating current flow in a circuit containing a capacitor?
3. What is the dielectric of a capacitor?
4. Using your measurements form before, calculate xc, using both:
xc = v / i and xc = 1 / (2πfC) where C = 1µF
Frequency Capacitive reactance Capacitive reactance

XC = V / I XC = 1 / (2 π f C)
50Hz
100Hz
500Hz
1kHz
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Capacitors

Information
Job Sheet 28
Inductors
Resistors oppose electric currents. Inductors oppose changes to electric currents, but the
mechanism is different.
Resistors behave in a straightforward way, spelled out by Ohm’s Law. If you double the current
through the resistor, you double the voltage dropped across it, and so on. The ratio of voltage to
current is called resistance.
Inductors are more complicated. If you double the rate of change of current through the
inductor, you double the voltage dropped across it, and so on. The ratio of voltage to rate of
change of current is called inductance, L.
The higher the frequency of the AC, the faster the current changes, and so the greater the
voltage drop across the inductor. In other words, the voltage dropped depends on the frequency
of the AC supply. This is called (inductive) reactance, XL. The inductive reactance measures
the opposition of the inductor to changing current. The higher the frequency, f, the greater
the change in current. In fact, the formula for inductive reactance is: XL = 2 π f L. Inductive
reactance can also be defined in the same manner as resistance, XL = V / I.
An electric current flowing in the inductor sets up a magnetic field. Increasing the current means
increasing the magnetic field, and that takes energy from the current, opposing the increase.
Reducing the current in a circuit means reducing the magnetic field, and that releases energy
which tries to maintain the current.
Inductors behave rather like flywheels on a rotating shaft. Their angular momentum tries to
keep the shaft rotating at the same speed. When the shaft starts to slow down, the stored
energy in the flywheel tries to keep it going. When the shaft tries to speed up, the flywheel
requires energy to speed it up, and so the flywheel seems to resist the change.
Figure 28-1. Inductor.

Inductors

Job Sheet 28
Inductors
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how inductors work by constructing a circuit and making
measurements using a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 47mH inductor in series with the AC signal generator, as

shown in Figure 28-2.
point A.

Inductors
Figure 28-2. Inductor Circuit.

up to 20mA AC, in its place. See Figure 28-3 Record the current flowing
at point A in the table.
Figure 28-3. Multimeter setup.
২ 4. Remove the mulitmeter and replace link A.
২ 5. Set up the multimeter to read AC voltages of up to 20V and connect it in

parallel with the inductor. Record the voltage in the table.
২ 6. Now change the power supply frequency to 100Hz and repeat the
measurements. Record them in the table.

Inductors
২ 7. Do the same for frequencies of 500Hz and 1kHz. Again, record these
measurements in the table.
Note: The table allows you to take two sets of measurements at each frequency
to improve the accuracy of your results.
Frequency Current I Voltage V

50Hz

100Hz

500Hz

1kHz

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the difference between an inductor and a resistor?
2. What is (inductive) reactance, XL?

Inductors
3. Using your measurements, calculate XL, from the formula:

XL= V / I
4. And compare that with the value calculated using

XL = 2 π f L where L = 47mH
5. Carry out those calculations and fill in the following table with your results:
Frequency Inductive reactance Inductive reactance

XL = V / I XL = 2 π f L
50Hz
100Hz
500Hz
1kHz
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 29
Resistors and Inductors in Series
When an inductor and a resistor are connected in series the pair acts as a voltage divider, but
with an important difference. The way they share the AC voltage changes with the frequency of
the AC supply.
It is known as a series R-L circuit. As it is a series circuit, the same current flows everywhere.
The opposition to the current comes in two forms, the resistance of the resistor, which is
independent of frequency, and the reactance of the inductor, which increases as the frequency
increases. Together, these combine to make what is known as the impedance of the circuit.
Figure 29-1. A Resistor and Inductor in Series.


Job Sheet 29
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how resistors and inductors operate in series circuits. You
will verify your results using a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 270Ω resistor, and a 47mH inductor in series with the AC

supply, as shown in Figure 29-2.
point A.

