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1 5 (6,6,0,0) 0 1 4 (6,0,0,0) 6
10 1 (6,6,0,0) 0 15 6 (2,2,2,0) 6
10 2 (6,6,0,0) 0 15 11 (6,0,0,0) 6
14 1 (6,6,0,0) 0 18 7 (6,0,0,0) 6
14 2 (6,6,0,0) 0 15 3 (7,0,0,0) 6.083
3 1 (7,8,0,0) 2.236 16 1 (7,0,0,0) 6.083
3 4 (8,7,0,0) 2.236 16 3 (5,0,0,0) 6.083
4 1 (7,8,0,0) 2.236 3 5 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
7 3 (5,4,0,0) 2.236 8 1 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
11 1 (4,7,0,0) 2.236 8 6 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
16 2 (5,4,0,0) 2.236 15 1 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
18 1 (4,5,0,0) 2.236 15 2 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
8 2 (6,9,0,0) 3 15 7 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
11 2 (3,6,0,0) 3 16 4 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
12 1 (3,6,0,0) 3 17 1 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
12 2 (3,6,0,0) 3 17 3 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
13 2 (3,6,0,0) 3 18 2 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
5 1 (3,7,0,0) 3.162 18 6 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
5 2 (9,7,0,0) 3.162 2 1 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
13 1 (3,7,0,0) 3.162 2 2 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
4 2 (9,8,0,0) 3.606 2 3 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
4 3 (9,8,0,0) 3.606 3 3 (9,0,0,0) 6.708
15 4 (4,3,0,0) 3.606 7 4 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
15 9 (8,3,0,0) 3.606 17 2 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
15 5 (6,2,0,0) 4 18 4 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
7 1 (5,2,0,0) 4.123 2 4 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
7 2 (5,2,0,0) 4.123 2 5 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
6 1 (9,6,3,0) 4.243 2 6 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
18 3 (3,3,0,0) 4.243 8 5 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
18 5 (4,3,3,0) 4.69 9 1 (10,0,0,0) 7.211
6 2 (9,10,0,0) 5 9 2 (10,0,0,0) 7.211
6 3 (10,9,0,0) 5 15 10 (9,4,6,3) 7.616
8 3 (2,9,0,0) 5 2 7 (1,0,0,0) 7.81
15 8 (2,2,0,0) 5.657 2 8 (1,0,0,0) 7.81
1 1 (6,0,0,0) 6 8 4 (11,0,0,0) 7.81
1 2 (6,0,0,0) 6 3 2 (12,0,0,0) 8.485
1 3 (6,0,0,0) 6
____________________________________________________________________________

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14 0 5 6.325 2 21.73
12 3 9 7.211 3 25.99
11 5.236 7 13.067 8 35.67
4 5.842 6 14.243 18 36.526
1 6 17 19.357 15 55.216
____________________________________________________________________________

17
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2 2 2 2 2 2

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P;¨C% P#, =•?j. )2Z*@ ";f Œ- !6;–; !/^/,>-; 5F' >E`2
OCP%-; b„B t>E1 >•){Z“ P`„ ‹PFJ) ?BIZLL

:Ze ?`¤2 n0 œ) E_• M;/C6LL ?+ "Œp$ '(AB; 3/:)$ C#(2@


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2\-LL '(A•; "*,- -6( ?/ZD4LL

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E-LL n?) D(6,6) *I\- $:@ P0$fFwZLL !/^/,>- $:@ ! '() R 6;G ƒ
E-LL ?d-) x#; C# >:)9Z. D]> D£F4LLz !gC- D/;')4 C# x*©
48

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0 /mr ">60;j)LL DnZ 6;G 3{) !p:- 0'A 3'() Y 6;G W !g_h-
xM;'ª+ !qpBO@; MKe.z !gC- 6;G E-LL ?+; 6;G DnZ 6;G >p:- !j
49

R /m; `ž 9?m; !…$Õ) ZD8 RW /mr E-LL !nZ 6;G j W !…$Õ ZD8
0'A X `ž /mr; "6P-uLL

/01 C"p@ j( !P0I0C E-LL )i;>4) '() Rƒ 6;G R› *C"p@ j( 6CmE


Ou;) D‚ °$ #/9Œu CÉ91 ?:IZLL

6;••; 9?m; "FHP 6;••; !nZ '() Dg*C- D(6,6) °$ C#n••$ `;…Z'
0'A -Ø4 3Œ;•FÖ / !)2!-; ?/6IZLL ";*=- M]+° //ZD@ >C3@
!)2n•fF- !nZ '() ";f !PnŒE !nZ '() "C/mr; E-LL ?+) #C@ OC@
6;G cC- "FHP 6;G °$ 62n•fF-. !nZ '(#B; (6,6) (6,6) tm; ˆ6@ 6;G
cC- "FHP 6;G °$ 62n•fF- 0'A (6,6) (6,6) (6,6) ?m2ZLL M-EP% *COC@
6;G !nZ '() =m; ˜Ÿ. ˆ6@ 6;G cC- "FHP 6;G °$ tn•0$ fZ•„4 (6,6)

