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    Shipborne Radar and ARPA, H. Subramaniam, 2010

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    Stolojanu Mihai Nicolae

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    SHIPBORNE RADAR AND ARPA VIJAYA PUBLICATIONS SHIPBORNE RADAR & ARPA NUTSHELL SERIES BOOK 3 BY CAPT. H. SUBRAMANIAM Ente Maso, FRMGLS, RIN, FNL, FOMALL MLMar Tec, MMS Principal Emeritus, LBS. College of Advanced Maritime Studies & Research, mba. Nautical Consultan, ‘Mumbai. VIJAYA PUBLICATIONS rat oi ‘web: vlayabooks com 101 Narayan Nias B Wing, Ghat Road, Chembur, Mumbai 400 071 First etin: san 190 eprneg lun 88 second elon May #969 Repo Jan 91, Sop 92,0193 ar 98: Jan 9, “tt eaten Noy 2001 Repanted: Sop 2002 Aig 0 anor ar 08 3° Nov 08 .. rs Vijaya Harry Four eaon Sep 2010 11° April 26 — 11" Jan ‘9, Copyright Allrights reserved Rc ata Dedicated to my mother, without whose patient and constant encouragement, this book would not have ‘been possible. Price in India: Rs. 360/- Pines & published by Mrs Prema Subramaniam for Vaya Publications of 107 B Wing, Narayan Nivas, Ghata Road, Chembur Mumbal 400071 ‘atthe Bock Conte Lis, Shad 1& 2, AabooarIndustal Estat, "443 Shivam 8. Amutvar Rosé, Worl, Mumba 400 013, Capt. Indrajit Singh Captain Superintendent, Training Ship ‘Rajendra’ Foreword The skills and proficiency of navigating officers have necessarily 10 keep pace with the rapidly advancing marine technology. Effective use of radar and the correct interpretation of radar Information will contribute immensely towards the safety of erew, ship and cargo. The need for good text books and reference books suited to the requirements of our merchant navy personnel whose number is ever increasing cannot be over-emphasized. The availability of a smumber of technical books on shipping by Indian ‘authors in recent years augurs well for te future. Selfsufficiency in this vital fed is avery desirable national objective and the efforts of young authors like Capt. Subramaniam are indeed laudable. T understand that this is the third book written by Capt. Subramaniam who isa distinguished alumnus of Training Ship “Dufferin” and has considerable ‘experience of teaching Merchant Navy Officers ‘appearing for the Ministry of Transport Examina- tions for Mates and Masters. As Captain Superin- tendent of the training ship, T warmly commend tis efforts In this book, the author has dealt with the theoretical and’ practical aspects of the use of Radar on board ships. Besides covering the entire syllabus for Radar Observer Course, the Book is unique in that the problems are set in such a way that one plotting sheet can be used for working a3 ‘many as ten problems without erasing any of them. Further the author has incorporated work sheets wherein the solutions to all the given problems are readily avaiable for reference by students, With lucid explanations of True Motion and True Plotting along with clear sketches and diagrams, the book is bound to be of immense value 10 the ofcers studying for Certificates of Competency Examinations “and 0 all those desirous of mastering the use of Radar in ships. Bombay, q Ist January 1980 (peur star) Preface Every author who writes ¢ technical book does so with a cesta purpote in mind, to suit specific need. This book is Intended not only to make an officer competent in the wie of dar, but also to serve ae 3 reference book tal he woud Hike 0 cary with im a se, {have ted to give radar ploting the importance it deserves by devoting noaly half the book to i. Work sheets, showing the working of each exercise, have been included so that quick ‘vison i possible whenever desired. In the second edition, minor changes were made in parts II A I (0 keep uptodate especially in View of IMO's Performance Standards for Navigational Radar for sts fited after September 1984, No changes have been made in Part IV ~ radar ploting- [nthe third edition, two new chepers were added in Pat 1 Developments in basic radar and "The raster scan display’. A ‘ew part = Part V “ARPA’ = was added. Ths was iezentionally included a he end afer radar plating so thatthe student may study radar frst without foo mich information coming to ist prematurely In this fourth edition, changes have been made incorporating the standards specified in IMO Retoltion MSC.192(79) (adopted on 6" Dee 2004), Descriptions of CRT & cleetro-mechanicl parts have been deleted a they are not fund on moder ships My grateful thanks to seafarers forthe encouraging remarks that they have made afler studyingteading my books in the ‘Nathel Sere, Mumbai H, SUBRAMANIAM, 13 September 2010, [CONTENTS] CONTENTS Part l- THEORY Chapter Pee 1, How marine radar woks: rage determination; 1 bearing determination. 