ASSIGNMENT

OF
INDUSTRIAL
USESOF
SUBMITTED TO MAAM
ENZYMES
SANEELA BY JAVERIA
MUSHTAQ
04281613034
Table of Contents
1.0 INDUSRTRIAL USES OF ENZYMES:..........................................................................................................4
2.0 Preparation of industrial enzymes:........................................................................................................4
3.0 Enzymes are used in industries in various ways such that in:................................................................4
4.0 FOLLOWING ARE THE NAMES OF IDUSTRIAL NAMES............................................................................5
5.0 DESCRIBTION OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES MENTIONED ABOVE:.............................................................5
5.1) FUNGAL ALPHA AMYLASE:................................................................................................................5
5.2) Industrial uses of Zymase enzyme:...................................................................................................5
5.3) Phytases enzymes industrial uses:........................................................................................................6
5.4) Proteases most important industrial enzyme and its uses are:............................................................6
5.5) Rennin used in industry in production of cheese:............................................................................6
5.6) Glucose isomarese industrial enzyme uses in starch industry:.........................................................7
5.7) Pectic enzyme and its uses in wine industry.........................................................................................7
5.8) Enzymes used in pharmaceutical industry:.......................................................................................7
5.9) Lipasesenzymes use in flour making industry:......................................................................................8
6.0) Proteases enzymes for laundry detergents..........................................................................................8
6.1)..........................................................................................................................................................8
Enzymes used to assist drug delivery:.........................................................................................................9
6.2) Applications of enzymes in the leather industry:.............................................................................9
Role of enzymes in cloth or textile industry:...........................................................................................9
6.3) ENZYMES INVOLVED IN TEXTILE PROCESSING:................................................................................9
6.4) Leather and Textile Industry...............................................................................................................10
6.5) Brewing industry................................................................................................................................11
Brewing industry for liquor and beer applies alpha and beta amylases. Firstly, sugars are fermented
for production of wines. Second, yeast, saccharomyces carries out fermentation process and the
enzymes involved in this are either alpha or beta amylase.................................................................11
6.5)........................................................................................................................................................12
Drying and packing:...............................................................................................................................12
6.6)........................................................................................................................................................12
SELECTION OF MICROORGANISMS WITH ENZYMES OF INDUSTRAIL USEAGE...........................................12
6.7)........................................................................................................................................................13

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 Anti-shrink Treatment for Wool:...........................................................................................................13
7.0 REFERNCES..........................................................................................................................................14

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1.0 INDUSRTRIAL USES OF ENZYMES:
Industrial enzymes are used in variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals,
biofuels, and food beverage and consumer products. Enzymes are used in a process
to generate the desired product. Industrial enzymes have ability to operate at
moderate conditions. In the production of biofuels and biopolymers industrial
enzymes are used and due to this their demand is increasing. These enzymes are
harvested from microbial sources and are harvested synthetically. Yeast and Ecoli
are the best examples.[ CITATION DrC14 \l 1033 ]

Enzymes are transferring the non-food industrial sectors to improve processes and
due to which energy usage is decrease. With the help of evolution technologies
designer enzymes can be developed by inducing mutations in the enzyme
production processes. These mutations can produce organisms that will produce
enzymes used in enzymes industry. Due to this process, enzymes become stable
and industrial enzymes are in favor of enzymes stability to the substrates. Many
industrial enzymes are used as biosensors and its reason is affinity between
enzymes and substrates. [ CITATION Kal19 \l 1033 ]

2.0 Preparation of industrial enzymes:

For this, there should be active enzyme after concentration. Enzymes for industrial
bases are defined on bases of quality.

3.0 Enzymes are used in industries in various ways such that in:
. Dairy industry

.Detergent industry

.Starch industry

.Wine industry

.Brewing industry

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4.0 FOLLOWING ARE THE NAMES OF IDUSTRIAL NAMES
.Fungal alpha amylase for submerged culture.

.Zymase to convert carbohydrates into ethanol in alcoholic beverages.

