WNAPTASIKA 120 PASTOBOPHBIX TEM 120 Topics MOCKBA 2003ISBN Ne 5-88-126-015-5 BBK 81.2. Anrn. C32 C32 Ceprees C.N. (coctasutenb) M.: Vsgatenecteo “A.1.B.”, 48c. ISBN Ne 5-88-126-015-5 COopHmk conepxuT 120 pasronopiiix tom Ha aHTAMi CKOM Aabike pasNMMHOK CTeNenW ChoKHOCIM, TeMbl crpyn- NMpoBaHb! No 9 OCHOBHLIM pasyenam. GTPAHbI, TOPO- A, OBPASOBAHME, FA3ETbI (MPEGCA), OTQbIX, CNOPT, 3HAMEHUTBIE MOMMY, ObO MHE, NPUPOAA. B kaxgom pasjiene npunejenit tem 1pex yposHen CHOXKHOCTH: a/ANTAPOBAHHEIG Co NOnHLIM tepesogom, YACTAYHO AaQANTAPORAKHLIO - CPEs Od GHoxHOCTH WH Hea- AaNTMPOBAHHIE OIMOUCHHEIO “seasOUKOU" (#). Tonwkv nepnow tpynnbt ¢ HepenojoM MOLyT Gbite vc- NONb3SOBAHD! YHAUAMUCH Cpo/HOW IKON pH NosroTOBKe K SK3AMEHAM MO ANIL IMAGKOMY SIbIKY. Tembl Cpe fHiod [pyninibt CHORMNOGTH POKOMBIYIYIOTCA ANA NOAPOTOBKM K BC TYTIMIOTIKHLIM akiaMOHAM & BY3eI W CTyaeH- TaM HEASbIKOBLIX BYSOB, May UOLIIAX ANE TAACKAA ASbIK. TeMbI, OTMOYOHHbIG * Hipeyuiaaiatioht aMTypneH- TaM, NOCTYNMONIMM 8 “AankKONLIG HYSni" W ACeM xKe- Naru yriyou OW ANIME AN NMAGKOFO MabIKA, To- TKK CofepmxaT CNOBAP’ HW HONPOOH 10 Tame TeKcTA, No- Moraloulve NYYIO W ObIGTPAe HO OOHOM Th. COopHuk noneseH WMpOKOMY Kpyry YUANWXON, BOOM. KTO XO4eT AYYWO NOATONOWWILGH K Cae SKIAMOHA OBNAAETb PASTOBOPHBIM ANT NMACKMM HAIKOM BBK 81.2. Anrn. © Kossexrue aptopos, 2003, © Hsrarencrso «Bykaaiin, 2003, r COUNTRIES 1 GREAT BRITAIN. * BEMMKOBPUTAHUA. 2. ENGLISH TRADITIONS. AHTNMiA- * CKME TPAQULMU. 3. THE USA. CUA. 4. GREAT BRITAIN. 5. USA. US POLITICAL SYSTEM. 6. RUSSIA. RF STATE SYSTEM. 1 7. THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS. 8. THE UNITED KINGDOM." 9. ENGLISH MEALS.* 10. nea UNE STATES OF 411, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.* | cimiEs, 12. LONDON. NOHAOH. 13. TOWNS OF GREAT BRITAIN. TOPORA BENUKOBPUTAHUU. 44, THE LARGEST CITIES OF u + ee KPYMHEMUWUME TOPORA CI 15. MOSCOW. MOCKBA. 16. VOLGOGRAD. BonrorPag. 17. LONDON. gee — MYSELF. 62. OUR SCHOOL. HAWA WKONA. 3. MY FAVOURITE WRITER. " MOM MOBUMbIN NUCATENb. 64. HOBBY. XOBBM. 66. AT THE THEATRE. B TEATPE. 67. AT THE LIBRARY. B BMENMOTEKE. ! 68. MY FINAL EXAMINATIONS, 69 ABOUT MYSELF. OUR FAMILY. * OUR FLAT. 70. MY WORKING DAY. * OUR SCHOOL. MY FRIEND. 71, MY HOUSEHOLD DUTIES. 72 VACATION. " A VISIT TO THE THEATRE, 73. A TRIP TO LONDON. SPENDING | * MY FREE TIME. TRAVELLING. 74, MY FAVOURITE WRITER. 75, LEARNING LANGUAGES. L * MY DAY OFF. y— _ -- >< 65. AT THE CINEMA. B KUMHO. | te MOM BBINYCKHbIE SK3AMEHBI. | te "NEWSPAPERS d 33.5 PRESS IN RUSSIA. NPECCA B OCCU. 34. i NEWSPAPERS. * US NEWSPAPERS. I | | | 35. PRESS IN BRITAIN .* | 36. RUSSIA NEWSPAPERS.* | HOLIDAYS. | 37, UK HOLIDAYS. US HOLIDAYS. | * HOLIDAYS IN RUSSIA. | 38. MY SUMMER HOLIDAYS.* | 39. TRAVELLING.* I -SPORTS_ I 40, SPORTS IN OUR LIFE. cnoPT | * BHAWWE/ XKM3HM | | | | t | 4 SPORTS IN BRITAIN. SPORTS “IN THE USA 42. SPORTS IN RUSSIA. OLYMPIC * GAMES. 43. OLYMPIC GAMES.* 44, SPORTS IN GREAT BRITAIN.* 45, SPORTS IN RUSSIA. 1 GREAT BRITAIN | 41, Groat Britain is situated on the British Isles. 2. It of England Wales, Scoland and Northern ie eth ofthe size of Europe, 3 sexi from the coast of Europe, 4, The of Groat Britain Ip over 244 600 square klemaves.s. | fie population is abou $3 mation, 6°Fne county is washed by the Alanic Ocean, the North ‘Sea and the Irish Sea. 7. There are many rivers in Great Brit- ne ireueene So hOEe ikea tien wes ‘and ss arn for hs pow fhe Suze i are Beene ae | een eriaren of the to ite House of Contra aed tn | Hoe ‘rods. 14 “ihe Prime Ministers usualy ie head o 8 party in power. 15. There are ing partes tnere: Eentervatve Pay, te Labour Pary. te (beats | "6. Great Sriain fe'a highly developed incustnal county 13; exports machinery, vessels, mators.and other goods. ! 8, There are a fot of facories and mines thera. 18. Th {exile dusty fs teo rig developed ape ot of Brieh | leitos’ are ehpored. 28. A he: same time. Great Brian | is some ‘and raw materials from many counties of the wor [GUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, | 4..Do you know the ful name of Groat Britain? aes: sro i Tetie Unfed Kingdoms of Great Britain and | ian 3 ele Quen ‘4 name? = Her name ie Etzabath. | now in power In Great Bintain’ = The Conservative Party, I 4, Who is the Prime Minister now? — John Major is. 5: Why do tounsts ke fo vt Great Ban? | = Its a very beautiful country, They say that "England is green throughout. sheen tke inet prt end Sorcan ‘art of gardening has a very old What can you say about the cimate of Great Briain? | othe cimatais er itis not very cold a winter 2nd not ‘very hot in summer, 1 eae aaaaa aolTHE FAMOUS PEOPLE 18. LONDON'S PLACES OF INTEREST. ro ; It ONS ) 3 THE USA =e Every county and every nation has ks own tractions THE FAMOUS PEOPLE of 19. WASHINGTON, D.C. NEWYORK. j mages. 2 at ala 1. The USA ia situated inthe central part ofthe North 46. a BRITAIN. SHAMEHMTBIE 20. MOSCOW. THE KREMLIN. : i rod oe : fmadcen contnan 2s wai cast washed By : 21. MY NATIVE TOWN. MINSK. na lke home", y, 6. ‘The ares Ain ove aeaistelbiies 47, INTHE WORLD OF ARTS. Beart me name 3. The area of the USA is over nine milion square kllo- itis @ very large country, so It has several ditfer- ss B MUPE UCKYCCTBA. 