Figure 29-2. Resistor Inductor Series Circuit Schematic.

up to 20mA AC, in its place. Record the current flowing at point A in the
table.
২ 5. Set up the multimeter to read AC voltages of up to 20V. Connect

it to measure the AC supply voltage, VS, applied across the two
components, and record it in the table.
২ 6. Measure the voltage, VL, across the inductor and then the voltage, VR,
across the resistor. Record these voltages in the table.
২ 7. Next, set the AC signal generator to a frequency of 1kHz.
২ 8. Repeat the measurements of current and the voltages across the two
components, and record them in the table.
Measurement AC frequency = 100Hz AC frequency = 1kHz
Supply voltage VS
Voltage VR across 270Ω resistor
Voltage VL across 47mH inductor

REVIEW QUESTIONS
You took measurements of current and voltage around the series R-L circuit. We will
now calculate the same quantities. Then you can compare the two.
There are two effects limiting the current – the resistance (270Ω) of the resistor, and
the reactance, XL, of the inductor.
At the first frequency (100Hz):

XL = 2 π f L
XL = 2 π (100) x (47 x 10-3)
XL = 29.5Ω
We cannot just add together resistance and reactance, because of the phase shift
involved. The voltage across the resistor is in phase with the current through it. The
voltage across the inductor is 90° ahead of the current. We combine them using the
formula for impedance, Z, which takes this phase shift into account:
Z = (R2 + (XL – XC)2)1/2
In this case, there is not capacitive reactance, and so:
Z = (R2 + XL2)1/2
Z = ((270)2 + (29.5)2)1/2
Z = 271.61Ω
Use this value of impedance to calculate the current, using the formula:
1. I = VS / Z where VS = AC supply voltage (using your value of VS here):

I = mA
2. Hence the voltage across the resistor, VR: (VR = I x R)

VR = V
3. and the voltage across the inductor, VL: (VL = I x XL)

VL = V
Check these results against your measured values.
4. What happens to the reactance as the frequency is increased from 100Hz to

1kHz?

5. Repeat the calculations for Z, I, VR, and VL and check the results against your
measured values.
Z = Ω
I = mA
VR = V
VL = V
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 30
Resistors and Capacitors in Series
When a capacitor and a resistor are connected in series, the pair acts as a voltage divider, but
the way they share the AC voltage depends on the frequency of the AC Supply. The reactance
of the capacitor decreases as the frequency increases. This type of circuit is known as a series
RC circuit. As before, the same current flows in all parts of the circuit.
Figure 30-1. Resistor and Capacitor in Series.


Job Sheet 30
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how resistors and capacitors operate when placed in series
with each other.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 270Ω resistor, and a 1µF capacitor in series with the AC

supply, as shown in Figure 30-2.

Figure 30-2. Resistor Capacitor Series Circuit Schematic.
point A.

table.
২ 5. Set up the multimeter to read AC voltages up to 20V. Connect it to

measure the AC supply voltage, Vs, applied across the two components,
and record it in the table.
২ 6. Measure the voltage Vc, across the capacitor, and then the voltage VR,
across the resistor. Record these voltages in the table.
২ 8. Repeat the measurements of current and the voltages across the two
components, and record them in the table.
Supply voltage VS
Voltage VR across 270Ω resistor
Voltage VC across 1µF capacitor

REVIEW QUESTIONS
The two effects limiting the current are - the resistance (270Ω) of the resistor, and the
reactance XC of the capacitor.
At the first frequency, (100Hz):
XC = 1 / (2 π f C)
= 1 / (2 π (100) x (1 x 10-6)
= 1591.5Ω
The voltage across the resistor is in phase with the current through it. The voltage
across the capacitor is 90° behind the current. The formula for impedance, Z, takes
this phase shift into account:
Z = (R2 + (XL – XC)2)½

In this case, there is no inductive reactance, and so:
Z = (R2 + XC 2)½
= ((270)2 + (1591.5)2)½
= 1614.3Ω
Use this value of impedance to calculate the current, using the formula:
1. I = VS / Z where VS = AC supply voltage (using your value of VS here):
I = mA
2. Hence the voltage across the resistor, VR: (VR = I x R)
VR = V
3. and the voltage across the capacitor, VC: (VC = I x XC)
VC = V

Check these results against your measured values.
4. What happens to the reactance as the frequency is increased from 100Hz to

1kHz?
5. Repeat the calculations for Z, I, VR, and VC and check the results against your
measured values.
Z = Ω
I = mA
VR = V
VC = V
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 31
Resistors Inductors and Capacitors in Series
At this point, circuits become very interesting!
Inductors have a reactance that increases with frequency. Capacitors have a reactance that
decreases with frequency. And resistors are not affected by frequency.
A series RLC circuit has all three elements, though the resistance may be that of the wire used
in the inductor, rather than of a discrete resistor.
One frequency, known as the resonant frequency, causes the circuit to behave in an
extraordinary way. For a series LCR circuit, the impedance is a minimum at the resonant
frequency, fR. This can be calculated from the formula fR = (1 / 2) x π x (L x C)1/2
Figure 31-1. Radio Tuner.