.Proteases most important industrial enzyme

.Pythases to improve agricultural field efficiency.

Rennin for coagulation of milk to make cheese

.pectin enzymes and its use in wine industry.

.Glucose isomarese used in conversion of glucose and fructose in starch industry

.Cellulases is enzymes used in food industry that convert cellulose into

fermentable sugar.

. Lipases enzymes are used in flour production industry

5.0 DESCRIBTION OF INDUSTRIAL ENZYMES MENTIONED ABOVE:

5.1) FUNGAL ALPHA AMYLASE:
Fungal a-amylase industrial enzyme is produced commercially by aspergillus
Niger. This enzyme is used for submerged cultural method. Here first there is
media preparation for submerged fermentation. There is inhibition of alpha
amylase when there is glucose in medium. This medium is then used for alpha
amylase production.

This enzyme is used as in bakery industry. Alpha amylase allergen concentrations

are visualized at personal data samples. This is an important part of skin
sensitization. [ CITATION JHe16 \l 1033 ]
5.2) Industrial uses of Zymase enzyme:
Zymase enzymes are used to improve ethanol production by using different methods and to
determine optimum ethanol production. This enzyme converts sugar into ethanol in alcoholic
beverages. A different method to improve alcoholic production is pH, and aeration rate.

Ethanol production is very important element in industry because it reduces the negative
environmental factors of the fossil fuels. Ethanol industry produces ethanol and for these purpose

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zymases enzymes are used that converts sugar materials into fuel products. Zymase
is also brand name of drug pancrelipase.[ CITATION Kou04 \l 1033 ]

5.3) Phytases enzymes industrial uses:

Phytases enzymes are used in agricultural industry. This enzyme is a phosphate

enzyme that catalyzes the pytic acid. Pytic acid is indigestible phosphorous and
this is present in agricultural aspects in plants based foods. USES of enzymes are

1) Boosts mineral absorption and bioavability

2) Lower pytic acid in body
3) Reduced mineral defecines
4) Boosts bone health
5) Frees bound phosphorous in body
[ CITATION 3Na11 \l 1033 ]

5.4) Proteases most important industrial enzyme and its uses are:

Proteases enzymes are used in detergent and food industry. Proteases are the
enzymes that perform proteolysis. Proteases perform reactions by different
mechanisms. In detergent industry a protease enzyme provides a target in different
therapeutic aspects.

Detergent industry is one of the largest markets of enzymes. Detergent proteases

enzymes measure aminoacids made by B-strains. Proteases enzymes measured
one in all aspects of making all types of detergents vary from detergents used in
homes to the detergents used for improving contact lenses [ CITATION Mar11 \l 1033 ].

In food industry proteases are used in the production of cheese. It is used to make
wool in wool industry by such that there is special hydrolysis of scale tips with
proteases. It is used in food industry as tenderizers.[ CITATION DrC14 \l 1033 ]

5.5) Rennin used in industry in production of cheese :

Rennin is used in food industry in production of chesse in such that there is

hydrolysis of particular peptide linkages between phenylalanine and methionine

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residues. Neglecting the protective effect there is coagulation of milk to form curd
which then converted into cheeses.[ CITATION 3Na11 \l 1033 ].

5.6) Glucose isomarese industrial enzyme uses in starch industry:

Glucose isomarese is used in glucose manufacturing. This enzyme has largest

market in food industry in such that it helps in making high fructose corn syrup.
This enzyme functions in such that it catalyses reversible isomerization of D-
glucose.

HFCS have high market and is combination of glucose and fructose. FOR diabetic
patients this is used as a sweetner. This HFCS is treated with magnesium sulfate
and there is removal of oxygen and lowers the enzyme activity.

This enzyme improves the production of G1. Its enzymatic properties are
substrates specifity, optimum PH.

Glucose isomerases are also known as xylose isomerases this is highly used at
industrial level because it has specific ability to produce high fructose corn syrup
from glucose.

[ CITATION Bho96 \l 1033 ].