22. LONDON. tram prover the open fate const Reade aha ot | Sa z 3 zi! tic reglons. 5. The cold P 4g, FAMOUS PEOPLE OF AMERICA, 22. WASHINGTON.* the hui houses snd nordvenet ©. Tho sous hes's taoboneainaee * SHAMEHUTBIE TIOAM AMEPVKV. 22. Moscow." gastos 10, HeLa Mester eR en eee: 49. ISAAK NEWTON. 22. ST PETERSBURG." | very fonds Columbia (0 50, CAPTAIN JOHN BROWN. EDUCATION nate ‘much Industry. 11, Washington has many famous manu " THOMAS ALVA EDISON. eee AEN | gees ments inthe streets and squares. 12. One of them is the | OUTSTANDING SCIENTISTS OF SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE USA. day — ‘hey ha Se nranea ee een remoral wn 36 columne representing 51. THE. WORLD... QUISTANDING 26. UKOMBHOE OBPASOBAHME "E TF She eee Ponttrench semen es surate cet | ; CWA. : ‘Soup of tea with, 14, The Capitol, where the Congress meets, is @ very 52. CHARLES DICKENS. HEMINGWAY. 97 EDUCATION IN. RUSSIA, ‘ bith peers. Sg Soe TH awe, soup, fish or inthe very onete of 8o Oy 18 nee | MICHAEL LERMONTOV. AMERI- ANKE B POCCHH. ie pee rien cn ts Sage an 9 SAO | tl there is tho Library of Congress. 17, i holde fve millon 53. CAN PAINTER, FOREIGN LANGUAGES IN THE- * | Bros dey'2 Some Engiman hava aa’ Somtas i | books, RUSSIAN PAINTER. 28, LIFE OF A MODERN MAN. | Suse Be, tea a {oat axcine an tea wih 18, The White House, the residence of the President, is 54, REMBRANDT. * VHOCTPAHHBIE A3bIKU BKUZHA | Er Sper 39: Par hgh they may pave Sad mest | te oldest pubic Buling In Washingion and one of the 55, ERNEST HEMINGWAY.* COBPEMEHHOFO YENOBEKA. oe seeye Sik te og cne ‘never out Gate ‘QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 56. AGATHA CHRISTIE 29, UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN GREAT Re were 4. Whe founded Washington? BRITAIN. UK POLITICAL SYSTEM. fa do the Engishmen cat | _ ~Itwas George Washington who chose the place forthe 57. MOZART.* US EDUCATION. US UNIVER- ae fon. eon me called | capital of the USA. By the way, he was the first President of 58. CHEKHOV." 30. sity EDUCATION. rad oni wh tho eeub WN |S Wvashington an old city? i 59, LEVITAN.* 34, EDUCATION IN RUSSIA. Mos. aetna Aa 8 Yedton they | ~No, tte que new as K dnt eet for hundred years 60. ALBERT EINSTEIN. * COW LOMONOSOV UNIVERSITY. ; etal ad Beate te 61. ANDRE! SAKHAROV.* 32. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.* tre ba iat Mark = - ~~ s BENWKOBPHTAHHA * 7 ae ooperannn pacnonoxens Ha Bpiratickax oct- ee FAMILY. i ited Kir lien and Norther Ire- Gi, the ,Unted | States of America | Seeere ieee Tew nat ee se cea se 3. oY x cenepo- . MY o “on the Britsh Isles. fe contrasts. inc roopitannn Sonce 244 G06 satapeinon wnowerpee f ea "The two main islands are: Greet Ban : pant Ponda Tous, Coben 8 | Ee Hacenerne oxono 55 munnwonos wenoBen. 6 5 s . parated trom the continent by the res year round. The OMuBaatcs ArnanTectn cKeaHow, Ce a it of Dover. The wast coast of the | ‘cold winters, | lpnanutcorm open, 7. B BenmscGpra 80, MY FRIEND: Geter angina tance fe ‘of rhore and aks, The nua pera # Akin Coaepa 2 couan Si tuy ooHooLE Artic Ocaar and the ih Ses te Join as te fae 40008 ‘a ETOMT cronua Benno6pwranin . MY SCI 4 ' q pulation Is over 57 million people. south of Bee cnniniacce Cee Eee Ne BO LIBRARIES. Engish iste offal language, but tis not fe ont language staph heive Graton, °° Secenine Gn eee ga wy plane . eat ra Te un arte eka Tlaprauowon. eoropea sostomr We aye coker = 88» MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE. mans conquered most Hat of Bray, but were unable fo are fatnous for tek ve Ronncten oer anaTs Mepaos. 14, Tpewsep-mmucre = BA HOBBIES.* independent tibes in the West and in the North, {the northwestem states ABaReTCH OGeMHo rason Naptwn, KoTopaR Nexomuten ¥ . : . | subdue me independent tibes in the West and inthe North, ios and vogelabes San Hapran ipyas, FGsperean hep sé Beane «85, MY FRIEND'S HOBBY.* Gia iradirs ware Ancies, Saxons, “ues, Vinge and ‘proviies 8 sold ate for American Tana — BUTAS ‘asibHas a7. Ep England. It had a st army and navy. It waged Gra Sucnoprvpyer uous Sbopyaceawe, gina wore: 86, MY FAVOURITE BOOK.* i | Pihnoreceoteniat werashn tne gnodetn werd England was i uv apynee Tobapus. 18. Tau uNaro cabpms Weak 1S, 4 | she frst county, where capitalism was establised. Biicong passura Yoowe Tercnenan mpomuuemneca’n 87, MY FAVOURITE SINGER.* i “Geographicely Grea! Britain le Gvided into Lowland Brt- Munore GpHTanckoro TeKcTMNA aKcnopTHpyeTcr. 