2, Important characteristics of rade set—verical 5S ‘beam width, horizontal bear width, pulse length, pulse repetition fequeney, wavelength. 3. Some limitations ofa radar set ~eange 6 Suz of pareve PL ‘ample; Ia radar set has a PL of 02 j Sc, how far apart must ‘vo aml targets on the sme bearing be for the radar to paint ‘hem aso seprte echoes on the PPI? In ater words, what is ‘the range diverininaton ofa radar set of PL02 sec? “4 [8- RADAR LIMITATIONS) PL=02.x300~ 60 metzes Range discrimination ~ 4 PL = 30 mes Le, the two smal tages onthe same bearing must be more han i metes spar for the radar et to pain them as two separate targets, "As per Pecformunce Standards for Navigational Radar (0MO), two smal ima objects on the same bearing, separated ‘by 40 metres in range, shouldbe separately indicated when wing a range scale of 1.5 N or less when they lie heteen 0% and 10% ofthe range sale in use. Note! In actual practice, range discrimination wil be tore than 44-PL in mete, deptdng onthe scale size of the acing spot Suppose the diameter 3 the screen is 320 mm andthe diameter ifthe spot is 0.5 mm When using the 1S M range scale, the radius ofthe sereen (150 mm) represents 5 M. So the spot size (0.5 mm) would represent approximately 9 metres. The range Aiscrimination would inthis ease, be 4 PL scale size of the spot = 30 9= 38m, "The scale size of the spot increases as range scule is increased, Inthe foreping ease, the scale size ofthe spot would be 18 m onthe 3 M range seal, 36 m onthe 6 M range scale, 72 mon the 12-M range sale, 2. Bearing discrimination Inthe ability ofa mda set to clearly distinguish wo targets, the same range and slightly diferent bearings, as two separate targets on the PPL The governing factor i the HIBW ofthe se, ‘As explainad earlier in chapter 2, HBW causes al targets on ‘he PPL to expand in azimuth by '¢ HBW on ether side. The pins ofthe two targes, onthe same range and sighly different bearings would. three, expand towards each other by @ tot ‘of one HENW. Ifthe angle subtended atthe scanner, by the closer teiges of the wo tare, is equal 10 oF less then HBW their paints Would merge ofthe PPT and they would appear as one bis farget. Ifthe angle so subtended is more than HBBW, they would paint as two sepante targets. Bearing discriination is, 5 [9- RADAR LIMITATIONS} therefore, usally expressed in degrees and, as per Peformance Standards for Navigational Radar (IMO), it should not exosed 25" 5 Taos et see ‘Siw ofa duets HW Example: A radar st of HW 2° observes two targets bot a 4 miles range, How far apart must they be ifthe radar st ist print theo a8 to separate targets on the PPI? In other words, whit sth bearing diserimination of «radar st of BW 2° at 2 range of miles? c Inthe fig, Cis the scanner, A 4 Bore the closer edges of the two targets on te same ange (CA CBAs nee. n "| IEA & Bare to just merge on the PPL angle ACB” HBW = 2 + Bering iscisination = 2 a) Inany cle ROP=4x2M~ 4x24 1852 metres 73913373 =258.6m. Bearing discrimination of his stat 4 miles range is 258.6 m. ifthe two targets mst be more than 288.6 metres apart for this tad to paint ther separately n azimuth ate range of 4 miles 5 6 [9 RADAR LIMITATIONS) Note In actual practice, the scale size ofthe tracing spot would have 1o be added 1 te above ealealated disance. As explained Jn the note under range diserimination, the seal size of «0S ram tracing sot, on a 320 mm sereen, would be 9 m when sing the [LS Mang scale, 18 mon the 3M range seal, 36 mon the 6M range sale, 72 m onthe 12 M range sae, te, 3. Minimum range ‘The minimum dewston range of radar st depends