18
(6,6) (0,0) ?m; E3$LL M;'N+ DŒ;•FÙ M;0)2!-. '() R› M2 R[ !nZ '()
6Cmr CnZ '() /jF*\- "O;) ">60;j)LL '() RW x"ZžZ”)z !nZ
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";e M;0 nZ '() …$ÌB Ou ZD8- X E-LL DnZ '() 3{) $† !P_h-
0'A !Œ?• /8…,> Ha- x/Z6 !bC- w?8 E-LLz C]+ ?m; !Œ?• /8…,>
Ha-; '(AB !)n•\-«

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'() 6;G /0` $:@ '() 6;G /0` $:@


1 5 (6,6,0,0) 0 1 4 (6,0,0,0) 6
10 1 (6,6,0,0) 0 15 6 (2,2,2,0) 6
10 2 (6,6,0,0) 0 15 11 (6,0,0,0) 6
14 1 (6,6,0,0) 0 18 7 (6,0,0,0) 6
14 2 (6,6,0,0) 0 15 3 (7,0,0,0) 6.083
3 1 (7,8,0,0) 2.236 16 1 (7,0,0,0) 6.083
3 4 (8,7,0,0) 2.236 16 3 (5,0,0,0) 6.083
4 1 (7,8,0,0) 2.236 3 5 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
7 3 (5,4,0,0) 2.236 8 1 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
11 1 (4,7,0,0) 2.236 8 6 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
16 2 (5,4,0,0) 2.236 15 1 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
18 1 (4,5,0,0) 2.236 15 2 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
8 2 (6,9,0,0) 3 15 7 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
11 2 (3,6,0,0) 3 16 4 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
12 1 (3,6,0,0) 3 17 1 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
12 2 (3,6,0,0) 3 17 3 (4,0,0,0) 6.325
13 2 (3,6,0,0) 3 18 2 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
5 1 (3,7,0,0) 3.162 18 6 (8,0,0,0) 6.325
5 2 (9,7,0,0) 3.162 2 1 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
13 1 (3,7,0,0) 3.162 2 2 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
4 2 (9,8,0,0) 3.606 2 3 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
4 3 (9,8,0,0) 3.606 3 3 (9,0,0,0) 6.708
15 4 (4,3,0,0) 3.606 7 4 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
15 9 (8,3,0,0) 3.606 17 2 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
15 5 (6,2,0,0) 4 18 4 (3,0,0,0) 6.708
7 1 (5,2,0,0) 4.123 2 4 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
7 2 (5,2,0,0) 4.123 2 5 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
6 1 (9,6,3,0) 4.243 2 6 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
18 3 (3,3,0,0) 4.243 8 5 (2,0,0,0) 7.211
18 5 (4,3,3,0) 4.69 9 1 (10,0,0,0) 7.211

19
6 2 (9,10,0,0) 5 9 2 (10,0,0,0) 7.211
6 3 (10,9,0,0) 5 15 10 (9,4,6,3) 7.616
8 3 (2,9,0,0) 5 2 7 (1,0,0,0) 7.81
15 8 (2,2,0,0) 5.657 2 8 (1,0,0,0) 7.81
1 1 (6,0,0,0) 6 8 4 (11,0,0,0) 7.81
1 2 (6,0,0,0) 6 3 2 (12,0,0,0) 8.485
1 3 (6,0,0,0) 6
____________________________________________________________________

Œ;•FÖ /

'() $:@ '() $:@ '() $:@


10 0 13 6.162 16 20.726
14 0 5 6.325 2 21.73
12 3 9 7.211 3 25.99
11 5.236 7 13.067 8 35.67
4 5.842 6 14.243 18 36.526
1 6 17 19.357 15 55.216
__________________________________________________________________

' -3@
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50

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20
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51

M$'(. !_{g-; 6p M;ª@ M;0g/vr t>6Fe C-3@ +' >n


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52

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.C#!O A_6 `¡ !-3@ /CÃ>ŽB "uw\-LL

c;f '6 !n qŸB /)ž2 /fŠ> !mr M;0mE ™4 _•/ S";f mEV
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?j$2 c;f '6 !n qŸB) /0°_) !C*\-)LL < < <
53

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8_$ M˜$ `!.
D`@ ME• `!.
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54

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55

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M;'N+ …F;9? ); Œ$P+ @3I.
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21
I2 p 6CmE ™4 …FŒ ?*IZLL

M;'N+ …F;9? ); Œ$P+ @3I.


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q,O; "67-) M;NO -3@; ?0E'°uLL

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56
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/f-;; "**Z ‰5Š- •jŒ-8ZLL
57

!6E'(); f;°¸ ?¶%- "?E@ `ž /m; "C3@. n?) 0'A D]+%-


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22
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6E '() OZ¾´) •ii• D¾´ °$ /mr; PQ/ ?/$ "3*- E_F-2ZLL


58

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59

){¦- DP‚* )4) !P‚* ?m2ZLL )4 !P‚* DmE 0'A 36E'()


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!";f '() )@ !P6PcDC E- t*Z ";e; 5F' C#C@ n?) C#;3`


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E- #C@ E-LL
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23
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fZ "fp¾ 2@. Ob.


60

fZ "fp¾ 2@. C¦.

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