‘Thermodynamics CHAPTER 1b: BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1. Avacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in the tank? Prac = Fatm - abs Boks Asi~ Pas Pas > 68 kPa 2. Apressure gage connected to a valve stern of a truck tire reads 240 kPa at a location where ‘the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in the tire, in kPa? Paage = Paks - Patra Dok = Mab -look Bie = SH OKRA 3. Determine the gauge pressure, in kPa, equivalent to a manometer reading of 1. cm of mercury (density 13.59 times that of water). & ches 2 9.01 x 1F-8A x 000 4.6) 2 1333.18 Wim? CHAPTER 2a: ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER & GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS A closed system of mass 20 kg undergoes a process in which there is a heat transfer of 1000 k! from the system to the surroundings. The work done on the system is 200 KJ. If the initial specific internal energy of the system is 300 kI/kg, what is the final specific internal energy? Neglect KE and PE. « 2s eee * Closed aystens woo “(208 AE = mlUg-4) eu. eas Gt Ae w2aCG. seen FE = 2003 + G00- 6000 © 7 204, = S20 20 U3, = 8200 x2 260 kW kgChapter 3b: PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES. 1. Find the saturation pressure and the specific volume of saturated liquid water at 90°C Da = JO ARtEPA Mee 0.001626 m kg 2. Aigid tank contains 50 kg of saturated liquid water at 90°C, Determine the pressure in the tank and the volume of the tank. Pooh + TO1GEKPa , VE MOCIeREXSO > 0.051Gm? | 3. Apiston cylinder device contains 0.06 m* of saturated water vapor at 350 kPa. Determine the temperature and the mass of vapor inside the cylinder. 20001674 m/l, Te lze.gorc , vgs 082422 m/ky , Ye y mye & Met ye > MBF My 2 Soe 2 Sreota > > S.etkg ‘ Ay = Moa My 7 S5.42uy 4. Find the enthalpy, internal energy and volume of 3 kg of steam at 10 bar and quality of 0.75. Vg = 0-194 36 m7) beg, ade 4 Ug, hehe 4% hey Ye 2 e.00124 m¥kg + Fer.3a t0.48(18.21.4> ae ee aS “te FTW LS /eg + 2293. HOS /ky Us 6362.2"5 Ve 6850.38 bS/Ey 04g 2 Ur Ri eourt shanse- 0.00122 VE Oem key Ve O-#3em> 5. Determine the specific internal energy and enthalpy of saturated liquid-vapor mixture at 100C with a quality of 50%. Us gt Kilga, hehgt xhea 2 yg.ta +0. 5(2256-4) xe0.8 = Wi4.06 + © (0084) #62. 5OLS/kg *\EHF, STES Jhya) Pz 30.18 3k For 72.3593 - 0001036 72.3583 6. Arigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90°C. If 8 kg of the water is in the liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine (a) the pressure in the tank and (b) the volume of the tank. * xe V2 Ved K Ugg 73 FP -P0l0 36t 0:262.3553) 20.2 2 NID Aen hg Ve 08929 xc0 24.327 me . 7. ‘A two-phase liquid vapor mixture of HO has a temperature of 300 °C and occupies a volume Te 300% Vs 0.0 5m oASkg, Metoap 2 2.26bg 7 « 2.2640.95* a.0thg yee of 0.05 m’. The masses of saturated liquid and vapour present are 0.75 kg and 2.26 kg, respectively. Determine the specific volume of the mixture, in m" From Table A-4 @ 200% Ye = o.cothok m3/kg Vg © 0-02 1684 m Yeg Vey + 00 20.288m Zk Ve Vet x Vey * 2.0166 mF/kg a Aclosed vessel with a volume of 0.018 m* contains 1.2 kg of Refrigerant 22 at 10 bars. Determine the temperature, in °C. From Table W-12 @ to bar T234.8ge Ve o.e1s a> Me 12 ko Pe whar 9. Five kilograms of H,0 are contained in a closed rigid tank at an initial pressure of 20 bars and a quality of 50%. Heat transfer occurs until the tank contains only saturated vapor. Determine the volume of the tank, in m® and the final pressure, in bars. Me Bho Pie dobar FOB @ P+ 20 ber Mt Vand © Via + 0.0502 82m 3/kg Woew 50282 m7/Lg Gace only selurcted vopewr ves 2 0:080382 m*/Ly Veum Fea Bala From Table 4-55 usiag raterpelation 2.048 > Heber I > » 4 > geter 4.09% ~0.0503 uo 6.05% - 0 044 5-4O x= 38.9975 barChapter 3c: PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 1. Determine the specific volume of R-134a at 1 MPa and 50°C, using generalized compressibility chart. Compare the result with the actual value of 0.021796 m°/kg. pei Wa T260% Rro0SiHA KS/bg -K (Table A-ID PERT leoo ys 0.08049 x (504293) va 0.02632 akg