on 3..The pulse length: Since the same waveguide and Scanner are used for transmission and for reeption, & unt Called the TR cel (vansmissioneceive switch), described late in chapor 6, ie Sted. This unit blosks the reciowr branch of the waveguide during transmission to prevent the transite energy fom short eieiting into the vosiver and damaging i The TR cell, therefore, ensures that reception Sars ony after wansmission is over. When transmission starts (Le, when the leading edge of the pulse leaves the Sanne) the tacig spot leaves the centre of the PPL on is radial path, as explained in chapter? under the heading of PL. By the time tansmisson ie over (Le, when the traling ‘edge of the pulse has left the seamne) and reception starts the uacig spot would have travelled radial distance of PL in meres. Hence targets closer than Ys PL in metres ‘anmot be shown on the PPT because thei echoes would come back before reception stars. The theoreti! minim rage of deccicn is therefore wepresentd by % PL in metres: A PL of 2 sec would therefore havea theoretical ‘minimum range 0°30 metes 432. The de-ionisation delay: A small delay occurs inthe ‘TR Cell besween the completion of transmission and the ‘commencement of reception (explained in chaper 6). This Aelgyinereses the minima detection range” A delay of (0.08 j see would increase the minima range by 7.5 mete. 33.The VBW aad the height of the scanner: The VEW and the height of the scanner above seu Level fet the "7 [9- RADAR LIMITATIONS} sven ange sth wo fico gover the ditnce off I wich tn lower ee ofthe nar beam wuld sti the tes surce, The VBW ofa given seamer i xed whereas i bei hove ea level depen th shi's a tat tine ihe fuer he sane above ss love the gree the ‘tina rnge of det of he da 8 advice es owe be rnimam ang shoal me eed mets) wing the fight of sone ave sc evel {es VW pone at np ert mh 9 Catal dstance my thow upon the scren because: Th. Tho lowe feof the aa bear sake 1 ete Halfpower pin below the ine of maxim power twheves, acta some ergy des get transite below ths chou cus ete fore ey rac S32, The eit of target ty beach Gs 109 Jotul the ar beam, evn tho be args base loan sn ete ais ge 34:7 walt A dese i he 2, de he icing cf waveeng the imum detcon reno Soni! eget beter when using the X band tan when rin the Ban ional Radar ‘As per Pesformance Standaris for Navies : (MO) the minim detection ange, with a seanner [5 m hh. Shall not exceed 40 ma. Targets between 40 m & 1 MC shoud be Sispleyed without eseting any conto tbe than cange selector 4. Maximum Range tn mama ange of a roar at Gapends onthe fllowine farconscs ofthe ada Er reign of feaner Th ger the ght of searner foveal, te pester Ue detection range. However, to ror danvataer may boexpercnsed with 4 = Nhu nsened unfanm deo arg a lo thre cut ws cxplined ear ntsc, une the heading of iiss range [8- RADAR LIMITATIONS) 42, Power of the set: The greter the power of tans mission, the greater the expected maximum range, subject 0 the other factors mentioned here, es the pulses. sufer itensation in the atmosphere (loss of energy ve bsorption, diffaction, scattering, ete, daring their travel ‘trough the atmosphere). The peak power of transmission, of commercial marine radar ses, is around 25 to 60 kloWatt, “The electro-magnetic power generated for irtasmission is also subject ro attenuation within the set, The greater the length ofthe waveguide, o the gener the number of bends ‘ni the greater the atemuation within the waveguide. Water or dit inside the waveguide, dust or partiles of salt on the Scanner, ef, can cause severe atenvetion resulting in les transmitted power and reduced maximum rage 43. Wavelength: As explained earlier, in chapter 2, S bend waves havea ester maximum rage than the X band dc (0 less attenuation inthe atmosphere snd more diffraction. 