5.7) Pectic enzyme and its uses in wine industry:

At industrial level Pectic enzyme is used in wine industry. Pectin is second name
of pectinase. In wines pectin can cause troubles without the use of Pectic enzymes.
Pectic enzyme works in wine industry in such a manner that it breaks pectin in
fresh fruit.

Pectic enzyme is influenced by alcohol concentration and temperature of wine.

Only one drawback of this enzyme is that it grow up maturation of the wines that
in the final stage of formation.[ CITATION Daw13 \l 1033 ].

5.8) Enzymes used in pharmaceutical industry:

Some enzymes are used in pharmaceutical industry. A Hyaluronidase enzyme

improves drug delivery. Enzymes improve drug delivery for that act on dipper
tissues of body. Diagnostic and research fields apply certain enzymes such as

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alkaline phosphate, trypsin, Hyaluronidase, that are used in pharmaceutical
industry. Absence or low level of enzymes contributes to disease conditions.

For these patients, Drugs speed up production of enzymes in body. Enzymes

improve drug discovery for that acts on dipper tissues of body. Trypsin enzymes
are drugs for improving metabolism. [ CITATION ran12 \l 1033 ]

5.9) Lipase enzymes use in flour making industry:

Due to the use of lipases starch ageing is denied.Due to this use of enzyme bread
quality is improved. It decreases the sots on the batter. And make the bite power
favorable and increase the tensile resistance and elongation of flour.

Industrial enzymes market is rapidly growing. New technical tools are developing
in industry to use enzymes as crystalline crystals and creating new applications.

6.0) Proteases enzymes for laundry detergents

Proteases are essential ingredients in modern laundry detergents. Over the past 30
years, subtilisin proteases employed in the laundry detergent industry have been
engineered by directed evolution and rational design to tailor their properties
towards industrial demands. This comprehensive review discusses recent success
stories in subtilisin protease engineering. Advances in protease engineering for
laundry detergents comprise simultaneous improvement of thermal resistance and
activity at low temperatures, a rational strategy to modulate pH profiles, and a
general hypothesis for how to increase promiscuous activity towards the
production of peroxycarboxylic

Acids as mild bleaching agents. The three protease engineering campaigns

presented provide in-depth analysis of protease properties and have identified
principles that can be applied to improve or generate enzyme variants for industrial
applications beyond laundry detergents.
6.1)

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Enzymes used to assist drug delivery:
Some drugs need to penetrate deeper tissues for better action. For this, some enzymes are used along
with drugs in intra-muscular injection forms to help proper penetration of tissues. One such enzyme is
Hyaluronidase.

This is a natural human enzyme present in human sperm to help sperm penetrate uterine tissue
and fertilize with ova. Here the same enzyme is manufactured by rDNA technology and administered
along with drugs to enable efficient drug delivery to the target site.

6.2) Applications of enzymes in the leather industry :

The leather is obtained from the skin of animals. The leather after being removed becomes hard
due to the denaturation of proteins and also the fats present in it. To obtain smooth and soft
leather one need to remove the hair on the skin and also these proteins and fats in between the
leather. This can be done by using enzymes like proteases and lipases.

Role of enzymes in cloth or textile industry: 

Cloth or textile is made of mostly cotton, wool, or synthetic polymers. Natural
cotton fabric is not as smooth and glossy. To give them a smoothness and glossy
appearance, enzymes like cellulose are used. Further, the fabric size or thread
thickness is controlled by treating these amylase enzymes.

Catalase is used to remove any hydrogen peroxide residues after bleaching.

6.3) ENZYMES INVOLVED IN TEXTILE PROCESSING :

Bio-finishing, bio-polishing, anti-pilling, softness, smoothness, luster-improvement and stone-
lapses
washed Effects on denim.

Amylases Standard procedure for the removal of starch warps size.

In household washing agent’s better removal of protein containing soil orstains. Anti-felting of
Proteases wool, accompanied by high loss of weight, tear-strength, degumming of silk with the problem
of silk fibroin damage.

Lipases In detergents for the hydrolysis of lipids.

