References On Reliability and Risk Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering

Guidelines, Information, and Technical Resources
Compiled by the ISSMGE TC304 Committee
• Introductory Material
• Advanced Probability and Inference
• Probabilistic Ground Models
• Geotechnical Design Codes and Manuals
• Reliability-Based Design
• Bearing Capacity
• Deep Foundations
• Groundwater and Earthdams
• Land/Groundwater Contamination
• Retaining Structures
• Seismic/Liquefaction
• Shallow Foundation Settlement
• Site Investigation
• Slopes and Embankments
• Risk Management
• Rock Mechanics
• Inverse Analyses and Bayesian Methods
Introductory Material
1. Ang, A.H.-S., and Tang, W.H. (2007). Probability concepts in engineering, Vol. I Emphasis
on applications to civil and environmental engineering, 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
2. Ang, A.H.-S., and Tang, W.H. (2007). Probability concepts in engineering: emphasis on
applications to civil and environmental engineering, Vol. II Decision, Risk, and Reliability,
2nd Ed., Wiley, New York.
3. Baecher, G.H. (1987). Geotechnical risk analysis user's guide," FHWA/RD-87-011, Federal
Highway Administration, McLean, Va.
4. Baecher, G.B., and Christian, J.T. (2003). Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical
Engineering, Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom.
5. Building Research Establishment, MA Smith Environmental Consultancy, et al. (2001).
Assessment and Management of Risks to Buildings, Building Materials and Services from
Land Contamination. Bristol, Environment Agency: 100.
6. Christian, J.T. (2004). "Geotechnical engineering reliability: how well do we know what we
are doing?" ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(10),
985-1003.
7. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2008). Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering,
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
8. Fenton, G.A., Ed. (1996). Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, Short course
notes, Uncertainty'96, Madison, Wisconsin
9. GeoRisk2011 (2011). Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Management, ASCE Geotechnical
Special Publications (GSP) 224, CD-ROM, 1250 pp., ISBN 978-0-7844-1183-4. (C. Hsein
Juang, et al. eds.)
10. Ghosh, A., and Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "A Fortran Program for Generation of
Multivariate Normally Distributed Random Variables," International Journal for Computers
and Geosciences, 13(3), 221-233.
11. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A., Editors (2007). Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical
Engineering, CISM Courses and Lectures No. 491, Springer, Wien, New York.
12. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Tveten, D.E. (2002), "Probabilistic geotechnical analysis:
How difficult does it need to be?", Probabilistics in Geotechnics: Technical and Economic
Risk Estimation, R. P&oumlettler et al. (eds.), VGE, Essen, Germany. 3--20.
13. Harr, M.E. (1987). Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York.
14. Institution of Civil Engineers (1991). Inadequate Site Investigation, Thomas Telford,
London, United Kingdom.
15. Joint Committee on Structural Safety
16. Lacasse, S. (1994). "Reliability and probabilistic methods," in Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Soil
Mechanics Foundation Engineering, 225--227.
17. Lee, I.K., White, W. and Ingles, O.G. (1983). Geotechnical Engineering, Pitman, London.
18. Low, B.K., and Tang, W.H. (1997). "Efficient reliability evaluation using spreadsheet"
ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 123(7), 749-752.
19. Phoon, K.K., Editor (2008). Reliability-Based Design in Geotechnical Engineering:
Computations and Applications, Taylor & Francis, London.
20. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1999). Risk Based Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering for
Support of Planning Studies, ETL1110-2-556, Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, Washington, DC
21. Uncertainty 96 (1996). Uncertainty in the Geological Environment: From Theory to
Practice, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publications Number 58, 1453 pp., 2 vols., ISBN 978-
0-7844-0188-0. (C.D. Shackleford et al. eds.)
22. Vick, S.G. (2002). Degrees of Belief: Subjective Probability and Engineering Judgement,
American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
23. Whipple, C. (1986). "Approaches to acceptable risk," in Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Risk-
Based Decision Making in Water Resources, Y.Y. Haimes and E.Z. Stakhiv, Eds., 30--45.
24. Whitman, R.V. (1984). "Evaluating calculated risk in geotechnical engineering," ASCE
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 110(2), 145-188.
25. Whitman, R.V. (2000). "Organizing and evaluating uncertainty in geotechnical
engineering," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 125(6), 583-593.
Advanced Probability and Inference

1. Adler, R.J. (1981). The Geometry of Random Fields, Wiley, New York.
2. Anderson, T.W. (1971). The Statistical Analysis of Time Series, in Probability and
Mathematical Statistics, Wiley, New York.