44. Pulse repetition frequency: Each value of PRY has ‘maximum range to which it can measure For example, ifthe PRP is 2000 it means one pulse i sent out every 1/2000 of « second ie, 500 sec. That means each pulse ce travel 250 386 (0 and 250 p se fro (covering a range of 40 mies), before the next pulse levee the scamer ‘The tortie ‘maximum range of PRE 2000 ie therefore 40 miles. In practice, however, each PRF would be alloted much smaller range scale than its thereie maximum range so as to ensure that eehoos from one pulse do not fet rixed up with echoes from the next pulse (ee ‘Second trae echoes’, described later inthis book). The manufieturers ‘would have already prese the PRF for cach range sale and the radar observer usully has no choice inthis matter 45, Pulse length: Long pulser eorue better meximum ranges thin short palses. This is Because long pulls ave ‘more energy in them than short pulses and hence have ‘realer ability to suffer atenuation in the atmosphere, as explained in chapter 2 [8- RADAR LIMITATIONS} 446, VBW and BW: The narower he Beam wits, Scr te Sees cncenzton of the tranited Fy (ie under VBW and BW in chop 2) end eee the ger ie xin ang ih Fauccver senate Every sccivergeertes sme SRR Sus of tu gen which are called wee. Th he tpliaion fcr, the mae the vel of 28 ESE tear sly amily ayo weak Seeley wa ening nal nse oh Se ect oe of vey pain rs at Scie emia detection ange oS srecidon tte chance of rar oth he fooving etal tors att maxim detestn re: a Nature i target The Hight, Ranzoni i, nate of Sant ape and eral of reed alo is pe, res tesa maimum oeton ange espe Sole in Gana 13 Se Weather eects: Sock a rin ow, tal, fog. So Nstettion ruling ins dere i ection as ‘Spied in doin chapter 4 Anomalous propsgron: Sopersfaction cases ax seeeneermie eine dteston range wheres inca deseae, Acomalos propseation ‘Sonne sd icp 5 {HVS and set Roe nee eal ue Span png whereby te eamer ges ws oa AEE Se wave equ obs th dt ules nd TESS! eran fom fr off objec heby euiog the SSoumum econ ng. resets rege pons, get ata ge of 50M sex ey roan kos song enough pa on te PPT of Teer as Hower, shoud severe saersefection oF Zeon preset he pons ieee Range accuracy 5S Rane Feamance Stndaks for Novigtinal Rader 20 [8- RADAR LIMITATIONS) (0MO), the err in the range of an objet, obtained using range Fingt or the VRM, shold not exceed 19% of the maximum eange ofthe scale in use, or 30m, whichever is greater. Range aceuracy of radar dapends n= '.1-Correct synchronisation between the transmission of {he pulee and the commencement ofthe tce, 5.2 Uniformity end retilineartyof the time base ‘Uniformity of the time base means thatthe speed of the tracing spot must be very sleady. Rectilinearisy means that each trace created should be a perfect svaight line. The ‘Speod ofthe spot onthe scale ofthe PPI, mit be exactly half that of radio waves. Defects in’ uniformity and tecllinerty of the time base must be set rit by technician, 5.3.The scale of sizeof the tracing spot. Tiss described ‘in the note under range dseimination,ealicr inthis chapter. 5.4 Height of reanner. When observing smal targets very ‘lose, the radar measures the range from the seanner tthe target wheveat the correct range should be the distance slong the surface ofthe earth. Ecrrs in radar ranges, and methods of determining them, are cexplsned in detail in chapter 25, 6, Bearing accuracy ‘As. per Performance Standards for Navigational Radar (MO), the ada bearing ofan object, whose eco appears onthe ‘edge ofthe display, shouldbe capable of being measured with an accuracy equal to, or better than, #1" ‘The factors which govern bearing accuracy ar:- 6:1, Correct alignment between the heading macker and the ‘scaner (esplsined in Caper 24), 62.Caneatslignment beeween the heading marker and the ‘bearing eae explained in Chapter 2). 63.Gyro erar, if any, when the display i gyrostabilied. 64,Restlinenity ofthe ave (explained inthis chape) 65, Beam-width distoon (explained in Chapter 2) 66 Scale size of the spt (explained ia this chapter). a [4- SIMPLE @LOCK DIAGRAM) CHAPTER 4 ‘THE SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM AAs explained in chapter 1, marine radar consists mainly of four pass» the tansnuter (ae 1 to Sof the block diagram on the next page), the aenal or canner (ni 6), the reosiver (units 7 10 10) and the display (nis 111013) 1 Power source: The necessary AC input, depending on the rma nd modal of heat usually provides! TU. iretly fom the ship's mains, if suitable, or 12, through tensfomne, or 13. through a motor alternator. 