Soran university Supervised By: Mrs.

Khadijah
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Dpt. Prepared By: Ismail Qadir
FUEL OIL PRODUCTION Hawraz Sardar
FROM WASTE LDPE BY PYROLYSIS METHOD Jamila Hattam
Zhila faxir
Dalal Ali

INTRODUCTION SELECTION OF TYPES OF PLASTIC RAW MARIRIAL (LDPE)

Plastics are basically a long chain of organic Hydrocarbon compounds
synthesized by petroleum products. They generally have a wide application but
for short period time and, non-degradable nature makes the world to think about
ways to recycle and low cost also according to reports the production rate of
plastic reach 280 million tons in 2011 and it increases year by years
Exponentially. [1] The lot application and increasing apply for plastics have also
produced a huge amount of plastic waste and they have a serious effect on the
environment because of their disposal problems. [2] The recycling of waste
plastics and rubbers are growing of importance as landfilling and burning turn
into more expensive and the acceptance of these methods is reducing. Maximum
polymers are produced from oil and can be pyrolyzed into petrochemicals. There
is a market for the recycling of pure plastics, particularly of polyethylene but
also residues from the plastic manufacturing industry. The collection of plastics,
the mechanical sorting of wastes and the operation of used cars, however, give
plastic wastes that are mixed or contaminated and are expensive to isolate and
recycle. Many mixtures like filled plastics, elastomers, and droplets are not
suited for granulation and recycling on value. Other than combustion under an
operation of the energy content of the wastes, high molecular weight substances,
that cannot be cleaned by physical processes like distillation, extraction, or
crystallization, can only be recycled via thermal degradation (pyrolysis) of the
macromolecules into smaller remains. [3]
HISTORY
The Conversion processes of waste plastics to the liquid fuel from solid
hydrocarbon compounds are not new. Pyrolysis and gasification processes were
commercialized in Germany during the second world war and developed also in
southern Africa during a few last years. Plastic depolymerization methods were
developed actively during the 1980s and 1990s, but none was accepted
commercially as mechanical recycling methods developed quickly. Over the past 10
years, there has been a growth in the amount of investigation into the conversion of
plastic into oil, as oil charges have increased and waste collection and sorting
methods have better. [4]
The first report about converting waste plastic to fuel oil had been published in 2001
from (Daily Chine) English Newspaper. And an oil refinery in Hunan Province had
success in product 30,000 tons of waste plastics into 20,000tonees of gasoline and
diesel oil that has provincial standards Wang Xu, who manufactured the refinery in
1999, started trying with waste plastic dealing out in the 1980s.
later teamed up with Hunan University doctoral tutor Zeng Guangming who gave
him scientific advice on decomposing plastic wastes. In the 1980s, Illinois
microbiologist Paul Baskis in the United States modified the process to produce
lighter, cleanser oil, but unsuccessful to convince investors until 1996, when a
company called Changing World Technologies started development with Baskis to
make the process commercially viable. Again, the plants with a capacity of 1000
tones/annum have been successively nearby many cities in China Thermal cracking
or Pyrolysis, includes the degradation of the polymeric materials by heating in the
absence of oxygen. [5]
FLOW SHETING AND DESCRIPTION OF PROLYSIS PROCESS
There are various types of plastics but not all of them can be used for processes we must Low density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from
select types for plastic according structures and composition of plastics. Mean internal the petroleum products. It was the first grade of polyethylene
sorting inside plastic according carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen because basic process is formed byimperial industries (ICI) with a high-pressure process by
removing oxygen and make chains of hydrocarbons shorter. There is a Table 1 at the free radical polymerization. LDPE is generally recycled and takes
below shows which kind of plastics are suitable or not for production of oil from waste the number ‘4’ as it recycles symbol. Despite competition from
plastic, [4] low density polyethylene is great for our process and suitable. additional modern polymers, it holds to be an important plastic
grade. LDPE contains the chemical elements carbon and
hydrogen. The structure of (LDPE) is Ethylene(C2H4) is a gaseous
Types of Plastic Suitability for process
hydrocarbon formed generally by cracking ethane, which
(LDPE) Low density poly Great constituent of natural gas or distilled from petroleum. Ethylene
molecules consist of two methylene groups linked together by
ethylene
double bond between the carbon atoms. (LDPE) was called
(PE) Polyethylene Great because it contains different concentrations of branches that hinder
(HDPE) High density Great the crystallization process, results low density. The difference in
(LDPE) and (HDPE) are degree are branching involved. (LDPE) is
polyethylene
prepared with the monomer ethylene under very high pressure of
(PP) Polypropylene Great near 350 mega Pascal and higher temperatures of near 350 ‘c in
presence of oxide initiators. This process produces both long and
(PS) Polystyrene Great (Has best Fuel properties)
short branches polymer. (LDPE) is flexible material and its
(ABS) Reins of ABS Good melting point is round 110’C0.[11]
(PVC) Polyvinylchloride Not Appropriate
(PUR) Polyurethane Not Appropriate 2-CATALYTIC DEPOLYMERIZATION
(FRP) Fiber Reinforced Plastic Poor, use pretreatment to remove fiber
Catalytic depolymerization is similar to pyrolysis in that it
(PET) Polyethylene Not Appropriate
promotes the break-up of the polymer chains in the absence of
Terephthalate oxygen to produce smaller molecules. It achieves this at lower
temperatures (270–400°C) than pyrolysis by via a catalyst,
typically an alumina silicate zeolite. The decomposition of the
METHODS TO CONVERT WASTE TO FUEL feedstock results in the deposition of carbon on the catalyst’s
surface as a result of the net hydrogen deficiency of the process
described above, thus reducing the effectiveness of the catalyst.
• There are three basic methods to convert waste plastic materials into fuel oil Some processes introduce hydrogen to overcome this problem,
as follows: therefore lengthening the life of the catalyst and lowering spent
catalyst disposal costs. Some processes use a carrier oil to assist
• 1-Prolysis process with the mixing and dispersion of the molten plastic and catalyst,
The main shortcoming of the catalytic depolymerization process
• 2-Catalytic depolymerization is the ongoing consumption of the catalyst by the process [4]
• 3-Gasification to syngas [4]
3-GASIFICATION TO SYNGAS
Gasification is a partial oxidation process whereby the feedstock
1.PYROLYSIS METHOD and an oxidizing agent (air, oxygen, steam or a combination of
these) are fed into a chamber operational at between 900 and
1,400°C. This outcomes in the total decomposition of the
Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of waste materials at temperatures among 400 feedstock into a mixture of gases known as ‘syngas’, including
and 1,000 Co in the absence of oxygen. This results in the devolatilization and carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, water and methane.
decomposition of the feedstock, but the absence of oxygen makes the process to The decomposition reaction also forms a carbon char, which is
don’t occur combustion. Pyrolysis produces gas, liquid and solid (char), the oxidized in situ thereby provided that, the heat required to
comparative proportions of which depend upon the method of pyrolysis and the achieve the in height operating temperature. The products
operational conditions of the pyrolysis reactor, essentially the rate of heating, the conversion of gasification process are syngas (93 wt%), Tars (6
functional temperature and residence time within the pyrolysis reactor. Long times wt%), Char (1 wt%)
residence and low heating rates are typical of processes like charcoal manufacture,
effectively converting the majority of the carbon existing in the feedstock into an
elemental of carbon. As residence time reduces and heating rate increases, the REFERENCE
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