Job Sheet 31
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how resistors, inductors, and capacitors work together in a
series circuit. You will verify your results using a digital multimeter.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 47mH inductor and a 1µF capacitor in series, as shown in

Figure 31-2.

Figure 31-2 Series RLC Circuit Schematic.

table. Remove the multimeter and replace the link.

২ 5. Change the frequency to 200Hz, and repeat the measurements. Again

record them in the table.
২ 6. Do the same for the other frequencies listed, and complete the table.
Frequency in Hz AC Supply Voltage VS in V Current I at A in mA
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

REVIEW QUESTIONS
Your results table may not make it obvious what is happening, partly because the
output impedance of the AC signal generator will probably have an effect on output
voltage. It will be clearer when we look at the impedance of the circuit.
1. Complete the table, by calculating the impedance, Z, at different frequencies,

using the formula:
Z = VS / I
Frequency in Hz AC Supply Voltage VS in V Current I at A in mA Impedance Z in kΩ
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
At low frequencies, the capacitor has a high reactance, and the inductor a low
reactance. As the frequency rises, the capacitor’s reactance falls, but the inductor’s
reactance increases. There is one value of frequency, called the resonant frequency,
where the combined effect of the two is a minimum. At this frequency, the impedance
of the circuit is a minimum.
2. Plot a graph of impedance against frequency, and use it to estimate the resonant
frequency. A typical frequency response curve is shown in Figure 31-3.

Figure 31-3. Impedance vs Frequency Graph.
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 32
Resistors and Inductors in Parallel
When an inductor and a resistor are connected in parallel, the pair act as a current divider,
which shares the AC current in a way that changes with the frequency of the AC supply.
Since the inductor and resistor are connected in parallel, they have the same voltage across
them, but take a current which depends on resistance / reactance.


Job Sheet 32
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how resistors and inductors function in a parallel circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 270Ω resistor and a 47mH inductor in parallel with the AC

supply. See Figure 32-1.
points A, B, and C.

Figure 32-1. Inductors and Resistors in a Parallel Circuit Schematic.

up to 20mA AC, in its place.
২ 4. Record the current flowing at point A in the table. Remove the

multimeter and replace link A.
২ 5. Do the same for currents flowing at points B and C

২ 7. Set the AC signal generator to a frequency of 1kHz.
২ 8. Repeat the measurements of currents at points A, B, and C, and repeat

the measurement of VS.
২ 9. Record your results in the table.
Supply voltage Vs

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the quantities you measured in this exercise and compare your results.
Use your value of VS to complete the calculations below for a frequency of 100
Hz.
a. Resistance of resistor R1 = 270Ω
b. The current through the resistor, at point C, is
IC = VS / R = /270 = A
c. Reactance XL of inductor L1 is given by: (f = frequency and L = inductance)
XL = 2 π f L
= 2 π (100) x (47 x 10-3)
= 29.5Ω
d. The current through it, at point B, IB = VS / XL = / 29.5 = A
e. The current at A, IA, is found by combining these currents, but not by simply
adding them. These currents are not in phase. The current, IC, through
resistor is in phase with VS. The current, IB, through the inductor lags behind
VS by 90o. The currents can be combined using the formula:
IA2 = IB2 + IC2 or IA = (IB2 + IC2 )
f. Calculate IA and check your results against your measured values. Are the
measured values close to the calculated values?
IA =
2. Repeat these steps for a frequency of 1 kHz.

a. What is the calculated value of XL at 1 kHz?
XL =
b. What is the calculated value of IB at 1 kHz?
IB =

c. How do these values compare to those at 100 Hz? Why does this occur?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 33
Resistors and Capacitors in Parallel
When a capacitor and a resistor are connected in parallel, they act as a current divider, sharing
the AC current in a way that changes with the frequency of the AC supply.
In this case, when the power supply’s frequency increases, the reactance of the capacitor
decreases, which makes it an easier route for the current to flow through.