2, Delay tine: Stores the encray received fom the power 4, Trigger unit: Sends spike waves signals to the modulator (nit) and the Display processor unit (wit 12). The number lof spikes pe second equ the PRE 4. Modulator: Is« device which switches the magnetron on and off a5 required. Each spike wave fom the trigger causes ‘he modulator t0 seease one powerful DC pulse (Square ‘wave of 10,000 to 15,000 Vols) from the delay Ine to the ‘agneton. The duration of each pulse isthe PL and the ‘uber of pulses per second is the PRF. 5. Magnetron: Isa high power RF oscar capable of being ‘witehed on and off, for short darations (qua to the PL) at the desired PRE, by the pulses fom the modulator. The ‘output of the magnetron consnts of RF pulsss of eleewo- Imagnetic energy that are sen tO the scanner thous = hollow, metal tbe called a waveguide. 6. Seanmer: Sends the pulses out and receives the echoes, one ddvecson ata time. Since it rotates a constant speed, he ‘ie ares around i ets Scanted copula 2 4 SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM) SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MARINE RADAR 6 Scanney Waveguide TTR Cal Heading Marker & Azimuth syreronsaton pulses 2 Delay ine I Power 19 Dispiay suly unt 23 [4-SIMPLE BLOCK DIAGRAM) 1. "TR Celt Is the abbeevinted name for transmivreceive {with It blocks the receiver branch ofthe waveguide during ttansmisson s0 tha the transmitted pulse doesnot directly titer the receiver and damage i, Sogn after transmission is ‘ver, the TR call allows the echoes that are rescved 10 pass int the receiver. 8. Local oseillator: Oacllater ata constant low power RF of bout 30 to.60 MHz above or below (usually below) the magnetron Aoqueny, the difference being called the intermediate fequency (. 9, Miners Mines the echoes with the local oscillations and makes avalabe (0 the IP ampli, te echoes reduced from FOR, 10. IF amplifier: Amplifis the IF signals several milion tines td passes them onto the video amplifier. 1, Video amplifier: Contzos the amplification of signal fa to the Display processor nit 12 Display procesor tnt Is the ‘brain’ of he radar set. 1 has several fnctions that nce: 121, Creation ofa rotting trace within the circular part of the rectangular screen 122, Making avaiable al othr functions & controls needed tw operte the radar 123, Display of symbols & words inside & ouside the ciroular par ofthe sxeen, 1. Display units Consists ofa rectangular sxeen within which 2 ever part provides a visual display ofall targets inthe vicinity. Beeavse it gives a bird's eye view of plan, the ‘reular aren within the sreen is ealled the plan poston fndiestor (PPD All contols needed to operate the radar st sare provided on this un. 000 Fy [8~MORE ABOUT MAGNERTON, ETC) CHAPTERS MORE ABOUT THE MAGNETRON, WAVEGUIDE & SCANNER ‘The magnetron ‘This is a resonant cavity oscillator that convert the electrical pulses ceived from the modalstor into electromagnetic pales. ‘The input is electrical, through HT leads, while iis output is leetro-magnetio, rough a waveguide. The Frequeny range of 1X band radar (also called 3 om sada is between 9200 & 9500 ‘Miz and that of band radar (also called 10 em radar) is ‘between 2900 & 3100 Miz. The exact value ofthe fequency of ‘each individual marine radar st is that of is magnetron. Hach ‘magnetron basis own fixed frequency. It asia only a6 and ‘when it reeives an EHT square wave. In between pulses the ‘magnetron isle. ‘Toe wavegide ‘Thi if 4 tabe of onifoom crosetetionl tea, usuly rectangle, which eas the RE pulses fom the magnon {he camo’ nd ls te RE echnes fm th Seamer ter (trough the TR Cell). A small long of waveguide also oon the LO and the mer. The waveguide made of ten amr cece me feu of rose section depends onthe waveengih = he age the trevelengin the groter te area of eos seton ad vice vera ‘The length of he wavoquds the numberof beds tat aka, denage tot, water o dt nie iy alent sve atenton {nthe waveguide (Consrable for of tranaminel power and als of echo seni) and consequent decease Inte ange of fit dation of al target I5-MORE ABOUT MAGNERTON, ETC ‘The scanner “This is « unidirectional aerial that beams the energy, and reesives