3. Beran, J. (1994). Statistics for Long-Memory Processes, in Monographs on Statistics and
Applied Probability, V. Isham et al., Eds., Chapman & Hall, New York.
4. Berman, S.M. (1992). Sojourns and Extremes of Stochastic Processes, Wadsworth and
Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, CA.
5. Brockwell, P.J., and Davis, R.A. (1987). Time Series: Theory and Methods, in Springer
Series in Statistics, P. Bickel et al., Eds., Springer-Verlag, New York.
6. Bucher, C. G., and Bourgund, U. (1990). "A fast and efficient response surface approach for
structural reliability problems," Structural Safety, 7, 57-66.
7. Christian, J.T. and Baecher, G.B. (1999). "Point-estimate method as numerical quadrature,"
ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(9), 779--786.
8. Cinlar, E. (1975). Introduction to Stochastic Processes, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ.
9. Cramer, H., and Leadbetter, M.R. (1967). Stationary and Related Stochastic Processes,
Wiley, New York.
10. Cressie, N.A.C. (1993). Statistics for Spatial Data, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York.
11. Dahlhaus, R. (1989). "Efficient parameter estimation for self-similar processes," Annals of
Statistics, 17, 1749--1766.
12. Ditlevsen, O. (1979). ''Narrow reliability bounds for structural systems.'' Journal of
Structural Mechanics, 7(4), 453-72.
13. Ditlevsen, O., and Madsen, H.O. (2005). Structural Reliability Methods, Internet Edition
2.2.5
14. Fenton, G.A. (1990). Simulation and Analysis of Random Fields, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept. Civil
Eng. and Op. Res., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ.
15. Fenton, G.A. (1994). "Error evaluation of three random field generators," ASCE Journal of
Engineering Mechanics, 120(12), 2478--2497. PDF
16. Fenton, G.A. (1999). "Estimation for stochastic soil models," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(6), 470--485. PDF
17. Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1990). "Simulation of random fields via local average
subdivision," ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 116(8), 1733--1749. PDF
18. Fenton, G.A., and Vanmarcke, E.H. (1992). "Simulation-based excursion statistics," ASCE
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 118(6), 1129--1145. PDF
19. Guan, X.L., and Melchers, R.E. (2001). "Effect of response surface parameter variation on
structural reliability estimates," Structural Safety, 23, 429-444.
20. Goh, A.T.C., and Kulhawy, F.H. (2003). "Neural network approach to model the limit state
surface for reliability analysis," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 40(6), 1235-1244.
21. Jiang, S.H., Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2014). "Capabilities of stochastic
response surface method and response surface method in reliability analysis," Structural
Engineering and Mechanics, 49(1): 111-128.
22. Journel, A.G., and Huijbregts, Ch.J. (1978). Mining Geostatistics, Academic, New York.
23. Kulhawy, F.H., Roth, M.J.S., and Grigoriu, M.D. (1991). "Some statistical evaluations of
geotechnical properties," in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Appl. Statistical Problems in Civil
Engineering (ICASP6), Mexico City, pp. 705--712.
24. Leadbetter, M.R., Lindgren, G. and Rootzen, H. (1983). Extremes and Related Properties of
Random Sequences and Processes, Springer-Verlag, New York.
25. Li, D.Q., Wu, S.B., Zhou C.B., and Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Performance of translation
approach for modeling correlated non-normal variables," Structural Safety, DOI:
10.1016/j.strusafe.2012.08.001.
26. Li, D.Q., Phoon, K.K., Wu, S.B., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou, C.B. (2012). "Impact of translation
approach for modelling correlated non-normal variables on parallel system reliability,"
Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, DOI: 10.1080/15732479.2011.652968.
27. Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Chen, Y.G., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "A comparative study of three
collocation point methods for odd order stochastic response surface method," Structural
Engineering and Mechanics, 45(5): 595-611.
28. Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Wu, S.B., Zhou, C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Modeling
multivariate distribution using Monte Carlo simulation for reliability analysis with complex
performance function," Journal of Risk and Reliability, 227(2): 109-118.
29. Li, D.Q., Phoon, K.K., Wu, S.B., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "Impact of translation
approach for modelling correlated non-normal variables on parallel system reliability,"
Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(10): 969-982.
30. Li, D.Q., Jiang, S.H., Chen, Y.G., and Zhou C.B. (2014). "Reliability analysis of
serviceability performance of underground cavern using stochastic response surface
method," Environmental Earth Sciences, 71(3): 1169-1182.