20. B Toxe i ighland Britain. Lowiand Britain comprises South- speun Bernrobpuranva uwnoptupyet neroTopae npoay- 88, SHOPPING.” hland Brita Toi TiTaHiA W cbipbe M3 MHOIMK CTpaH Mupa. ind the Lake 'BONPOCEI M OTEETBI : NATURE | + fa Ceenmnonnoe Kaponascrse BortacSputraa u — 1 [British isos is much varied and the fa arto that of Cegeproh Mpnanaiat sooyr Enusonora g9, THE PROTECTION OF NATURE. Eee [snares tears coum ei vere er 8 akan noptnm cattacyonacm’ 8 Boneepiranan? * OXPAHA NPHPOPbI, | the are mary rere a Great Bran, The Sever te ange EiqBeaiiec Rpeustpiinucrp? Dow Mehaxop, gg, THE NATURE OF GRTAT. BRITAIN. ‘e"Bondon I he capa! ofthe UN. twas founded by the lrgest rietapolin 5. Hovey yore ei any Beacons anc? “TPAPONA REN: MATAHUM. ! Romans. The Populaton of Londons evr 8 miion paola ai oak te ee aie he = Sennen ee _ ‘The targest cities of Great Britain besides London a ' racaaose ganenant. Aninisgns hom ceoi “epee canin 94, SPACE AGL OAL 1B, | gimingham, ‘Gissgo, Lwerpen, Menchestr,Shetseg, | Panne sse.eme ohgovemment 5°” OS | ‘Stem, crapan Tpanvgen@ Auman n> AACeORNOCTBR ~ SONS * | Bristol, Leeds, Edinburgh, inning of the twentieth century 1 Cito Ber wanere avon Stmmare BenwsoSpwraum? 92+ SEASONS Great Bini coneiutonal mnarchy. The powers of VOCABULARY nap SMMar MAIUNH, He Overy XOnORNO MOH H HE OOM OF _ENGLI WEATHI I |e Bash Queen are ited by, Param itis st npocruparecn 1 House of Lords bre 1 ‘and the House of Commons. tary — NpwTOK 2 4 Ue aa ie cee pee eer ete ee acA 4, Coogunenniie Urarbt Amepikn pacnonoxeHy & Yertpanstok vacra Cesepo-Amepncancror Ta. 2. Wx sanaqnoe nobepexne omsis OkeaHiom, a ROCTONHO® NoBepexve — AtnanTMwecreM ‘oKeaHiom. 3. Nowa CUA ~ Gone aeoarn wannno- Mos KBaApaTHbix KAnoMeTpOB. 4. 3TO ONES BonbulaR eTpana, 8 Hem HECKONGKO PASNMVHBX KNMMaTHYECKHK perwonos. 5. Camwe KononHiie palorel ~ Ka ceBepe Eesepo-socroxe. 6. Or nweeT cyStponnwecenit KnMMaT. 7, Hacenenue CIA — Bones 236 munnnoHos Venger. 8. Bonownncrse Hacenenma mmser 8 ropoaax. ‘8. Cronmya CIA ~ Baunrrox 8 oxpyre KonymGun. 10. Sto aqumnuctparensit ropoa Gea GonLuiod WH- aycrpan. 11. Ha yanyax 4 nnouaax Bawnnrrona wHoro aHaMenieTeiX naseRTHHKOS. 12. Oni M3 HK ~ MeMOpKAN Aapaawa simionbHa ¢ 96-10 KonoHHamn, MPeAcTaBNAN- uyihen COGOR COBAMHERMEE UITATE Bo EpeMeNa cMEpTA Tuwronena. 13. (mason vacToo MeMopHana nanRETcA cpurypa catoro MiuiKonet 14. Kantonnii, rae aacenaet Konrpecc, 310 oven auicoros w Kpacaoe aRanne c GenbiMn NpaMopHamn KononHanm. 15, Ox HaxoaWTCA 8 caMom YeNTpe ropona. 16. Heaanexo or Kanuronun naxonuten Br6nmoveKs Kourpecca. 17. B Hef COREPXHTCA NTS MANTMONOR KRIT 18. Bemaii fom ~ peannenuma Mpesnaenta ~ cawoe cra- Oe MW ORHO M3 CAMBIX KpacHBLX OGWIECTHeHNBIX anAHHA 8 Bawnnrroxe, BONPOCKI M OTBETEI 1, Kro ochogan Bawnnrron? < Daopax Bawmnirron Bui6pan Necro ana cronvysi CWA. Mexty npownM, of Guin nepsisM npesKaeTom CWA 2. Baumsrrox — sro crapsilt ropon? = Her, enone HoBkid, Tax Kak of cywecTayeT He Go- nee AByxcor ner. 3, Moweny 8 Baumurrone Her HeBocxpeboe? i: = CywecrayeT cneywaneHbit saxon, sanpewaouni crpouTenscrso saanni pee, vem Kanuronia, US POLITICAL SYSTEM The United States of America, a (adoration of SO states was sel up by tha Constitution in 4787 Under tne Cu XE, tne fedefal governement ie cdod int tw Sie legate oer vested Ca up of we House of Representaiives, Both hauses rust approve the itor ito become a law. Bul before each bills sorted by 9 Comnitice, There are 16 standing committees in the Senate nd 20 in the House of Raprasontaives, the President who The oreetys beanch, is he sroposes bils to Congress, [ere national governnten, makes eal manderinehet of the aimed forces a officers. The President can veto a bil unless twocthrds vote shall overule hin The Pr St the Cabinet which today has eleven mambers ‘The judical branch js made up of Federal Disret Courts, 41 Federal Gouris and the Supreme Court, Federal jucgot ‘ue appointed by the Presidert fr ite, Fedora Courts de Side cases ivoling federal law conficis botween states or Setween ctzens of ifferort states. The. Supreme. Court may rule the law io be unconstiutenal. The Senators are sledted by popular vote for a term of ab years two (com ach state, "he Representatives are elected Yor wo-yoar terms. ‘Tha President is chosen in nation-wide elections every four years together with the Vice-President, VOCABULARY {0 vest in -o6naunre te approve ~ onoopire standing army ~nocronkuas apm fo administer — ynpaansr> ‘Supreme Court ~ Bepxoarii Cya, ular vote ~ aceHapontoe ronocosaKne of office — cpox npeGwianua y enacts ‘QUESTIONS 41. What kind of state is the USA? 2. What are the main branches of the US federal gov- erament? 3. What is the legislative branch vested in? 4, What is the function of the executive branch of the government? ': What ls the judical branch responsible for? 8, What is the lerm of office of the President? AHCIMACKKE TRARMUMK 4, Kaxnag waxan HOLNR MMeeT COOK TPARA v dbaeattS. Tian rappin 98 urns ne tool os iW OBuaRK. 3. AnmnuNaHe TOpAATER CROW Tp Aingeatin Scaecit Ronaeprergai Wx. 4. Arena — Ao Mocenu. &. “Her mecra, nonobioro ow TovopAt or, "Korn ovia we pebaraicr, ork mobst nponezirTe BLNCaraS ise Roma c consent. 7. Aniriwane over Noun Kanani, No- Stout Merve wi wns npear ger CTpLTAN Bron er panshouy cronnenwo. 8. Ore: mobat mute 8 NeGOMGMK AO” hax c manenei caziow, 9, Nlean 20 scoM Mrpe aHaVOr No- ‘chioevuy “How areniiarians — ero wpenocts’ 10. ToBopAT, So moan 9 Aura npuneprosacrcs axe 8 ene. ‘i, Oacsnan wala ~ Bnofo, xoTopoe antiwar vel THO: Gar. 12. Mvorye io nx efit Onesbey c MOnOROM M1 CaxapOM a saprpae 13. A sot wornangifs, x nprispy, Kimora we Gaxap B oBcamyyo ray, orm knaayr Tyaa cera Comb. ie ‘posi, SaBTpKDION @ AKCRAA MERAY COMO portato. 