the echoss, one direction at atime. The size and type of scanner determine the HBW and VBW ofthe set and hence is vial guia. Aerial gor: fan omniicctionl ert) ac 2 ‘niiestional aerial Were to transit signals ofthe same power, the former would seod out the energy equally in all directions wheres the later would concentrate st as a beam in one amplifier All these signals are joined together and then fed to the video amplifier. The advantage of ‘his system is that carzast is available (9) betwoen weak and strong echoes, (i) possibly berween wo strong echoes of diferent stengts, (i) between targets and seacter and also (i Between targets aid vain echoos LINEAR AMPLIFICATION asain 18 fee] fee | fase ce LOGARITHMIC AMPLIFICATION 10 voto surge «+ ___] a [6 MORE ABOUT THE RECEIVER & DISPLAY] ‘The Display Unit lar Lit Cosa ‘The dy uit cons of etangaar Li Display (LED) serch lions of pos Js ike fet i bent to fa ard efie plane, pesegs Surin elecwonic, the word pir is sbbreviated tops and Zo ol ang in th ame pies. The word ples, thre cho om he wore ements ach pal be thy spt whose seis in icone - sual tn sz ofthe pic, be beer th pete reson, “the Display proceso unit can coat each ps! direly such tt glows ‘Wace don [Aton ery & dro ened each ie, Inany desired calour ick cmp of clo, tensity or duton. {any put ofthe screen side or ouside he ular PPL “To soe slptanumere word r symbols as ei To potdetouvenveconton dese. To cate apprciy saree ston of information frm ‘ou adel otc nih a8 ARPA ECDIS, AS, -f- 2 [7 ~ CONTROLS: TIME SYNCHRONISED) CHAPTER 7 BASIC CONTROLS (TIME-SYNCHRONISED) ‘The following descriptions of the basic time-synchronised controls shouldbe read in congulttion withthe diagram on the ext page. 1. Anticlutter “This is also called clutter suppression or swept gain control or STC (sensitvitysime conta), ‘Ina slight sea, there wil be indications of se-echoes on the ‘PI, around the centre spot up toa range of about 3 to 4 mls Print on the PPT caused by sea-echoes is ealled clutter. The clutter area willbe rough oval a shape, symmetrical about the wind direction, withthe greater part towards windward. This is because a wave presents, othe radar pulses ner-verial font profile (when approsching the ship, and a smooth and sloping rear profile (when going away), ‘The cliter echoes will change postions wit every rotation ‘ofthe scanner. As th sea ge more and more rough, the eller echoes will nerease in density. Ina very rough sea, the chter echoes may saturate the central part ofthe PPI Goin ogeer and form a bight patch around the centre spol, in which arce ven echoes of large targets cannot be distinguished). Even under ‘moderate conditions, echoes of small tagois such a8 buoys, boats, ete. tend to get “drowned” or “swamped” by clutter (@ecome inistinguishabl against so many clatter echoes). Ifthe eloter echoes were suitably reduced in number and brightness, the smaller targets would become distinguishable on the PPL ‘Thisis the object ofthe anti-huter cre 3 [7~ CONTROLS: TIME SYNCHRONISED) INPUTS TO THE DISPLAY PROCESSOR ‘a eter Hi viceo T Anpiter ‘ * *] Expand in |! 1) hemext ” | | chapter |! Time Non- synchronised synchronised & cireits Azimuth cieuits Though echoes fom sea-waves are very mach weaker than echoes from small targets, they show up stongly because ofthe large amplification factor (cantlled by the setting of “gain') necessiry to allow good detection ranges ofall targets. Ifthe Seri of gin was reduced, many targets would cease to show ‘up onthe PP, which stustion i highly undesimble, Antler, ‘herefore, work in opposition 1o gain ~ but whereas the seting of the gain control affects the whole PPL the setting ofthe aati clr antral works oly within 3 miles range os, on the PP, ‘te within the fst 37 p se05 or 0 afer ransmision, u {17 ~ CONTROLS: TIME SYNCHRONISED) Since the strength ofthe elute echoes is maxinaun fom nearby and decreases as range increases, contol of citer aso is ected accordingly. The effec of ant-cluter is maxim soon fer transmission and tapers off to ze at ¢ range (up to ‘maximum of aboot 3 miles) depending om the sting ofthe ati cuter cool =the lessthe seting, the earlier ite effect tapers to eo