Job Sheet 33
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how resistors and capacitor work when placed in a parallel
circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 270Ω resistor and a 1µF capacitor in parallel with the AC

supply, as shown in Figure33-1.
points A, B, and C.

Figure 33-1. Parallel Resistor Capacitor Circuit Schematic.

up to 20mA AC, in its place.
২ 4. Record the current flowing at point A in the table. Remove the

multimeter and replace link A.
২ 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for points B and C.
২ 6. Set the multimeter to read AC voltages of up to 20V. Connect it to

measure the AC supply voltage, Vs, applied across the two components,
and record it in the table.
২ 8. Repeat the measurements of current across the two components and

voltage across the power supply.
২ 9. Record your results in the table.
Supply voltage VS

Calculation
২ 10. Calculate the quantities you measured, so you can compare the two.
Use your value of Vs to complete the calculations below.
২ 11. Resistance of resistor R1 = 270Ω and so the current through it, at point
C is:
IC = VS / R = / 270 = A
২ 12. Reactance XC of capacitor C1 is given by (f = frequency, C= capacitance):
XC = 1 / (2 π f C)
২ 13. So the current through point B is:
IB = VS / XC = A
২ 14. Again, these currents are not in phase. The current, IC, through the
resistors is in phase with VS. The current, IB, through the capacitor leads
VS by 90°. The current at A, IA, is found by combining these currents,
using the formula:
IA2 = IB2 + IC2 or IA = (IB2 + IC2 )
২ 15. Use your results to the calculations above to calculate a value for IA.
IA =
২ 16. Check these results against your measured values.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the quantities you measured, so you can compare your results. Use
your value of VS at 100 Hz to complete the calculations below.
a. Resistance of resistor R1 = 270Ω
b. The current through the resistor, at point C, is
IC = VS / R = /270 = A
c. Reactance XC of capacitor C1 is given by: (f = frequency and C = capacitance)

XC = 1 / 2 π f C
= 2 π (100) x (1 x 10-6)
= 1591.5Ω
d. The current through the capacitor , at point B, is
IB = VS / XC = / 1591.5 = A
e. The currents of these components are not in phase. The current IC, through
the resistor is in phase with VS. The current, IB, through the capacitor leads
VS by 90°.
f. The current at A, IA, is found by combining these currents, using the formula:
IA2 = IB2 + IC2 or IA = (IB2 + IC2 )

g. Calculate IA and check your results against your measured values. Are the
measured values close to the calculated values?
IA =
2. Repeat these steps for a frequency of 1 kHz.

a. What is the calculated value of XC at 1 kHz?
XC =
b. What is the calculated value of IB and IA at 1 kHz?
IB =
IA =
c. How do these values compare to those at 100 Hz? Why does this occur?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Information
Job Sheet 34
Resistors Inductors and Capacitors in Parallel
We return to the question of resonance again. In parallel RLC circuits the resonant frequency is
the desired frequency. This is not the case for parallel RLC circuits.
As stated in previous job sheets, inductors have a reactance that increases with frequency,
capacitors have a reactance that decreases with frequency and resistors don’t care about
frequency.
The parallel circuit in this job sheet has an inductor connected in parallel with a capacitor. In
reality, the resistance of the wire used to make the inductor, appears in series with the inductor,
however the value is very small and can be ignored.


Job Sheet 34
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn how resistors, inductors, and capacitors operate when in a
parallel circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Connect a 47mH inductor and a 1µF capacitor in parallel, as shown in

Figure 34-1

Figure 34-1. Parallel RLC Circuit Schematic.
২ 2. Set the AC signal generator to output a frequency of 100Hz

table. Remove the multimeter and replace the link.

২ 5. Change the frequency of the power supply to 200 Hz, and repeat the
measurements. Again record them in the table.
২ 6. Do the same for the other frequencies listed in the table, and complete
the table.
Frequency in Hz AC Supply Voltage VS in V Current I at A in mA
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Calculate the impedance, Z, of the circuit at the different frequencies using the
formula:
Z = VS / I
2. Complete the table.
Frequency in Hz AC Supply Voltage VS in V Current I at A in mA Impedance Z in kΩ
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
At low frequencies, the capacitor has a high reactance, and so more current flows
through the inductor than through the capacitor.
As the frequency rises, the capacitor’s reactance falls, but the inductor’s reactance
increases. Gradually, the capacitor offers an easier path for the current than does the
inductor. The resonant frequency is where the combined effect of the two, the circuit
impedance, is a maximum.
3. Plot a graph of impedance against frequency, and use it to estimate the

resonantrequency. A typical frequency response curve is shown in Figure 34-2.