15. Horou, Mena AvenaAausTs mh wacoht 16. B wexoropeix Se fay nay eae Sere ao rota tagaaay aa Baek a ef cay tan aah BE Hee reece iri irae Ee ech hector San the ee perenne , ent yn Mi WAH peiy, COBOL, NYANHT MN CpyKTes. a ‘hha nots 25" Hoxoropbee annie "Contos ant m oOkonnren Ges “ial” onn ear xonggrige WACO, i pain ou wr aa 27. Ania He ocoraa nbier wan ne vaiuer n notna ie cakes: 28. ‘Seerare oun nowt alte wononot 'BONPOCHI WOTBETB! 4, Sacre pu Bes raKor Oh BHETINENe ,HaxanaroT pitt Fe ae eee ene Heatbioaior wat c rvauctows. 2. Aviswione eat Moro XI Her. Grn east xed Toners © cmnow. C hncow OBOuaNtt ‘isn mimorna Ho efi neta. Hexcropwe airrunane 23 Aart. oY Foner AUK Toxesineh njcOues sess 9a OBenout S"Katre npasepinor ormesanor arrive? = (lo rpagyauh i oui mob PontecroO. spent 030" enters a Be Bo Sh Sekar oatins Wes ae ors drumte scene ens A Ne Be SAE ae oe Tan Bo ose Ree The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northem Ire- land has always played an important role in world politics. The postion of Great Britain gives ita temperate climate, Britain lies in the easter part of the Atlantic Ocean. It Is surrounded by the sea, which makes the climate warmer in winter and cooler in summer, The Gull Stream influences the English climate greatly. tt makes the sea warm. The climate Is not the same in all parts of England. Tho westem part of England is warmer than the eastern one and it also has more rains. The westem fills and mountains ‘shut out some of the mild winds from the Atlantic. On West- fem coast gales are always strong. The south-western winds are the most frequent, They usually bring mid weather There is much humidity in the air of England. Britain well known as a foggy couniry. The annual temperature London is about 8 degrees. VOCABULARY kingdom ~ xoponeactwo {o conquer ~ savoesare to subdue - noawennte to contribute to ~ enecta axnan, cnocoScrsoBate domination — rocnoncrs0 to win (won, won) ~ sanoesars, onepxate noGeay independence ~ Hesaeucnmocrs ‘GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES Lowlsnd ~nramernocrs, gonna Highland ~ rope: Cesepioi Wornanama the Severn ~ p. Cesepx ‘QUESTIONS 4. Where is the UK situated? 2. What parts does the UK consist of? How many centuries has-Britain been in the making? ‘What country is Great Britain? 5: What are the largest cities of Great Britain? 1 climate of the country depend on? What are the British Isles surrounded by? What makes the climate warmer? ‘Whrat brings mild weather? 40. What is Britain wel known for? 2 eenees RUSSIA Yast territory of Russia lies in the Easter part of jorthem part of Asia. Invarea, itis one of a8 and three oceans. Th the Artie, the Paste. The ort. gM and easter coasts of Russia are wasted by the Write ‘Sea, the Barents Sea and by the Okhotsk Sea, ent land of Runsia varies ot from he: forests to bare er's, from high peaked mountains {o deep valleys. Russia Is located on two plains, They are: the Great Aus: san Plain andthe West Siberian Plain’ There ere tvs seasons prevails, {ong rivers and deep lakes. The broad Of great historic, economic and cultural I becarns th ‘cradle of sah ancient faroslau,, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, in all the rivers in the European part of largest inland water traneportalon Nelgs, River Tun ino the Caspian oR Nn really, the largest lake in the word, The inthe wor ‘The European part of Russia is densely populated. There {owns and vilagea th Russia Is rich in natural resources, It val, ol, natural gas, iron ore, gold, nickel, ete Russia borders on fourteen countries, including the for- ‘mer Republics of the USSR, which are’ now independent states, The history of Russia dates back to the year 862. Now Russia is a Presidential Republic. Russia has always layed an important role in the word, It (8 one of is leading 4. Were does the tntony of Rus ; riory of Rusa te 1s Wisrespe seer oui er 1 What is the role of the Volga River in the history of ‘4: What natural resources are deposited there in Russia 5. What countries dows Russia berder ont : 8 ‘THE UNITED KINGDOM * ‘The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern | rotand ie situated on the Britah Isles. The Britah Isles consist of two. large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, |] and about five thousand smail islands. Thelr total area is ‘over 244.000 square Kilometres, |, The United Kingdom is made up of four countries England, Wates, Scotland and Norther Ireland. Th st re ! consis of Eland Sosa 1 include Northern Iretand. But in everyday speech Great Britain is used to mean the | United Kingdom. The capital of the UK is London. | _,The British tsles are separated trom the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The | western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Irish Sea. t the Brilish isles varias very much, The id is mountainous and ts called the High- | tends, while the eouts, which has beautiful valleys and } [ | | plains, Is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all he rast ~ east, centre ‘and south-east is ~ a vast plain. Mountains are riot very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m). There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are ot very fong. The Severn is the longest river, while the ‘Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of influence the climate of the British Isles. It is, le year round. ‘one of the world's smalier countries. its population is over $7 milion. About 80% of the popula- tion is urban. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world’s largest producers and ex- Porters, of machinery, electronics, textile, eircraft and favigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the ‘country is shipbuilding. The UK is a constitutional monar- [20% naw, tho Head of State isthe Queen, In practice, “"e { | | | | x, I | 1 [ | | l | | ( ! | ' | ‘The English usually have 4 meals a day: breakfast, | 1 | | | { I | 1 | | ! ! | | | THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS | ‘The Republic- of Belarus is a small, beautiful wth the hols past and deat present Tis shuated i East. | tm Europe. The Rus ne Uae, | Poland, itor and Cana, thar an eres of 207600 seen Wilometres and a population of more than 10 million. 77 cent ofthe population consitite Belarusians, 6 per cont ive | in cites, the largest of which are Minsk (the capital), Gomel, Brest, Vitebsk, Grodno and ‘The climate in the republic is moderately continental, the breathing ofthe bac eba ie cnany tethers “At te beginning ofthe 20m conery Belarus. was. a backward provines of the Ruston Emi cal the North-Westem region. About 80 per cent of its population wore literate. The Belarusians were not even regarded as a nation at that time. After the Revolution in 1017 Belarus Was proclaimed the Bolarusan Sorel: Socalat Republi and soon became a member of the USSR. Dung Weed ‘War Il. Belarus suffered greatly. It lost more than cof its national wealth. The fascists killed every Agriculture specializes in mik and meat production, The ‘main crops cultivated here are potatoes, flax, grain, herbs and vegetables. Belarus blic of wail developed science and cul- ture. There are 37 state higher educational establishments, the Academy of Sciences, about 400 professional schools. Secondary education is compulsory and free of charge in is country. Nowadays the Republic of Belarus has become @ sover- eign independent state. The Deciaration of State Sover- ‘ignty was adopted by its Supreme Soviat on July 27, 1890, ‘VOCABULARY ‘country - erpava be situated - pacnonaranecs: border = pannus area - anoujage divide - nents > 9 ENGLISH MEALS * | lunch, tea (5 o'clock) and dinner. Breakfast can be a full “English breakfast” of comlakes with milk and sugar, or bacon and eggs, toast and marmalade, tea or coffee. Some people, however, have just a cup of ia or coffee with a feast or tomething ‘sian. This i usualy caled” «| “continental breakfast’. ‘At midday everything is stopped for lunch. Most offices | ‘end small shops are dosed for an hour and the aty pave- ments are full of pev.:a on their way to cafes, coffee bara, | restaurants, Factory workers usvaly eatin their canteens. ‘The English like what they call "good plain tod”. They | must be able to recognize what they are eating, Usually they like steak, roast beef, Yorkshire pi and chips. ‘Afternoon tea is taken at hardly be called a meal. It is a cup of toa and cake or biscults. At the weekends afternoon tea is a special oc- | casion. friends and visitors are often invited to have a chat over a cup of tea. | Dinner is the most substantial meal ofthe day. tis | usually eaten at 7 o'clock. The first course may be soup (though ‘the English dont tke it very much). The main | Course will often be fish or meat, perhaps the tradition: roast beef of old England, and a fot of vogetabes. The | next irse will bi wrathing eweet and sien eeoked, Laat of alors may be cheeses ater | with biscuite. {tis common knowledge that the English are very fond of | tea, They ke to have ‘a nice cup of ea" 6 oF 8 times a day, | sometimes even more. On Christmas Day a roast turkey is traditionally cooked ! for dinner. It's usualy folowed by Christmas pudding. | Long-before Chrisimas housewives begin to plan what | cake to make for Christmas, Usually they make fantastic Givistmas cakes.iterate - nerpanarieit ‘regard - cumraTe, paccuaTpHeaTe proclaim - npososrnaware the Supreme Soviet - Bepxostuii Coser the Council of Ministers - Conet Manuctpos Eo eee QUESTIONS 1. Where Is Belarus situated? What is th Toro end the populat ‘of the republic? ee er eect ‘What are the largest cities in Belarus? SCSI SESE eS eaycoro, 8. What do you know about the iblic’s past? ied, Gan yeu aay ‘about Belarulan Industy oti 8. Is it true that Belarus is a republic of well developed national culture? : TS eats we hr 10.18 education eee te Tet de a ies tena or eae ovat Smee ‘13. ‘What are the highest bodies of state power In Be- ferus? 