advice vers Anticuter should be so adjusied that targets within the ‘lutes tea appear just brighter than cluter. It should never be Set s0 as to completly eliminate elutes If the ant-lteri set too high, ceoes of smal targets within a ange of 3 males or 50 ‘may not be amplified enough 0 pint on the PPL Another lamprtant fac to vote tht wees the elf OC ances Is sual inal diesions, he cuter area may ao be $0 = the cltor ‘wea is rouphly oval in shape, greater part to windward. So a Seting of an-chuterincne direton may prove too high othe ‘orto low in another. This may sometines become ntceable by the appearance of dark patches on the PP, ner the outer edges ofthe cluser area, When in doubt, «lower setting should be refered so that small tugs will not be mised. The antler ‘onto shoud be Frequently adjusted according to se conditions and should peer be leftin some arbitrary poston for lone. Movie radar ses are provided. with automatic citer ‘control (ACC). This is tased onthe fet that latter echoes from sea and vin sre rancor echoes whereas Target exes are systematic. When the ACC is switched on, the echocs received ffom one pulse are compared with the echoes received fom the elce pulse. If they ste inconsistent (€o not spree in echo strenght and time of arial, they ae nt fed to tae CRT, Hence ost clutter echoes are rejected, without loss of target echoes, ACC is superior to manual eter contol bocrise provides te comet level of gain for nearby targets, regardless ofthe varying hitter density :0 windward and leeward Furthermore, the ACC Automatically adapts 10 changes in sea conditions alike the ‘manual cht control wagh hs tobe equertly acute, {[7~ CONTROLS: TIME SYNCHRONISED) ‘When entering harbour or when sailing very close land, it is adviseble to ruitch over from ACC to manual cluter Control as song echoes fom argts ashore may result in over- ‘Sippresion and consequent loss of small ages 2, Rangeriags Thee se ako clled clfation sings. When required, equidistant blips spear on the once, Since ice blip ecu on every te, they Jn up i ainuth and appear ab cones equidistant ce, called range Higs, cach repesoning& ‘tite aloe of age, depending ope range sale in we. The teihtess of these ngr can Be vated af cei, by he observer. 3. Variable range marker (VRM), ‘A singe blip is plinted on the tice, The blips of each successive trace join together in azimuth and form a ccle. The ‘cis ofthis eile ean be varied, at wil, by the observer: The ‘ilu ofthe raius ofthe VRM, in nautical miles and decimal of ml, is indicated by a digital doplay. Te brightness of the ‘VRM can be adjusted wll, by the observer. 4, Bectrone bearing Line EBL) ‘This is also. ‘called the eletronic ‘bearing marker (EBM) or tectonic cor, cons of 2 rail ne that is made 10 Sqpearon the PP when desired. The BL doe af Mash he the ‘ndng martes, when te roaig Uae pases overt The EBL can be aed by a hand conto and rade ps Urough any tng on the PPL The angle between he EBL an he heading marker (the clave tering canbe vead ff digtal dpa. ‘When the display i gyostablsed, the igtal play of the BBL pies eve bering. “The EBL normally semaine aached to the origin ofthe trace so that even when uslng an offerte pay, fa readout woud te eof exntrng cor Beease ofthis the EBL ia neces feature of re mation daly (chapter 22) 36 [7 ~ CONTROLS: TIME SYNCHRONSED} ‘The EBL comtl consists of thee parts 4. brilliance contr! forthe EB. 42. rotary kb to rotate the EBL in auth as desired. 43.A digital readout which indiats the bearing -relalive bearing in the case of an unsabilsed display and gyro bearing inthe case ofa gyro-stablised display. 5. Blectronic range and bearing line (ERBL) TERBL isa tie whose direction and length correspond tothe EBL and VRM, Two ERBLs are provided on moder ships, ‘The ERBL may be ued in severe! modes Sil Attached-to-ownvship mode: The ERBL remains attached tothe poston of the own ship onthe PP (he ‘origin of the EBL and the origin ofthe trace remain coincident) even if and when liter is maved on the PPL 52.Detached-tromown-ship state mode: Tho ERBL is ‘tached ftom the own ship and may be moved to any prof the PPT and uted to reed off bearing and distance between aay t8o poins It remains fixed there (sai) ‘until moved again bythe observer. 