Figure 34-2. Impedance vs. Frequency Sample Graph.

4. What is your estimated resonant frequency?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________


Information
Job Sheet 35
Transformers
A transformer is a device used to move electricity from one circuit to another circuit. The
electricity must be AC. During the move, the electrical energy can be changed to either a higher
or lower voltage by the transformer.
Most transformers are made by winding two or more coils around a metal core. The coil that
is connected to the source current is called the primary. When AC is applied to the primary
coil, a magnetic force field is formed around those windings. The remaining coil is referred to
as the transformer secondary. Because a secondary winding is close to the primary winding,
the magnetic force field formed around the primary winding also cuts through the secondary
winding. When the magnetic force field cuts through the secondary winding it produces a
current flow. Thus, electrical energy in the primary is transferred to the secondary by a moving
magnetic field.
A step-up transformer is used to produce a secondary voltage that is higher than the voltage
at the primary. The step-down transformer is even more common. The transformer on the
utility pole drops voltages to 120 or 240 volts for use in the home. This is achieved by using a
different number of turns in the primary and secondary windings. If the secondary winding has
more turns than the primary windings, the secondary voltage will be higher. If the secondary
has fewer turns, its voltage output will be less.

Transformers

Job Sheet 35
Transformers
OBJECTIVES
In this job, you will learn the effect of turns ratio has on output voltage using simple
proportions.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
SAFETY PROCEDURES
documentation.
an accident.
PROCEDURE
২ 1. Set the AC signal generator to output a frequency of 100 Hz.
২ 2. Set the multimeter to read 20 V AC.
Note: Adjust multimeter setting if necessary.
২ 3. Measure the AC supply voltage using the digital multimeter.

Transformers
V 2 1
LK8900
Figure 35-1. Transformer Circuit.
২ 5. Measure the voltage of the open side of the transformer and record your
reading. How does it compare to the supply voltage?
২ 6. Now flip the transformer so the windings are reversed and measure and
record the voltage again. How does it compare to the supply voltage?

Transformers
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of using a transformer?
2. What is the relationship between voltage and the number of turns in the
transformer windings?
3. What type of current do transformers need to operate?
4. What is the difference between a step-up transformer and a step-down

transformer?
5. What would be the estimated secondary voltage of a less than ideal transformer
having a step-down turns ration of 3:1 and 120 Vac on the primary windings?
Name: ________________________________________ Date: _________________

Transformers

Job Sheets 1 through 18
Job Sheet
Component Name
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Baseboard 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Connecting Link 13 8 6 8 4 10 3 2 6 3 3 9 11 4 3
DC Power Supply 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
AC Signal Generator/Power Supply 1
Multimeter 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lead - 500mm, 4mm to 4mm stackable 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Power Supply Carrier with Voltage Symbol 1
Power Supply Carrier with Battery Symbol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lamp Holder Carrier 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 1
6.5 V 0.3 A Bulb 1 1
6 V 0.4 A Bulb 3 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2
Buzzer 1 1
Resistor 10 Ω 1 1 1
Resistor 12 Ω 1
Resistor 47 Ω 1 1 1 1 1
Resistor 120 Ω 1
Resistor 180 Ω 1 1 1
Resistor 270 Ω 1 1
Resistor 1 kΩ 2 1 1 1
Resistor 2.2 kΩ 1 1
Resistor Rx 1 1
Potentiometer 250 Ω 1
Capacitor 1 µF 1
Choke 47 mH 1
Transformer 2:1 1
Switch, Press 1 1
Switch, On/Off 1 1 1 1 1
Sampler 1 1 1
Plastic Bobbin with Wire Coil
Compass
Nail
Magnet (EMM Acc. Pack)
Pencil Lead (EMM Acc. Pack) 1
Wire Wool Fine (EMM Acc. Pack)
Copper Foil (Small Strip) (EMM Acc. Pack)
Wire Green PVC (cm) (EMM Acc. Pack)
Fundamentals of AC/DC A-1