31. Low, B.K., and Tang, W.H. (2007). "Efficient spreadsheet algorithm for first-order
reliability method," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 133(12), 1378-1387.
32. Low, B.K., Zhang, J., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Efficient system reliability analysis
illustrated for a retaining wall and a soil slope," Computers and Geotechnics, 38(2), 196-
204.
33. Melchers, R.E. (1999). Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction, 2nd Ed., John Wiley
& Sons, Chichester.
34. Paice, G.M. (1997). "Finite element analysis of stochastic soils," Ph.D. Thesis, University of
Manchester, Dept. Civil Engineering, Manchester, United Kingdom.
35. Rosenblueth, E. (1975). "Point estimates for probability moments," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
USA, 72(10), 3812--3814.
36. Rosenblueth, E. (1981). "Two-point estimates in probabilities," Applied Mathematical
Modelling, 5, 329--335.
37. Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Zhou C.B, Phoon, K.K., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Impact of copulas
for modeling bivariate distributions on system reliability," Structural Safety, 44, 80-90.
38. Tang, X.S., Li, D.Q., Zhou, C.B., and Zhang, L.M. (2013). "Bivariate distribution models
using copulas for reliability analysis," Journal of Risk and Reliability, 227(5): 499-512.
39. Vanmarcke, E.H. (1984). Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis, The MIT Press,
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
40. Yaglom, A.M. (1962). An Introduction to the Theory of Stationary Random Functions,
Dover, Mineola, NY.
41. Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Kriging numerical models for
geotechnical reliability analysis," Soils and Foundations, 51(6), 1169-1177.
Probabilistic Ground Models

1. Asaoka, A. and Grivas, D.A. (1982). "Spatial variability of the undrained strength of clays,"
ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 108(5), 743--756.
2. Cherubini, C. (1997). "Data and considerations on the variability of geotechnical properties
of soils," in Proc. Int. Conf. Safety and Reliability, ESREL 97, 2, Lisbon, 1583--1591.
3. Chok, Y.H., Jaksa, M.B., Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Kaggwa, W.S. (2007). "A
parametric study on reliability of spatially random cohesive soils", Australian
Geomechanics, 42(2), pp. 7985.
4. DeGroot, D.J. and Baecher, G.B. (1993). "Estimating autocovariance of in-situ soil
properties," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 119(1), 147--166.
5. DeGroot, D.J. (1996). "Analyzing spatial variability of in-situ properties," in Uncertainty in
the Geologic Environment: From Theory to Practice, Geotechnical Special Publications No.
58, C.D. Shackelford et al., Eds., American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 210--
238.
6. Fenton, G.A. (1999). "Random field modeling of CPT data," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125(6), 486--498. PDF
7. Griffiths, D.V., Paiboon, J, Huang, J. and Fenton, G.A. (2012). "Homogenization of
geomaterials containing voids by random fields and finite elements," International Journal
of Solids and Structures, 49, 2006-2014.
8. Krahn, J., and Fredlund, D.G. (1983). "Variability in the engineering properties of natural
soil deposits," in Proc 4th Int Conf Appl Stats Prob Soils Struct Eng, Universita di Firenze,
1017--1029.
9. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ouyang, S. (1986). "Probabilistic modeling of shear strength of
rock discontinuities using direct shear test data," in Proceedings of the 27th U.S. Symposium
on Rock Mechanics, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 112--120.
10. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ouyang, S. (1987). "Target detection probabilities for continuous
line search," ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 1(1), 1--19.
11. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Miller, K.M. (1987). "A scheme for estimating the spatial
variation of soil properties in three dimensions," in Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering,
Vancouver, Canada, 669--677.
12. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Southworth, R. (1987). "Modeling and prediction of spatial
variability of soil properties in one dimension, in Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Prediction and Performance in Geotechnical Engineering, Calgary, Canada,
429--437.
13. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "Modeling of cyclical stratigraphy using markov chains,"
International Journal of Mining and Geological Engineering, 5, 121--130.
14. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1987). "A computer simulation technique to study probability of
detection of geologic targets," Application of Computers and Mathematics in the Mineral
Industry, 20, 271--278.
15. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1988). "Probabilistic characterization of shear strength parameters
using triaxial test data," ASTM STP on Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, 553--
566.
16. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Ghosh, A. (1988). "An investigation into accuracy of spatial
variation estimation using static cone penetrometer data," in Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Penetration Testing, Orlando, Florida, 815--822.
17. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W. (1988). "A probabilistic incremental linear elastic constitutive
relationship which incorporates spatial variation of soil moduli", in Proceedings of the
Symposium on Reliability-Based Design in Civil Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1,
285--294.
18. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Varatharajah, P. (1989). "A weighted regression approach to
model and predict spatial variability of soil properties in one dimension," in Proceedings of
the International Symposium on Computer and Physical Modelling in Geotechnical
Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, 279--285.
19. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Wathugala, D.N., Poulton, M., and Stephansson, O. (1990) "Analysis
of structural homogeneity of rock masses," International Journal of Engineering Geology,
29, 195--211.
20. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Panda, B.B., and Fiedler, R. (1996). "Fractal dimension and the first
invariant of fracture tensor of fracture networks as measures of statistical homogeneity of
jointed rock masses," in Proc. 2nd NARMS, Montreal, Canada, 1779--1786.
21. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Fiedler, R. and Panda, B.B. (1997). "Box fractal dimension as a
measure of statistical homogeneity of jointed rock masses," International Journal of
Engineering Geology, 48(3-4), 217--230.
22. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Um, J. (2003). "Spatial variation of cone tip resistance for the
clay site at Texas A & M University", International Journal of Geotechnical and Geological
Engineering, 21(2), 149--165.
23. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., Park, J., Balasingam, P., and McKenna, S.A. (2007). "Hierarchical
probabilistic regionalization of volcanism for Sengan region, Japan", International Journal
of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 25(1), 79--102.
24. Kulhawy, F.H., Roth, M.J.S. and Grigoriu, M.D. (1991). "Some statistical evaluations of
geotechnical properties," in Proc 6th Int Conf Appl Stats Prob Civ Eng, L. Eseva and S.E.
Ruiz, Eds, London, Vol II, Mexico City, 705--712.
25. Lacasse, S., and Nadim, F. (1996). "Uncertainties in characterizing soil properties," in ASCE
Uncertainties'96 Conference Proceedings, C.H. Benson, Ed., Madison, WI, 49--75.
26. Li, D.Q., Tang, X.S., Zhou C.B., Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Uncertainty analysis of correlated
non-normal geotechnical parameters using Gaussian Copula," Science in China Series E,
DOI: 10.1007/s11431-012-4937-z.
27. Lumb, P. (1966). "The variability of natural soils," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 3(2),
74-97.
28. Lumb, P. (1966). "Applications of statistics in soil mechanics," Chapter 3 in Soil
Mechanics-New horizons, I.K. Lee, Ed., London, Newnes-Butterworths, 44--111.
29. Phoon, K.K., and Kulhawy, F.H. (1999). "Characterization of geotechnical variability,"
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36, 612--624.
30. Phoon, K.K., and Kulhawy, F.H. (1999). "Evaluation of geotechnical property variability,"
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 36(4), 625--639.
31. Nadim, F. (2007). "Tools and strategies for dealing with uncertainty in geotechnics," in
Probabilistic Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, D.V. Griffiths and G.A. Fenton, Eds.,
Springer Wien, New York.
32. Soulie, M., Montes, P., and Silvestri, V. (1990). "Modelling spatial variability of soil
parameters," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 27(5), 617--630.
33. Stuedlein, A.W. (2011) "Random Field Model Parameters for Columbia River Silt,"
Proceedings, GeoRisk, Geotechnical Specialty Publication No. 224, ASCE, Reston, VA.
34. Stuedlein, A.W., Kramer, S.L., Arduino, P., and Holtz, R.D. (2012) "Geotechnical
characterization and random field modeling of desiccated clay," Journal of Geotechnical
and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(11).
35. Tang, W.H. (1984). "Principles of probabilistic characterization of soil properties," Proc.
Symp. Probabilistic Characterization of Soil Properties, D.S. Bowles and Hon-Kim Ko,
Eds., 74--89.
36. Tang, W.H., Sidi, I., and Gilbert, R.B. (1989) "Average property in a random two-state
medium," Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 115(1), 131--144.
37. Uzielli, M., Vannucchi, G., and Phoon, K.K. (2005). "Random field characterisation of
stress-normalised cone penetration testing parameters," Géotechnique, 55(1), 3-20.
38. Vanmarcke, E.H. (1977). "Probabilistic modeling of soil profiles," ASCE Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, 103(GT11), 1227--1246.
39. Wickremesinghe, D., and Campanella, R.G. (1993). "Scale of fluctuation as a descriptor of
soil variability," in Prob. Methods in Geotech. Eng., K.S. Li and S.-C.R. Lo, Eds., Balkema,
Rotterdam, 233--239.
