G pronouns V language terminology P sound-speling eationships "IEEnglsh is supposed tobe the lingua franca, how come ‘here's no word in English fr lingua franca?” non. Whose language is it? 1 READING & SPEAKING @ Do you think these statements are probably true or fase? 140% of the world’ population can communicate in English reasonably well 2. Most conversations in English today are between non-native speakers. 3 In business meetings and international conferences conducted in English, non-native speakers prefer it when there is no native speaker present Read the frst part of the article Whose language? and check your answers toa, Before you read the second part of the article, with a partner correct the mistakes in sentences 1-6 below. Do you ever make any of these mistakes? How important do you think they are? 1 ‘Tthink the film start at 8.00 2 ‘sthere restaurant in the hotel 3 ‘think the women normally talk faster than the men? 4 ‘My friend gave me some very good advices! 5 ‘Iphoned to my brother but his mobile was switched off 66 ‘We discussed about global warming in clas yesterday? Now read the second part ofthe article and answer the questions. 1 Which of the mistakes in sentences 1-6 above are mentioned in the text? 2 Does the writer ofthe article think that grammatical correctness matters a) invwriten English b) in spoken English? Whose anguage? ‘ow mary people can speak English? Some experts estimate ‘that 15 billon people - around one-quarter of the word's population can communicate reasonably wel in Engtish Never in recorded history has a language been as widely spoken as English today. The reason why millons ar earring it's simple: isthe language of international business and therefore the key to prosperity, I's not ust that multinational companies, such as Microsoft, Googie, and Vodefone conduct ther business in English; tis the language in which the Chinese speak to Brazitans and Germans to Indonesians. David Graddol, the author of Egish Next, says itis tempting to view the stor of English simply asa triumph for its native speakers in North Ameria, Britain and Ireland, and Australasia but that would be a mistake, Global English has entered a more camiplex phase, changing in ways thatthe English-speaking countries cannot control and might not tke ‘An important question ne might asks whose Enlish wi tbe inthe future? Non-native speakers now outnumber native English ‘speakers by three to one, The majority of encounters in English today take place between non-native speakers, According to David ‘Gradéo, many business meetings held in English appear to run more smoothly when there ae no native Engish speakers present This because native speokers are often per at ensuring that they are understood in international discussions. They tend to think they need to avold longer Latir-based words, but in fact comprehension problems are more often caused by their use of colloquial English, especlycioms, metaphors, and phrasal verbs. On one occasion, at an nteratonal student conference in Amsterdam, conducted in English, the ony British representative was asked tobe ess Engst sothat the others could understand her. orbs sais werner Vora eed avian Eyl iigncion ee spoon ate anguge ur re wot Sh cso has ocd Stor a ana yoy ale CS gee ‘recreate mes compete pears oes omit the nthe third person singular. Many omit dente and tdci articles where they ae MN sind Engh, ‘or put them in where standard English does not use them. Here tert a cv ptr nt are ts shea yore pear lop. ernst rater, Saaeeh Ole rtecne ncn trades dacs oa vane er Fie SS Mary rate Englsh sles lait tat hese aon arb to a ae freee on aoe se ay wiry Pane naeratieseese Ye teh Zsa pwr wold ere Bu nguape Sryen sco MG of ronal conecess Those whe nic on standard English rama ei na Jee poate anne ssa ie vanpautcd ‘rtemational journals have to adhere tothe grammatical rules (awed ete Engh peg ees Been Eali wr wal bh]BoUA ei ase Soest eaten cae pada ‘Great? Tet ramon, tbe undeod fd woterins aratcaestine ote a eee Profesor Sector sys, hin that what wear boking asthe energence anew rtonatona tie he pian! ericait ry tmetratconece fovratierpees cris Seinen conyers Peneakes berured thls eters god P rofessor Barbara Seidlhofer, Professor of English and.LEXIS IN CONTEXT aware of register ‘When you read a formal text you will find words and phrases which the dictionary will list as formal. When you record them, make a note of the neutral / informal alternative, eg. ensure (formal), make sure (neutral) € Look at the highlighted words in both parts ofthe text. They are all formal register. Match them to their neutral equivalents below. 1 _— verb to be (still) adj, bad verb todo verb to follow os noun idea —_—— verb to leave out verb tonneed —verb to look at adj. 50 verb to write down £ Answer the questions in small groups. 