14. What is the capital of Belarus? VOCABULARY ‘comfiakes ~ Kopucpnexc, KyryPyaHNe XnOMWR bacon and eggs — Asuna c GeKoHoM toast - xne6, Hapesanis —nownuawn — ‘ROAPyMsHeHHeAH 8 ToCTepe KN Ha OrHe ‘similar = nogo6rust, Noxon Pavernent — rporyap Cotes bar —xaperepiit ‘restaurant - pecropant ‘canteen ~ cronosan plain food — npocras nau steak — Kycox mAca, nabireT, Gucpurrexc roast beet — pocréuep Yorkshire pudding — Hoprumpcait nyaunr (magKoe pecHoe Tecto, KOTOPOS SaNeKAETCA NOR KYCKOM MACE HAL auunepe H BanTiseaeT crexaouyA CoK) fish and chips ~ pula c Kaprocbenem so punope {nonynapHoe aeweroe 6niono) ‘an hardly be called... apAg nH sro Moxxo HasBATE. biscuit — nevenive, ranera ‘special occasion — ocoBeih cnyuaii, coBsrHe 10 have a chat - noGecegosars, noroaopire, noSontare substantial — a. nnoTHbih first course — nepace 6non0 soup ~ on main course — stopos 6nioqo {ruit pie ~ pyxroaei® nmpor itis common knowledge - ace wasecrio roast turkey — wapenan MNaeRKa ‘Christmas pudding — poxaecreeHcori nyamir ¢ Hs1ONOM QUESTIONS 4, How many meals a day do the English have? 2. What isthe traditional English breakfast lke? ‘3, What is usually called a "continental breakfast"? 4, When do the English usually have lunch? RF STATE SYSTEM ‘The Russian Federative Republics set up by the Consti- tution of 1993, ‘Under the Constitution Rusala is a Presidential Republic. ‘The federal government consiate of three branches: legista- te, executive and Judicial. Each of them is checked and balanced by the President, ‘The legislative power Is vested In the Federal Assembly. {t consists of two chambers. ‘The Upper Chamber is the Council of Federation. The Lower Chamber is the State ‘Duma. Each Chamber is headed by the Speaker. Legisia- ture may be Initiated in elther of the two Chambers. But to ‘become a law a bill must be, eppraved by both Chambers: and signed by the President:"The President may veto the bil, ‘The President Is commander-in-chiet of the armed forces, he makes treaties, enforces laws, appoints ministers, to be approved by the Federal Assembly. The executive power belongs fo the Government which is headed by the Prime Minister. The first action of the Prime Minister on appointment is fo form the Cabinet. ‘The judicial branch Is represented by the Constitutional Cour, the Supreme Court and regional courts. ‘The members of the Federal Assembly are elected by popular vots for a four-year period, Today the state symbol of Russia Is a three coloured banner. It has three horizontal stripes: white, blue and red. The white stripe symbolizes the earth, the biue one stands for the sky, and the red one symbotzes liberty. It was the first state symbol that replaced the formar symbols in 1991. ‘The hymn of Russia is “The Patiotc Song” by M. Glinka. A ‘new national embiem Is a two-headed eagle. It is the most anciont symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic ‘emblem of the Ruricovitchies. All these symbols are official, ‘They have been approved by the Federal Assembly. the Queen reigns, but does not rule. The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. ‘There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties, The Conservative party is the ruling party nowadays. The Prime Minister is John Major. VOCABULARY ucha,ERatsh Channel - Avemitoni xanan (mponme Na- fav) the Irish — Mpnaxnexoe ope Highlands — ropycran wacte Lowlands — mwsMonnan Wacre Ben Nevis — Ben Heane the Seve — Cenepy the Thames —Tewaa Guif Stream ~ Tonsdcrpum the House of Lords — nansra nopgon the House of Commons - nanara o5uy to be situated ~ Gers pacronomernti ‘mountainous ~ ropucteit Valley ~ aonwna, vast ~ orpomntt plain — pasiana deep — my6orni mild — warn, yuepernwa ‘urban ~ roponexon aircraft — camonetss ‘navigation — cygoxoncrao equipment — oGopyqonanne chief — rapist, ocHosHoA in law = no 3a the head of state - rnasa rocyqapctea queen ~ Koponesa to reign —yapcreosare government = npaa at the head — 50 rane chamber — nanara weerBo 410 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA * The United States of America is the fourth largest | county in the world (after Russia, Canada and China). it oc- ‘gupies the southem part of North America and stretches from. the Pacific fo the Atlantic Ocean. it also Includes Alaska in the ‘north and Hawai in the Pactic Ocean: The total area Of the ‘county is about nine and a half milion square Kilometres, The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico In the | south. It also has a sea-boarder with Russia. ‘The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Co- lumbia, @ special federal area where the capital of county. Washington, is sualed. The popuiaion of ‘county Is about 260 rnlion. if we look atthe map of the USA, wo can see lowlands ‘border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA. "The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest re- gions are in the north, The climate of Alaska is arctic. The Gimate of the central partis continental, The south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Guif of | Mexico often bring typhoons. The cimate along the Pactic ‘coast is much warmer than that ofthe Atlantic coast ‘The USA is a