Geotechnical Design Codes and Manuals

1. AASHTO (2007). LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
2. Australian Standard (2004). Bridge Design, Part 3: Foundations and Soil-Supporting
Structures, AS 5100.3--2004, Sydney, Australia.
3. Australian Standard (2002). Earth-Retaining Structures, AS 4678--2004, Sydney, Australia.
4. Canadian Geotechnical Society (2006). Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 4th Ed.,
Montreal, Quebec.
5. Canadian Standards Association (1981). Guidelines for the Development of Limit States
Design, Canadian Standards Association Special Publication S408-1981 (R2001), Rexdale,
Ont.
6. Canadian Standards Association (2006). Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code,
CAN/CSA Standard S6-06, CSA International, Rexdale, Ontario.
7. EN 1997-1 (2003). Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design -- Part 1: General rules, CEN
(European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.
8. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (1991). Manuals for the
Design of Bridge Foundations, Report 343, NCHRP, Transportation Research Board,
National Research Council, Washington, DC.
9. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (2004). Load and Resistance
Factors for Earth Pressures on Bridge Substructures and Retaining Walls, Report 12-55,
NCHRP, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
10. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (2010). LRFD Design and
Construction of Shallow Foundations for Highway Bridge Structures, Report 651, NCHRP,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC.
11. National Research Council (NRC) (2010). National Building Code of Canada, National
Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
12. National Research Council (NRC) (2010). User's Guide -- NBC 2010 Structural
Commentaries (Part 4 of Division B), 2nd ed., National Research Council of Canada,
Ottawa.
Reliability-Based Design
1. Allen, D.E. (1975). "Limit states design: A probabilistic study," Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, 36(2), 36--49.
2. Allen, T.M (2005). "Development of geotechnical resistance factor and downdrag load
factors for LRFD foundation strength limit state design," Federal Highway Administration,
Publication No. FHWA-NHI-05-052, US Department of Transportation.
3. Barker, R.M., Duncan, J.M., Rojiani, K.B., Ooi, P.S.K., Tan, C.K., and Kim, S.G. (1991).
Manuals for the Design of Bridge Foundations, NCHRP Report 343, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.
4. Becker, D.E. (1996). "Eighteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Limit states design
for foundations. Part I. An overview of the foundation design process," Canadian
Geotechnical Journal, 33, 956--983.
5. Becker, D.E. (1996). "Eighteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Limit states design
for foundations. Part II. Development for the National Building Code of Canada," Canadian
6. Ching, J. (2009). "Equivalence between reliability and factor of safety," Probabilistic
Engineering Mechanics, 24(2), 159--171.
7. Ching, J., and Hsu, W.C. (2008). "Transforming reliability limit-state constraints into
deterministic limit-state constraints," Structural Safety, 30(1), 11-33.
8. Ching, J., Liao, H.J., and Sue, C.W. (2008). "Calibration of reliability-based resistance
factors for flush drilled soil anchors in Taipei basin," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134(9), 1348-1363.
9. Ching, J., and Phoon, K.K. (2011). "A quantile-based approach for calibrating reliability-
based partial factors," Structural Safety, 33, 275--285.
10. Cornell, C.A. (1969). "A probability-based structural code," Journal of the American
Concrete Institute, 66(12), 974--985.
11. Ditlevson, O. (1973). Structural Reliability and the Invariance Problem, Research Report
No. 22, Solid Mechanics Division, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
12. Duncan, J.M. (2000). "Factors of safety and reliability in geotechnical engineering," ASCE
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126(4), 307--316.
13. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V. and Zhang, X.Y. (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of
shallow foundations against bearing failure," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(11), 1556-
1571.
14. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Ojomo, O.O. (2011). "Consequence factors in the
ultimate limit state design of shallow foundations", Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 48(2),
265-279.
15. Foye, K.C., Salgado, R., and Scott, B. (2006). "Assessment of variable uncertainties for
reliability-based design of foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(9), 1197--1207.
16. Foye, K.C., Salgado, R., and Scott, B. (2006). "Resistance factors for use in shallow
foundation LRFD," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
132(9), 1208--1218.
17. Freudenthal, A.M. (1956). "Safety and the probability of structure failure," Transactions of
the American Society of Civil Engineers, 121, 1337--1375.