1 To what extent do you agree that...” + when non-native speakers of English talk to each other, they should not ‘worry about making mistakes as long as they ean communicate + non-native speakers do not need to speak like native speakers, nor should they fee inferior to them «certain grammar mistakes should be considered ‘variants’ of English, not ‘mistakes 2. How important is it to you to be able to...? + speak English accurately + write accurately in English + pass international exams in English + read academic texts or literature in English + communicate with native speakers of English ‘communicate with non-native speakers of English 2 GRAMMAR pronouns Are the bold pronouns (/) right or wrong (x)? Correct any mistakes. Which of the mistakes (if any) do you think interfere with communication? 1 Can the person who has not switched off their phone please do so immediately? 2 It used to bea cinema near here, but it closed down, 3 Weve known each other for years, since we were children, T never use an electric razor when I shave myself. prefer the old-fashioned sort. 5 Two men were siting in the café talking to themselves about the match 6 David himself admitted that he should never have spoken to her like that. 7 They have a terrible relationship. They dont understand one other tal. 8 One never knows what the future holds. b © p38 Grammar Bank 1C Read the rules and do the exercises. 3 SPEAKING a UT Lookat some useful phrases for giving your opinions in English. Underline the word(s) in each phrase that you think hhas extra stress. Listen and check. Emphasizing that something is your own opinion 1 Ta say that 6 Inmy view. 2 Wyou ask me,.. 7 [feel that 3 Personally, think 8 My feeling is that that. 4 Personally speaking, .. 9 Asfaras Tim 5 In my opinion, concerned, Read some comments from around the world about learning or using English Compare with a partner and say if you think the situation isthe same or different in your country, and how you feel about it Use the expressions from a ‘you ask me the one thing that would realy improve the level of English here would be if they stopped dubbing all the American programmes on TV {and atthe cinema, and had them in English with subiitles. But! don think the/l ever do it.The politicians wouldn't dae’ Maite, Spain embarassed when | hear how some 9 of our politicians or sportspeople speak ‘Marc, Grenoble, France ‘in my opinion, nowadays people in public ife really ought to be able to speak good English. fee really “Personally | think that pop groups in ‘my county shouldnt sing in English. | mean | know its more universal, but ® they aren't English, and not everybody Jn Hungary understands English. | think they should sing in Hungarian! Ferenc, Hungary “in some seconday schools in my country they are now teaching other subject ike ‘maths and science in Engh, apa fom the normal English anguage dass. n ‘ener thnk ita realy good idea so ong asthe teachers English is good, of course! ‘Kerolina, mo, Czech Republic ‘in talian they use alot of English words like weekend, stress, OK, coo, know- how, words like that. | personally hate it | think we ought to use our own words for these things, not ust borow trom English. And people even use some words which don't exist, like foting, when the Engish word is jogging! Pola, Milan, alygeneric pronouns 1 You can learn a language faster f you goto live ina country where it is spoken 2 One should never criticize without being sure of the fact 33 When we tlk about an accent, we must not confuse this with pronunciation 44 They always say that i never too lat to learn a new language. They should make it compulsory for people to learn two foreign languages at school 5 If someone goes to live ina foreign country, they will have to get used to a different way of life Could the person who left their bag in the brary please come and see me? 1 We ofen use outo mean peopl in genera 2. Wecan also use one + rd person singular ofthe vr to mean people in genera (One is more formal than ou and is aey used in spoken English 3 We can also be used to make a general statement which includes the reader / listener. 4 Ininformal Engh, we lo often use they to talk about other people in general or poplin authority, They aways say. (thy = people in eneal) They sould make compulsory. hey» the goverment) 5 We often use the, them, and ter to refer to one person who may be male or femal, nstead or using heor sh, hs or her, reflexive and reciprocal pronouns 1 You need to look after yourself with that cold Hes very egocentric, He always talks about himself 21 managed to complete the crossword! I was realy pleased with mysel 53 We decorated the house ourselves. ‘There no way Tm gong todo it or you. Do it yourself 4 dont fee very comfortable going tothe cinema by mysel 5 My exhusband and dot alk 10 each other any more other and sister dont understand one another a al. 1 Weofen use efexve pronouns when the subject and object of eb ar the same person, We don' usualy use reflexive pronouns with wash, shave fe, relax, concentrate NOT relax youre 2 Wealso use reflexive pronouns after most prepositions when the complement is the same asthe subject. a Circle the right pronoun. Tick if you think both are possible ‘They hurt one another (Gemsere quite badly when they fl off their motorbike. 