highly developed industrial country. Itis the world's leading producer of copper end oil and the world's second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most im- portant ing industries are aircrat, cars, te sets, armaments, furniture and iy European and African in origin cans are made up from neary all races and nations, includ- i i 2 s 2 i 3 ‘Chinese and native Americans. largest cities are: New York, Los Angeles, Chi- 2 Phiadebhi, Detroit, San-Francisco, Washington and others. ‘The United States is a federal union of 50 states, each of which has its own goverment. The seat of the central (federal) government is Washington, DC. According to the 1S Cont the powors of the goverment are divided 1, into branches: the execute, headed by the President, $<--- ~~ 42 LONDON 1. isthe | of Great Britain. 2. It Is situ- | stod on the Wr fhmnse S The Thames iaaher a deep ‘into London port. 4, 11. Theatres, clubs, mu ums, restaurants, shop ‘also situated ihere. 12. The East End is the part | GFichdon wnere poor people, workers and deckers Wve 13. Whitehall is the polfical centre. 14. The Houses of Ps Government = are situ . 48. a famous Clock Tower Big Ben, the ‘of London. 16. Big Ben is really | whlch sirkas the hour, 17, Besides Big Ben there | mat tigngate Cemoioy where tary famnccs pscrle wore re many ferous people Were Burads Buckingham Palace = tre residence of fe Cueert Trafalgar Square. wih a tall Nelson Column in tt Saint Poute Cathedral and of . 18. Not far from the Houses of Parliament there is Westininstor Abbey. 20 tia fine old building founded In 4409. 21. Many great Engishmen such as Darvin’ and Dickens are buried there. | ‘QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: | 1-¥vuat do you know about the Tower of London? ~ The Tawar of London fs tre symbol of London. it was bull inthe tith contuy. i served ae'a palace and a prison, Now there is 9 museum there = Hip residence te i Downing. Siret, 10, The British i. in‘ Downtng . maa acon owning Set, Are there any egh’sn ofr parts of Great Britain? = Yes, thre ave lots of them. Let's take Ednourgh, the | erie ae Holt ie te eat Seat e ums, the ‘great Waker seed? the attr of Meionat Bova, “Reker Poet Stevenson, te famous English wrter. There are mamorals loti int Edu a | 7. Manchester Is an industrial capital of the North of A 41 THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION * The Russlan Federation ie the largost |_ word Woceupae about one- seventh is aust srinoa | ‘covers the eastem part of Europe and the northem of Asis ttl reals about 17 min square Mlrievees The | the south, plains and forests in the midland, tundra arid | inthe north, Fighiands and deserts in tho east ina ‘There are two great plains in. Russia: the Great Russian ‘chain, the Urals, separates Europe from Asia. ‘There are over two milion rivers in Russia, Europe's big- | gps ter, the Volga, tows no the Caspian Soa. the mah iberian rivers = the Ob, the Yenisel and the Lena ~ flow | from the south to the norin. The Amur in the Far East flows | tethe Pact Ocean, useia [stich in beautiful lakes. The world's deepest lake {1600 metres) is Lake Baal tis much smaler tan the tic Sea, but there is much more water in i than in the | Baltic Sea. The water in the lake is so clear that if you look ‘down you can count the stones on the bottom, Russa has one-sith of the words forests. They are ‘concentrated in the. fan north of the i | goncentated in the, European ‘county, in Sibe- On the vast tertory of the county. there are various | YBRE of clmate, rom acticin the nor o subtropical nthe south, in the middle of the county the climate Is temperate. | 274 continental . fet { ! Russia Is very rich in cll, coal, Iron ore, natural gas, cop- | Pricals a ptteranay repose Th Hoad of State 2 ora aga as omceat ann | SESE CESSES Oca aes eee 113 TOWNS OF GREAT BRITAIN 1, Great Britain Is mainly an Industrial country, and. most of the people there live in large towns. 2. London, 1 of course, is the most Important city of Great Britain. 3. Lots of things such as clothes, food, planes, and cars are made in London. 4, Birmingham is the biggest town in the cent England. 5. Machines, cars and lorie re made her 6. TV and radiosets are also produced in Birmingham. England. 8, It's a very old city. 9. Its the centre of the cotton textile Industry. 10. In tronic equipment, various machin things are made, 11, It's the third larg Britain. 12. Manchester hat many libraries, museums, art galleries, theatres and cinemas. | 43, Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, 14. its one of the most beautiful cies in Europe, 15. Giasgow is snother Feat Scotth aly. 46. About one milion people live there, 47. tt is famous for tts shipyards. 18. Glasgow is a great | Industrial ty and also a centre of Scots culture. | 19, Cardi Is the capital of Wales. 