18. Goldsworthy, J.S., Jaksa, M.B., Fenton, G.A., Kaggwa, W.S., Griffiths, D.V., and Poulos,
H.G. (2007). "Effect of sample location on the reliability based design of pad foundations,"
Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards,
1(3), 155--166.
19. Hansen, B. (1956). Limit Design and Safety Factors in Soil Mechanics, Bulletin No. 1,
Danish Geotechnical Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
20. Hasofer, A.M., and Lind, N.C. (1974). "Exact and invariant second-moment code format, "
ASCE Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 100, 111--121.
21. Honjo, Y., Suzuki, M., Shirato, M., and Fukui, J. (2002). "Determination of partial factors
for a vertically loaded pile based on reliability analysis," Soils and Foundations, 42(5), 91-
109.
22. Lumb, P. (1970). "Safety factors and the probability distribution of soil strength," Canadian
23. Madsen, H.O., Krenk, S. and Lind, N.C. (1986). Methods of Structural Safety, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
24. Phoon, K.K., Ching, J., and Chen, J.R. (2011). "How Reliable Are Reliability-Based
Multiple Factor Code Formats?," in 3rd International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety
and Risk (ISGSR2011), Munich, 2-3 June.
25. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D. (2003). "Development of a reliability-
based design framework for transmission line structure foundations," ASCE Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(9), 798--806.
26. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D. (2003). "Multiple resistance factor design
for shallow transmission line structure foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
27. Phoon, K.K., Kulhawy, F.H. and Grigoriu, M.D. (2003). "Multiple resistance factor design
for shallow transmission line structure foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
28. Stuedlein, A.W., Neely, W.J., and Gurtowski, T.G. (2012) "Reliability-based Design of
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29. Wang, Y. (2009). "Reliability-based economic design optimization of spread foundations,"
ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135(7), 954-959.
30. Wang, Y. (2011). "Reliability-based design of spread foundations by Monte Carlo
Simulations,"Géotechnique, 61(8), 677-685.
31. Wang, Y., Au, S.K., and Kulhawy F.H. (2011). "Expanded reliability-based design approach
for drilled shafts," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
137(2), 140-149.
32. Wang, Y. and Kulhawy, F.H. (2008). "Reliability index for serviceability limit state of
building foundations," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
134(11), 1587--1594.
33. Wang, Y., and Kulhawy, F.H. (2008). "Economic design optimization of foundations,"
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34. Withiam, J.L., et al. (2001). Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) for Highway
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35. Zhang, J., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2011). "Reliability-Based Optimization of
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Bearing Capacity
1. Babu, G.L.S., Srivastava, A. and Murthy, D.S.N. (2006). "Reliability analysis of the bearing
capacity of a shallow foundation resting on cohesive soil," Canadian Geotechnical Journal,
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2. Cherubini, C. (2000). "Reliability evaluation of shallow foundation bearing capacity on c', φ'
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3. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (2001). "Bearing capacity of spatially random c - φ soils,"
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4. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. (2003). "Bearing capacity prediction of spatially random c
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5. Fenton, G.A., Zhang, X.Y. and Griffiths, D.V. (2007). "Reliability of shallow foundations
designed against bearing failure using LRFD," Georisk: Assessment and Management of
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6. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V. and Zhang, X.Y. (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of
shallow foundations against bearing failure", Canadian Geotechical Journal, 45(11), 1556--
1571. PDF
7. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. (2000). "Bearing capacity of heterogeneous soils by finite
elements," in Proc. 5th Int. Congress on Numerical Methods in Engineering and Scientific
Applications (CIMENICS'00), N. Troyani and M. Cerrolaza, Eds., Sociedad Venezolana de
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8. Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. (2001). "Bearing capacity of spatially random soil: The
undrained clay Prandtl problem revisited," Géotechnique, 51(4), 351--359. PDF
9. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Manoharan, N. (2002). "Bearing capacity of a rough rigid
strip footing on cohesive soil: A probabilistic study," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128(9), 743--755. PDF
10. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Manoharan, N. (2006). "Undrained bearing capacity of
two strip footings on spatially random soil," International Journal of Geomechanics, 6(6),
421--427. PDF
11. Li, D.Q., Qi, X.H., Zhou, C.B., and Phoon, K.K. (2013). "Effect of spatial variability of
shear strength parameters that increase linearly with depth on reliability of infinite slopes,"
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12. Manoharan, N., Griffiths, D.V. and Fenton, G.A. (2001). "A probabilistic study of rough
strip footing on cohesive soil," in 6th U.S. National Congress on Computational Mechanics
(VI USACM), University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI, p. 257.