1 One / Yeu can often tll where people are from bythe way they dress. 2 Can you put my ase on the rack above yourself your 3 Marga and her sister lok incredibly like ‘each other Ione another. Are they twins? 4 Anna is very unselfish ~ she never puts her/ herself ist. 5 Either Suzie or Mark has lft her her ba behind, because there only one inthe ba ofthe car, 66 When person goes to ve abroad, it may take ‘them / him a wil to pickup the language. 7 They / One say that eating tomatoes can help protect the body against certain diseases. 'b- Complete the sentence with a pronoun where necessary In most circumstances ou should address people by their tite and surname. anyone has not yet paid __ course fees, — should goto registration immediately. 2 Isabel is very quick-tempered. She finds it very hard to control — | woulda stayin that hotel, _ say the rooms are tny ad the service is awful 4 There isa total lack of communication. They dont understand at all 5 Mila gets distracted too easly. She doestt concentrate ___ very well. 66 Are you going to have the lat repainted or will you do it__? AX Alice prepositions of place, we we objet pronouns, not reflexive pronouns, eg. Shep he hag ext o her on the seat NOT next o hers. {3 We can also use reflexive pronouns to emphasize the subject, eg. We decorated the house ourselves (= we did it, not professional decorators) 4 By + reflexive pronoun = alone, on your own, 5. We use each other or one another for reciprocal actions, A does the action to Band B does the action to A + Compare They bought themselves some new shoes (= A bought some for A, and B bought some for B) ‘They bought eachother some new shoes (= A bought some fr B and B bought sume fr A). itand there 1 It five miles to London. Its 10 oklock | 2 ttwas great to hear that you and Martina are getting married! It used to be dificult to buy fresh pasta in the UK, but now you can get it everyushere 3 Theresa big crowd of people inthe town centre There used to bea cinema in that street, but there ist one any more. ‘There are three meetings this week 1 We use t+ be to talk about time, temperature, and distance. 2 Wealso use it + be asa ‘preparatory’ subject before adjectives. It ws reat to hear from you is more natural thn To hear fom you was great. 3 Weuse thre + be + noun to sayif people and things ar present or exist or not). You cannot use I. here. NOT sed tobe cinema that street. There are loads of bookshelves in the fat, which isgreatas___can never have too many! € Complete the sentences with it or there. There was a very intersting article about ‘modern lifestyle in The Times yesterday. 1 Nowadays ileal to text fom your ‘mobile while youre driving, have been alot of accidents caused by this. 2 Look. ‘sa spelling mistake in this word. shoul be j, not , 3 How many miles is to Manchester from here? _— must be at 's scorching today Teast 35 degrees. 5 ‘sno need to hurry. The train doesnit leave for ages. 's not worth buying the paper today. ' absolutely nothing intresting in it. MultiROM viww.oup.comyel/engishfilefadvanced4 LISTENING & SPEAKING a. You're going to hear Zoltan from Hungary and Cristina from Argentina, who both live in the UK, talking about their experiences of being non-native speakers of English. Before you listen, check you understand the words in the glossary. Glasgow a large city in Setland BC English / Standard English English as spoken with ‘standard ‘pronunciation which cosponds to the pronunciation given ina dictionary General American US English as spoken with ‘standard’ pronunciation which coresponds to the pronunciation given ina dictionary. RP (received pronunciation) the pronurciation of British English consid Teas regional bring oily that usd by eucat spek in other England Seots a way'of speaking English typical in Sealand Geordie « way of speaking English typical tom the ara in and around Nevwcastl, inthe north-east of England University of Michigan a university in the mid-west ofthe USA The Simpsons a very wellknown US cartoon series b Answer the following questions with a partner. 1 Do you find it easier to understand native or non-native speakers of English? 2 How do you feel about having your English corrected? ¢ M2 Now listen to Cristina and Zoltan answer the questions. What do they say? Who do you identify with most? Why? Answer the following questions with a partner. 3 Do you have any funny or embarrassing stories related to misunderstanding someone? 4 Is there anything you still find difficult about English? 15 Now listen to Cristina and Zoltin answering the questions. What anecdotes do they tell? What do they stil find difficult? Do you agree with them about what is difficult? 