Job Sheets 19 through 35
Job Sheet
Component Name
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Baseboard 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Connecting Link 8 4 9 12 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 9 9 9 2
DC Power Supply 1 1 1 1 1 1
AC Signal Generator/Power Supply 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Multimeter 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Lead - 500mm, 4mm to 4mm stackable 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Power Supply Carrier with Voltage Symbol 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Power Supply Carrier with Batter Symbol 1 1 1 1 1
Lamp Holder Carrier 1 1
6.5 V 0.3 A Bulb
6 V 0.4 A Bulb 1 1
Buzzer 1
Resistor 10 Ω
Resistor 12 Ω
Resistor 47 Ω
Resistor 120 Ω 1
Resistor 180 Ω
Resistor 270 Ω 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Resistor 1 kΩ 1 1 1
Resistor 2.2 kΩ 1 1 1
Resistor Rx
Potentiometer 250 Ω 1
Capacitor 1 µF 1 1 1 1 1
Choke 47 mH 1 1 1 1 1
Transformer 2:1 1
Switch, Press 1
Switch, On/Off
Sampler 1
Plastic Bobbin with Wire Coil 1
Compass 1
Nail 1
Magnet (EMM Acc. Pack) 1
Pencil Lead (EMM Acc. Pack) 1
Wire Wool Fine (EMM Acc. Pack) 1
Copper Foil (Small Strip) (EMM Acc. Pack) 1
Wire Green PVC (cm) (EMM Acc. Pack) 1
A-2 Fundamentals of AC/DC

Appendix B ANSI and ISO Symbols
NOT Gate + - DC Supply
NAND Gate AC Supply
AND Gate Battery
OR Gate Lamp
NOR Gate Potentiometer/

Variable Resistor
Wire to Earth Ground Resistor
Wire to Chassis Ground Capacitor
Wire Not Jointed

Inductor
Wires Joined
Transistor NPN
Wire Transistor PNP
On/Off Switch Transistor FET
Press Switch Relay Reed
Diode Relay
LED Transformer
Zener Diode Amplifier
V Voltmeter Buzzer
A Ammeter M Motor
Ohmmeter
Fundamentals of AC/DC A-1

B-1
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Fundamentals of AC/DC: Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Training System

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Preparatory Electricity and Electronics Training System

Job Sheets - Student

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The curriculum is divided into the following topics:

Job Sheet 1 Trainer Familiarization ������������������������������������������������������������ 1– 1

Job Sheet 2 Symbols and Schematics �������������������������������������������������������� 2– 1

Job Sheet 3 General Safety Rules ������������������������������������������������������������� 3– 1

Job Sheet 4 Electrical Safety Rules ������������������������������������������������������������ 4– 1

Job Sheet 5 What Is Voltage? ������������������������������������������������������������������� 5– 1

Job Sheet 6 What Is Current? ������������������������������������������������������������������� 6– 1

Job Sheet 7 What Is Resistance? �������������������������������������������������������������� 7– 1

Job Sheet 8 Conductors and Insulators ������������������������������������������������������� 8– 1

Job Sheet 9 Basic Electrical Circuits ����������������������������������������������������������� 9– 1

Job Sheet 10 Switch-Controlled Circuits ���������������������������������������������������� 10– 1

Job Sheet 11 Voltage in Series Circuits ����������������������������������������������������� 11– 1

Job Sheet 12 Voltage in Parallel Circuits ��������������������������������������������������� 12– 1

Job Sheet 13 Voltage in Series-Parallel Circuits ������������������������������������������ 13– 1

Job Sheet 14 Current in Series Circuits ����������������������������������������������������� 14– 1

Job Sheet 15 Current in a Parallel Circuit ��������������������������������������������������� 15– 1

Job Sheet 16 Current in a Series-Parallel Circuit ����������������������������������������� 16– 1

Job Sheet 17 Ohm’s Law ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 17– 1

Job Sheet 18 Resistors ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18– 1

Job Sheet 19 Resistor Color Code ����������������������������������������������������������� 19– 1

Job Sheet 20 The Variable Resistor ���������������������������������������������������������� 20– 1

Job Sheet 21 Series Resistors Circuits ������������������������������������������������������ 21– 1

Job Sheet 22 Parallel Resistor Circuits ������������������������������������������������������ 22– 1