Pectinases Hydrolysis of pectins, for example in cotton ‘preparation’ and retting of flax and hemp.

Catalyse the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, important before reactive dyeing of printing
Catalases
of peroxide bleaching fabrics and yarn.

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6.4) Leather and Textile Industry
The precursor of leather is animal skin. The enzymes and chemicals denature and
process the animal skin for commercial production of leather. For instance,
proteins are denatured, fats removed and debris cleared out by enzymes.
For example, lipase belongs to family of hydrolases and it acts on carboxylic ester
bond. Furthermore, It hydrolyses triglycerides into di and monoglyceride units. So,
the fats are degraded by enzyme and proteins denatured by proteases for
production of leather from animal skin.
Some other enzymes are used for fabric production that provides the raw cotton
with smoothness and shine and thread thickness is maintained as well.
Enzyme Used For

Fat removal and degreasing for leather

Lipase production

Protease Protein digestion for leather production

Give smooth and shiny appearance to

Cellulase fabric

Keratinase Dearing of skin for leather production

Proteolytic enzymes Bating-softening of hides

6.5) Brewing industry

Brewing industry for liquor and beer applies alpha and beta amylases. Firstly,
sugars are fermented for production of wines. Second, yeast, saccharomyces
carries out fermentation process and the enzymes involved in this are either alpha
or beta amylase.

Starch sources such as potato, barely and grains are mashed. Later, mixing with hot
water creates a mash. A specific temperature is maintained in reaction mixture to
allow the optimum activity of amylase whose action converts barley into sugars.
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However, different temperature results in production of mixture of fermentable and
non-fermentable sugars. For industrial process, temperature and other conditions of
reaction mixture such as grain to water ratio, are carefully maintained. This helps
in production of specific type of alcohol and its taste is maintained as well.
Enzyme Name Used For

For dough improvement in bread

Alpha Amylase making

Papain Fermentation

Glucoamylase Fermentation

Protease Biscuit production

Beta glucanase Filtration in brewing process

Amylase Flour additive

Palatase Enhance cheese flavour

6.5)

Drying and packing:

The concentrated form of the enzyme can be obtained by drying. This can be done
by film evaporators or freeze dryers (lyophilizes). The dried enzyme can be packed
and marketed. For certain enzymes, stability can be achieved by keeping them in
ammonium sulfate suspensions.

All the enzymes used in foods or medical treatments must be of high grade purity,
and must meet the required specifications by the regulatory bodies. These enzymes
should be totally free from toxic materials, harmful microorganisms and should not
cause allergic reactions.

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6.6)
SELECTION OF MICROORGANISMS WITH ENZYMES OF INDUSTRAIL
USEAGE.

6.7)
Anti-shrink Treatment for Wool:
A process conventionally used for wool shrink-proofing is chlorination. This process degrades the exo-
cuticle of the wool, forming cysteic acid residues and protein losses.

This process has been replaced by proteinases treatment due to their high specificity and much lower
environmental impact. However, proteinase treatment leads to protein degradation, resulting in

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deterioration of fiber strength and limited shrink resistance. A patent application about the use of laccase
from T. versicolor plus a mediator to increase the shrink resistance of wool was published (Yoon 1998).
Also, Lantto et al. (2004) found that wool fibers can be activated with laccase if a suitable mediator is
present. Therefore, the use of laccase for anti-shrink treatment of wool seems very attractive.

7.0 REFERNCES
1. Impact of bio- technology on the textile industry; Rakesh Doshi;Asian Textile journal,
Jan 2002
2. Role of enzymes in textile processing industry; O L Shanmugasundaram & S Kumaravel;
Asian Dyer;NOV-DEC2005
3. Enzymes in wet processing; Dr.Nikhil Verma& Dr. Anita Nishkam; The Indian Textile
JournalFeb2003/37
4. Application of biotechnology in textile; M Muthu manickem and J Ganesh Prasad; Asian
Dyer,oct2006/67
5. Recent research on biotechnology in textile ; Dr.Danny E Akin &Ian R Hardin;
colourage, Annual2004/55

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