Difference € 202632 - 0.021496 Peco soy mks The errer wet 15 lower than 0-1 percent 2. Nitrogen at 150 K has a specific volume of 0.041884 m*/kg. Determine the pressure of nitrogen, using the ideal gas equation. From Table A-l, Re 0.2968 kKI/ky-k Pueer D.OMRRSH Pe 0.2968 x 150 Pe 1062p a F106 3MPa 3. Determine the pressure of water vapor at 350°C and 0.035262 m*/kg, using a. The steam tables Table a-k @ 280% Bay © 16.528 Pa b. The ideal gas equation From Table A-1 RO hols kS/ky Ke PueRy P0252 Peekels x (3$042789 P= @.10% MP.Chapter 4a: ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS ‘Amass of 2.4 kg of air at 150 kPa and 12°C is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless piston-cylinder device. The air is now compressed to a final pressure of 600 kPa. During the process, heat is, transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. Calculate the work done during this process. meg, Pu RT Pie eka \so Vy ay +264 «285 Tete eat Ye (308 x0? P, 7 eookPa Bua s wee 226 600 Uy + 24 X289 985 Yan 0-327 x o* Woe eT ah (ED 2 204 28H x Iq ( 2229 m0? Beene p> 2245305 ‘Amass of 5 kg of saturated water vapour at 200 kPa is heated at constant pressure until the temperature reaches 300°C. Calculate the work done by the steam during this process. mesks P> roots Taz s00% hers KSfbg K Asaumphon 1) quasi equilibetuny 2) closed system >) movable piston @ acer, We Mgt 088578 m>/ks Te (20-21%, Wy tA 71GB Pg, Ws FP Cve-¥,> eo x SCLaleae - 2. 6578) * 30 -nS KT‘Chapter 4b: ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 1. AO.5 m’ rigid tank contains refrigerant 134a initially at 200 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is now transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 800 kPa. Determine: (a) The mass of the refrigerant in the tank ys o-Sa> From Table A-12 @ 200kR P= 2eckkn Maie Csne= 182s at x eo.4 My ON eR Sig P= ook le reves ay, 000018334 0.6 (0099 862-6 00, + 0 Om Ag 0.000733 ) 2 (2Bky {b) The amount of heat transferred From Table A-12 @ 200%? ; h ve we Ble Gye) oboe wieF e018 S in CRBS he t rhy, = Ses 4 ok (aceo3) - Bsr nts 2 120.eHe ksyky hie Be B= Wee + Hy =H, Hy = tsims TM to F 4 2.062M a h.514 + 400.6% Foun Table B-I2 @ GookP hae hea 4 hogs 5 95-H7 4 oe Ciaigay = lek. AB b/g hy. Be 7 Wy = 2. os2ms Fem ble 4-12 @ geokPa Mee 0.00084 Sm 3/kg Mgt 202 5021 mpg Ve Yet xg + 20008RS8 4 0.41 (o.m9 660, + 2.0108 mtg eae) Va ‘om MV, 20.135 0%2. Acclosed rigid tank contains 2 kg of water initially at 80°C and a quality of 0.6. Heat transfer occurs until the tank contains only saturated vapor. Kinetic and potential energy effects are negligible. For the water as the system, determine the amount of heat transfer by heat, in kd. We hg T, = 80% 120.6 Fron Table A-4 © Gor Me + e.co1e2a m kg M+ 3. toS2 m3 /kg We e+ neg, Fe-cot0ay + 0-6 (8.403 -0.001024) 72 eg es het they = 356.02 + 06¢ 2308) FU9. 82 kS/bg, Hye Glag2 2 7 Bu 3 a6HKS V2 Ugg = 2M kg Values found between 90°C ond WS Vang waterpeletion (ages = a.omy, (a§08 -2.3843 2667-6 - gs Behe 28H 2664.6-hga = 13 5 58 kgs © 2666.26 bS/kg Hy = 5332.52k5 Beha Hy = (8492.89 %5 3. Apiston-cylinder device contains 5 kg of refrigerant-134a at 800 ka and 60°C. The refrigerant is now cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a liquid at 20°C. Determine the amount of heat loss and show the process on a T-v diagram with respect to saturati ne Bkg Pe Book T,260% The 20% From Table Ae @aoekFa Togt 2 31.31% Gung hy Tear ST <1 seperhented region Rekeerrag to Table A412 @ gookPa , 60% 9.029993 m?/eg @ stage 2 Tat 2 = compressed (yd Retlernig te Ube 4-1 @ 20% Ys P0861 a */kg Vas e-coutm? We PCD 2 Roo xio?( 2-004! -0.18 ) 2 Mle. T2KS From Table hel) @ 20% hae FA SRS keg Wz 299.35 = 346.545 Fron Table 3 @8v0kPa come hye 206.8) WS7KS Hy 2246. 91%5 rit 64. OSES Gz Wether Ha “He + lle Fak + 346-Sk - Ih 84.0Sk * oH. BkS4. Air at 300 K and 200 kPa is heated at constant pressure to 600 K. Determine the change in internal energy of air per unit mass using (a) data from table, 7, = 500K, Ta = 600K Pr20ekPa From Table A-I# @ zee 4, = 201075 /kg Fem ble bel @ Book, Ma = 434, F8ksreq Bus uy-u, 3220-7) kS/bg