53.Detachedrom-own-ship dynamic mode: The origin ofthe ERBL is detached from the own ship and, once positioned anywhere on the PP, msinfains its esting ‘and range ftom the own ship, even if and when the lter is moved (tis dynamic). Thi x very usefUl wile using “True Motion displays (explained in chapter 22), 0 ” [8 CONTROLS: NON-SYNCHRONISED] CHAPTERS BASIC CONTROLS (NON-SYNCHRONISED) ‘This chapter consists of deseriptions of the non-syehronised ‘basi controls fund on the radar st of merchant ships The fist ‘one is shown in the simple block diggramt in Chapter 4. The others are shown inthe diagram om the next page as iputs tothe Display processor. ‘Manual tuning Thi contol is provided to manually alte the frequency of| the LO so as to bring the trequeney ofthe IF sigrals t the cores value equied by the IF amplifier (see undor “The mixer and the LO" in chapter 6). There are two conols for tuning ‘main and remote, The main or coarse trig contos are fed ‘on the LO itself, on the power panel onthe bulkhead, and are adjusted once Tor al. Main tuning requires readjustment racy, such as when great changes of atmosphere tempemture are xperienod of when major components, specially the ‘magocson, have bees. changed. The remote of ise ‘using, contol is ited, on the display unt, for use by the radar observer fs and when necessary. Where an AFC (automatic fequsney onto) cireuit is provided, fine tuning by the observer Would ot be necessary, When eaying out min tuning, the APC ‘Would have abe switched of ‘A.meter or «mpi eye gives indication of correct waning F ‘he tuning indicators defective tuning may be ested out while watching the PPL Correct tuning is reached when maximum target echoes or cuter echoes are seen, or when te length ofthe performance monitor signals pests. 38 (8 CONTROLS: NON-SYNCHRONISED) INPUTS TO THE DISPLAY PROCESSOR ‘ni Gain oh (me I I aa ‘ai rain toe | \ ‘Cuter Rings weosniy KT inace (ea A oe » [ee ‘ 1 Cera aa] Lee fos tot | ! Bolanesinthe 1 H | eve chapter | ' Time Non- synchronised synchronised & create Azimuth crits 2. Gala Gain conols the amplification of all echoes reccved. 1F asin is se very low, notagets would stow pon the PPL owing ‘o insulicent amplieain. If sot sligitly low, targets that return weak echoes (such as buoys 2 M away ora cher of high "se buildings 30 to 40 M away) would not show up on the PP gains set sity hig, “eosiver noise (ampliercrated isurhances that resem elite) would be vse in all pars of the PPL resulting in les contrast between tages and. backs round. However, this safer than setting gain Tow. Its too high, reeiver noise would saturate the screen Fy [8 CONTROLS: NON-SYNCHRONISED} CComectseting of gun is achieved by increasing it until a speckled background of noise (resembling fine sandpaper) i just ‘sible wile on a medium o lng renge sale 3. Anterainltter ‘This i also called FTC (fast time constant) or differentiator. [Rlafll areas show up feity well onthe PPL However, where ‘he rainfalls heavy (intense, the rain echoes saturate part of the PL such that targets tend to ge “drowned or swaped. Ths is ‘because oftwa fate 3.1. The large amplifistion factor (conolled by the seting of the "gun" consol, necessary for good detection ranges of all tages, causes echoes from rain drops, Which are very weak, to show up svongly oa the PI 32.The PL, which eauses all echoes to expand racially outwards on the PPI (oy 4 PL in metres), causes the cho ofeach raindrop to over several million hers fon the PP, causing a bright patch to appear. Infact, tropical rainfall areas may easily be mistaken for Tand echoes because of their large size, Bright appearance, larly defined edges and regularity in panting if either the sting of "guin'or the PL of transmission was reduced, the rainfall aree would appes let right bat this would result in many tages ol showing up onthe PPT, which effects highly undesiable. The difeeatitor circuit reduces the PL of the incoming echoes inthe Display procettor. Each echo painted ‘on the PPT would thus have a much shorter length i the radial

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