Deep Foundations
1. Chan, C.L., and Low, B.K. (2009). "Reliability analysis of laterally loaded piles involving
nonlinear soil and pile behavior," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 135(3), 431-443.
2. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. (2007). "Reliability-based deep foundation design," in
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3. Haldar, S. and Babu, G.L.S. (2008). "Load and resistance factor design of axially loaded pile
based on load test results," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 134(8), 1106--1117.
4. Haldar, S., and Babu, G.L.S. (2008). "Effect of soil spatial variability on the response of
laterally loaded pile in undrained clay," Computers and Geotechnics, 35(4), 537-547.
5. Klammler, H., McVay, M., Horhota, D., and Lai, P. (2010). "Influence of spatially variable
side friction on single drilled shaft resistance and LRFD resistance factors," ASCE Journal
of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(8), 1114--1123.
6. Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Lacasse, S. (1991). "Probabilistic equivalent linear soil spring
stiffness analysis for gravity platforms: Conceptual model," Computers and Geotechnics,
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soil spring stiffness analysis for gravity platforms: Illustrative example", Computers and
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8. Li, D.Q., Zhang, L.M., and Tang, W.H. (2005). "Reliability evaluation of cross-hole sonic
logging for bored pile integrity," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 131(9), 1130--1138.
9. Li, D.Q., Tang, W.H., and Zhang, L.M. (2008). "Updating occurrence probability and size
of defect for bored piles," Structural Safety. 30(2), 130--143.
10. Li, D.Q., Tang, X.S., Phoon, K.K., Chen, Y.F., and Zhou C.B. (2013). "Bivariate simulation
using copula and its application to probabilistic pile settlement analysis," International
Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 37(6): 597-617.
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resistance factor design (LRFD) for driven piles using dynamic methods - A Florida
perspective," Geotechnical Testing Journal, 23(1), 55-66.
12. McVay, M.C., Ellis, R., Birgisson, B., Consolazio, G., and Lee, S.M., (2003). "Load and
resistance factor design, cost, and risk: Designing a drilled-shaft load test program in Florida
limestone," Transportation Research Record, 1849(12), 98-106.
13. Misra, A., and Roberts, L.A. (2006). "Probabilistic analysis of drilled shaft service limit
state using the `t-z' method," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43, 1324--1332.
14. Paikowsky, S.G., Birgisson, B., McVay, M., Nguyen, T., Kuo, C., Baecher, G., Ayyab, B.,
Stenersen, K., O'Malley, K., Chernauskas, L., and O'Neill, M. (2004). Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) for Deep Foundations, NCHRP Rep. No. 507, Transportation
Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D. C.
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settlement," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 116(11), 1717--1735.
16. Stuedlein, A.W. and Gurtowski, T.M. (2012) "Reliability of Shaft Resistance of Augered
Cast-In-Place Piles in Granular Soils," Full-Scale Testing and Foundation Design: Honoring
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17. Roberts, L.A. and Misra, A. (2009). "Reliability-based design of deep foundations based on
differential settlement criterion," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 168--176.
18. Yang, L. and Liang, R. (2009). "Incorporating setup into load and resistance factor design of
driven piles in sand," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 46, 296--305.
19. Tang, W.H. (1979). "Probabilistic evaluation of penetration resistances," ASCE Journal of
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20. Tang, W.H., and Gilbert, R.B. (1993). "Case study of offshore pile system reliability,"
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21. Wu, T.H., Tang, W.H., Sangrey, D.A., and Baecher, G.B. (1989). "Reliability of offshore
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22. Wu, T.H., Kjekstad, O., Lee, I.M., and Lacasse, S. (1989). "Reliability analysis of
foundation stability for gravity platforms in the North Sea," Canadian Geotechnical
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23. Xu, Y., and Zhang, L.M. (2007). "Settlement ratios of pile groups in sandy soils from field
load tests," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(8),
1048-1054.
24. Yang, L., and Liang, R. (2006). "Incorporating set-up into reliability-based design of driven
piles in clay," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 43, 946--955.
25. Zhang, L.M. (2004). "Reliability verification using proof pile load tests," ASCE Journal of
Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(11), 1203-1213.
26. Zhang, L.M., and Chu, L.F. (2009). "Calibration of methods for designing large-diameter
bored piles: Ultimate limit state," Soils and Foundations, 49(6), 883-896.
27. Zhang, L.M., and Chu, L.F. (2009). "Calibration of methods for designing large-diameter
bored piles: Serviceability limit state," Soils and Foundations, 49(6), 897-908.