Job Sheet 23 Series-Parallel Resistor Circuit ���������������������������������������������� 23– 1

Job Sheet 24 Electromagnetism �������������������������������������������������������������� 24– 1

Job Sheet 29 Resistors and Inductors in Series ��������������������������������������������������������������� 29– 1

Job Sheet 30 Resistors and Capacitors in Series �������������������������������������������������������������� 30– 1

Job Sheet 32 Resistors and Inductors in Parallel �������������������������������������������������������������� 32– 1

Job Sheet 33 Resistors and Capacitors in Parallel ������������������������������������������������������������ 33– 1

Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart

Appendix B ANSI and ISO Symbols

Figure 1-1. Baseboard.

Fundamentals of AC/DC 1–1

Figure 1-2. Connecting Link.

Lamp Holder Carrier—provides a socket for a small light bulb.

Figure 1-5. Lamp Holder.

1–2 Fundamentals of AC/DC

Buzzer—converts electricity into sound.

Figure 1-6. Buzzer.

Figure 1-7. 10Ω Resistor. Figure 1-8. 12Ω Resistor.

Figure 1-9. 47Ω Resistor. Figure 1-10. 120Ω Resistor.

Figure 1-11. 180Ω Resistor. Figure 1-12. 270Ω Resistor.

Fundamentals of AC/DC 1–3

Figure 1-13. 1kΩ Resistor. Figure 1-14. 2.2kΩ Resistor.

Figure 1-15. Resistor with unknown value.

Figure 1-16. 250Ω Potentiometer.

Figure 1-17. 1μF Capacitor.

1–4 Fundamentals of AC/DC

Figure 1-18. 47 mH Choke.

Transformer—an electrical component that is used to increase or decrease the voltage of an

Figure 1-19. Transformer.

Switches—used to mechanically open and close a circuit.

Figure 1-20. Press Switch. Figure 1-21. On/Off Switch.

Fundamentals of AC/DC 1–5

Sampler—allows different materials to be used in a circuit to test their electrical properties.

Figure 1-22. Sampler.

1–6 Fundamentals of AC/DC

২ 1. Locate each component listed below. As you find each component,

Fundamentals of AC/DC 1–7

Lamp Holder Carrier Buzzer

২ 2. Practice installing the carrier components onto the baseboard.

২ 4. Were you able to install the components successfully?

Job Sheet 1 Trainer Familiarization �� 1– 1

Job Sheet 2 Symbols and Schematics �� 2– 1

Job Sheet 3 General Safety Rules �� 3– 1

Job Sheet 4 Electrical Safety Rules �� 4– 1

Job Sheet 5 What Is Voltage? �� 5– 1

Job Sheet 6 What Is Current? �� 6– 1

Job Sheet 7 What Is Resistance? �� 7– 1

Job Sheet 8 Conductors and Insulators �� 8– 1

Job Sheet 9 Basic Electrical Circuits �� 9– 1

Job Sheet 10 Switch-Controlled Circuits �� 10– 1

Job Sheet 11 Voltage in Series Circuits �� 11– 1

Job Sheet 12 Voltage in Parallel Circuits �� 12– 1

Job Sheet 13 Voltage in Series-Parallel Circuits �� 13– 1

Job Sheet 14 Current in Series Circuits �� 14– 1

Job Sheet 15 Current in a Parallel Circuit �� 15– 1

Job Sheet 16 Current in a Series-Parallel Circuit �� 16– 1

Job Sheet 17 Ohm’s Law �� 17– 1

Job Sheet 18 Resistors �� 18– 1

Job Sheet 19 Resistor Color Code �� 19– 1

Job Sheet 20 The Variable Resistor �� 20– 1

Job Sheet 21 Series Resistors Circuits �� 21– 1

Job Sheet 22 Parallel Resistor Circuits �� 22– 1

Job Sheet 23 Series-Parallel Resistor Circuit �� 23– 1

Job Sheet 24 Electromagnetism �� 24– 1

Job Sheet 29 Resistors and Inductors in Series �� 29– 1

Job Sheet 30 Resistors and Capacitors in Series �� 30– 1

Job Sheet 32 Resistors and Inductors in Parallel �� 32– 1

Job Sheet 33 Resistors and Capacitors in Parallel �� 33– 1

Name: ________________________ Date: _

Name: ________________________ Date: _

Name: ________________________ Date: _