5 VOCABULARY language terminology ‘a Match the words to their definitions. collocation colloquial an idiom a metaphor phrasal verb register slang a synonym 1 noun a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings ofthe individual words, e. to put your foot in it(= to say something inappropriate and embarrassing) de oun a frequent combination of words in a language, Often they are the only possible combination to express a concept, eg, heavy rain (not strong rain) 3 ‘oun the style of written or spoken language that is appropriate tothe situation (formal, informal, neutral) e.g. Can you lend me five quid? (informal) Should you require further assistance... (formal) 4 ‘oun a verb combined with an adverb or preposition, or sometimes both, to give a new meaning, eg. throw away, look for, make up for 5 nun very informal words and expressions that are more common in spoken language, especially used by a particular group of people, e.g. teenagers. They often go in and. cout of fashion very quickly. They can sometimes cause offence, I had to walk home. I didn’ have enough dosk (= money) fora taxi 6 —____ ad (of language) words and phrases used in conversation or writin to friends but notin formal speech or writing, eg. kids (€ children), you know what I mean, et. ‘oun a word or expression that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another, eg. lately | recently 8 ‘noun a word or phrase not used literally, but used to describe sb / sth in a more graphic way and to make the description more powerful, eg. When she heard the doorbell ring she flew to open it. (= she ran fast, she didnit literally fly) b Do the Language quiz on page 15 with a partner. All the words and expressions are from File 1ET atEy BD idioms Can you remember wha thes idioms mean? 1 en ily ik wt i seal yor os 2 When you tak to your boss, tink ‘yu ought to speak your mind, 5 Itsarted to rain harder, but we grited our teeth and cated on. 4 My husband and | dont see eye to eye about our childrens education. 5 dn’ think there's any doubt about who wears the trousers in their mariage! BD Phrasal verbs Replace the word or phrase in italics with a phrasal verb which means the same. Use the bold verb. 1 I've missed a few classes so I'l need to get back to the same level «as the other students, catch 2 Well have to postpone the meeting until next week. put ‘3 Your daughter doesn't look or behave like ‘you at all! take 4 After her mother died, she was cared for until she was older by her grandmother. bring 5 Myson wants to be a pilot when he becomes an adult. grow Ed synonyms and register a Match the words or expressions 1-8 with synonyms A-H. 1 one A follow 20 B perks 3 decauseot CC but 4 benefits: D consequently 5 omit | E you 6 however F owing to 7 adhereto =] G require 8 need LH leave out 'b Which word is more formal in each pair? Gh collocation Circle the right word in each pair. | | quite / completely disagree with you. 2. Hereally hurt / damaged my feelings when he ctcied the way | dressed. 3. Tim very near / close to my cousin Claudia - we tl each aber eveything. 4 Te got some distant far reativesin Ausra, but Ive never met them. 5 Themain disadvantage of working hee that there's noob sfety/ secur. 6 PRONUNCIATION sound-speliing relationships According to research, when a non-native speaker is talking to another person in English, the main reason for «a breaksiown in communication is incorrect pronunciation, often the mispronunciation of individual sounds Although many people think that English pronunciation has no rules, especialy as regards sounds and spelling, estimates suggest that around 80% of words are pronounced according toa rule or pattern, With a partner look at the groups of words and say them, aloud. Are the pink leters all pronounced the same, or is one word different? Circe the different word if here is one 1/hy hurt heir adhere hardly himself 2ou! throw elbow lower power grow 3a alike despite river transcribe quite 4/w/ whenever why whose where which 5 (dy jealous journalist reject job enjoy 6 Af change achieve machine catch charge 7/5) salary satisfying spontaneous synonym. sure fox! awful saw flaw drawback law 9x! short corner work ignore reporter 10/s:/ firm dirty third Tshirt require 14 Listen and check. What’ the pronunciation rule? Can you think of any more exceptions? Cover the phonetics and definitions, and use your instinct to say the words below. Then uncover and check the pronunciation and meaning. whirl wal verb, oun « verb 1 to move, or make sbisth move around quickly ina crcl o ina paticular direction 6D sr jaw dg er, noun © noun 1 [C either ofthe two bones atthe ‘bottom ofthe face that contain the teeth and move when you talk or eat worship i nye oun [the pacts of shoving respect for God, or god, by saying prayers, singing wil others, hierarchy Pure sow «noun CU apt, epecilina ‘oct ronan, in wich pope ate rand ito ieee ee of importance om highs owes