28. Zhang, L.M., and Dasaka, S.M. (2010). "Uncertainties in geologic profiles vs. variability in
pile founding depths," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,
136(11), 1475-1488.
29. Zhang, L.M., Li, D.Q., and Tang, W.H. (2006). "Impact of routine quality assurance on
reliability of bored piles," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Engineering, 132(5), 622--630.
30. Zhang, L.M., Li, D.Q., and Tang, W.H. (2006). "Level of construction control and safety of
driven piles," Soils and Foundations, 46(4), 415--426.
31. Zhang, L.M., Li, D.Q., and Tang, W.H. (2005). "Reliability of bored pile foundations
considering bias in failure criteria," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 42(4), 1086--1093.
32. Zhang, L.M., and Ng, Agnes, M.Y. (2005). "Probabilistic limiting tolerable displacements
for serviceability limit state design of foundations," Géotechnique, 55(2), 151-161
33. Zhang, L.M., Tang, W.H., and Ng, C.W.W. (2001). "Reliability of axially loaded driven pile
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Groundwater and Earth Dams

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11. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (1997). "A mesh deformation algorithm for free surface
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12. Fenton, G.A., and Griffiths, D.V. (1997). "Extreme hydraulic gradient statistics in a
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16. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1993). "Seepage beneath water retaining structures
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18. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1997). "Three-dimensional seepage through spatially
random soil," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 123(2),
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19. Griffiths, D.V., and Fenton, G.A. (1998). "Probabilistic analysis of exit gradients due to
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Land/Groundwater Contamination
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2. Butler, B., and Petts, J. (2000). "Land contamination risk assessment tools: An evaluation of
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8. Environment Agency (2003). "Principles for evaluating the human health risks from
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10. Rudland, D. J., R. M. Lancefield, et al. (2001). "Contaminated land risk assessment: A guide
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Retaining Structures
1. Babu, G.L.S., and Basha, B.M. (2008). "Optimum design of cantilever sheet pile walls in
sandy soils using inverse reliability approach," Computers and Geotechnics, 35(2), 134--
143.
2. Basha, B.M., and Babu, G.L.S. (2008). "Target reliability based design optimization of
anchored cantilever sheet pile walls," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 45(4), 535--548.
3. Basheer, I.A., and Najjar, Y.M. (1996). "Reliability-based design of reinforced earth
retaining walls," Transportation Research Record, 1526, 64--78.
4. Chalermyanont, T., and Benson, C.H. (2004). "Reliability-based design for internal stability
of mechanically stabilized earth walls," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
5. Cherubini, C., Garrasi, A., and Petrolla, C. (1992). "The reliability of an anchored sheet-pile
wall embedded in cohesionless soil." Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 29(3), 426--435.
6. Ching, J., Liao, H.-J., and Sue, J.-W. (2008). "Calibration of reliability-based resistance
factors for flush drilled soil anchors in Taipei basin," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and
7. Fenton, G.A., Griffiths, D.V., and Williams, M.B. (2005). "Reliability of traditional
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8. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A., and Tveten, D.E. (2005). "Probabilistic earth pressure analysis
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11. Hsiao, E.C.L., Schuster, M., Juang, C.H., and Kung, T.C. (2008). "Reliability analysis of
excavation-induced ground settlement for building serviceability evaluation," ASCE Journal
12. Juang, C.H., Schuster, M.J., Ou, C.Y., and Phoon, K.K. (2012). "Fully probabilistic
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14. Luo, Z., Atamturktur, H.S., Juang, C.H., Huang, H., and Lin, P.S. (2011). "Probability of
serviceability failure in a braced excavation in a spatially random field: Fuzzy finite element
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15. Luo, Z., Atamturktur, H.S., Cai, Y., and Juang, C.H. (2012). "Simplified random-field
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clay," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 138(4), 441--450.
16. Luo, Z., Atamturktur, H.S., Cai, Y., and Juang, C.H. (2012). "Reliability analysis of basal-
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19. Yang, K.-H., Ching, J., and Zornbergm, J.G. (2011). "Reliability-based design for external
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Seismic/Liquefaction
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Risk Management
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35. Lu Q., and Low B.K. (2011). "Probabilistic analysis of underground rock excavations using
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38. Qiong Wu, Kulatilake, P.H.S.W., and Tang, Hui-Ming (2011).d "Comparison of rock
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Inverse Analyses and Bayesian Methods

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Advanced Probability and Inference

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