20. Iisa big port, and ships come here from al over the word. 21. Cambndge and | Orford are the oldest university towns in Great Briain, 22. Many great men have studied in these universities: Cromwell, Newton, Byron, Darwin and others. ‘QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 41..Can youname some other towns of Great Britain? | Yes, | can. They are Nottingham (an industrial centre), Loads, Swansea (a port and an industrial centre), Shetfield | (heavy industry), Betfast (the capital of Northam Ireland). | 1 1 1 2. Do you know, what is Stratfacd-on-Avon famous for? = Itis Shakespeare's birthplace. 3. In what town does the Queen live? = Queen Elizabeth tives in London,The | of Russia is Mc ths its eet ‘est Russian cities. fa Se a eset ‘ penal une deat the a a, Resales yok eae ar rr Arle tte Na But In spite of he lussla is fa rt problam Russa i facing at pros there are’ lo of oppariuniies ‘or tvs county 12 bocome re younger gontaton, con Go very nate take ae: a 68 do very much 10 uaa ts chong and powers ac uses Is be VOCABULARY the Pacific Ocean - Tia onear the Arctic Ocean - Cosepriil lenasim oxean Georgia = Tyan Norway — Hopaerua the Baltic States ~ lipuSanrwicare rocyaepersa the Great Russian Plain =" Pycoran (Bocroso- ar Lowiand ~ Sanaano-CuBupcxan, cre the Far East ~ flanstwt Boctox {9 border on — mpannste ¢ There Is hardy a country in the world. ~ Easa mu Ea Bed acre ee a pas tem Seren Vast — o6un legislative ~ sakonogaTansHeit Bowers — nonmomowe jeneration ~ younger mononoe noKonerna TOPOPA BENMKOBPUTAHMK 4. Benmxo6piTanns, © OcHoBHOM, MAAYCTDMANENaR eTpaHa, KGOMbWMHCTBO HACENeHAR moreeT @ GONLLUKK Toponax. 2. flonaor, KoHe¥HO, cam eEMn Topon BennxoGpwranny, 3. Mnomectso Bele, Tain. vax ‘OAeRAA, NPOAYKTUs, caMONeTH H MaWHHEs, NPOHSBOAMTCA Plongone. 4. Bypnnrem ~ cau Gonewol ropon a yentpe AH- fra, 5. Tam genaiot WaWMAts, aBTOMOOMTM M TPyZOBHKH, 6, B Bupwnnreme Take npowasonar Tene- ¥ pannoan- naparyoy. . Manvecrep — nunycTpHaNbHaA cronnya cesepa AN- nan. 8. 910 OveHe CTapuiA ropoa. 8. OTO YOHTP TeK- CTANSHOR NpoMBUURENHOCTH. 10. B Makwactepe nenact Kouneiorepei, anexTponnoe OSopynowanne, pasninuNbie MaWHts, NpoAyKTeL A MHOrOB APYToS. 11. Sto TpeTHH No sennunne nopt BenmKo6pwTannn. 12. 8 Manwectepe nora OuBnMoTer, My3eeR, KaPTUHMEX ramlepeA, TeATPOB weivo. 13. SannSypr ~ cronaya Wornanann, 14. Sto onMH Hs ‘catix rpacauix ropoaos & Eapone. 15. aar ~ apyron Gonsuioh wotnangemA ropag. 16. Tam xuBeT oKono wannnowa enonex. 17. On aMaMennT CBOMMK cynoRep- Sawa. 18. Prasro — Gonewok npomuunennbih fopon, = ‘Tarke YeHTp WeTHAKACKOR RyAETYPHL. 19. Kapand — croniya Yanuca. 20. Sto Gonbwok ‘opt, W Cons ApwxOART KOpaGnn co ecefo ceeTa. 21 KeMGpnax wv Oxctbopn — ctapeiume ynugepeurercxne ropona BenimoSprranwn. 22. MHome sennkye nioaa yiannce g aTux. yunsepcnterax: Kpomserb, HbioTOH, Baipon, Mapenn «np. BONPOCKI M OTBETEI 1. Bol Momere HaseaT ApyrHe ropoga BenwxoBpuraHnin? ~ fla, wory. 310 Hortwsrem (npomsunernsil YeHTp), singe, Gyonen (nopr inoweth erp), Weed ana wualyerbna), Bendact (cronnye CeepHon Mpnanawn). 2, Bol aero, vem sHaMennt Crpatbopa-Ha-Sii80He? = Sto MecTo poxgeHia Wexcrmpa. 3B xaxow ropone xnseT Koponeea? = Koponesa Envsanera xuser 9 flonnoHe, the ogsaiv, exercised by the Congrots, andthe judi, he Ssagrass consis the Senste end the House of tives, ‘re two main poiical parties in the USA: the Re- publican and the Democratic. VOCABULARY the Pacific Ocean — Tuxui oneal Hewall- asain District of Columbia ~ oxpyr KonyuGwa the Rocky Mountains — Cranwcnsie ropet the Great Lakes Bermeve cagpa (6 on ‘Onrapvo, "ypon, Bopxiee osepo « ‘the Gulf of Mexico ~ Mencrrarcra sanne the House of Representatives anata npeacraawreneh southern — rowers to stretch ~ Tanyreca, npocraparecn to border on ~ rpanire ¢ sea-border ~ mopcxan anny lowlands — usuariiocte, Aonwne, HaaHa Mawuran, Coal = KaMentieih yrone manufacturing ~ npowsuinenseih aircraft cauonens, cawoneTocTopochine textle —Tercrune armament ~ soopynane in — NponcxoRaeNNe Gilnese © orrance ‘according to @ cooTeeTcTaMM c, comnacwo, no peers ~nannonownn = sera. the executive - ncronvarrenanan nnacre the legislative - aavononarensnan snacre the. ial ~cynebran enact FOHAOH 4. ongon— Benner. 2, On pacronoxen Co ene ees wopsciin Se neater 8 Renin yeuaets 8. #9 camak Contin ‘ape. 6 Bones 1 weavmoron anoeak ‘maarise yivtes n AnowanH, nETOpIVeGOre ‘pace nanny, 1 Taw vate pactonant arp oe, poctopans 4S Yannian=fonmecod yore Snore pacronek: tea gavin Tapnawenra = ecto axoxaetin BprTaNcKoro Tpaeltrenccrus 43: Snech Mawar YegeTe sneMorernyo er Sonyo Coun Bue Bex, eammon NowisHa. 16, B aencron: entwociy bur Ben ~ 370 ronoron, RoTOpLAH Suet KEK ac. 17. Koome Bonsiworo Bena Taw ects ee eran aTOpE Blonaone mror® apyrvx aocronp! Byarencrnt nopely ~ peanrerynt reperan ToLusAe C BuICoKOR RoNOHHOH Henwcohe, Errore Masna mn, torewno, BpHTancanl Myseh. KO oF Tlapnamera naxomirten BecTMnncTepcro® 30. Sto npexpacroe craprinos aaanne, Nocrpoetoe 8 1403 ‘ay, 21.Ta noxoponen nnoro serine GHTTONH, TaOtK vax Rapant 1.470 But CH Ne aces i ‘Tayspe? aoe pel ER Se acta a GM Topena, seiac TaM My3er, eee ct ee 3. EcTe MM Kante-HiOyhie AOCTONPHMENATEMLHOCT B APY: “wcrns BorunoGprmevin(s ~ as wacacrae, Bossa ‘Sammypr, rau Taw nau pao, Wotnanagsrh nest, Bansrap Crotr, ove po Nara. ‘Fijove ‘Grvooncon wosecnh. arerwiioot rcatgre 8 Fe ocTe MeMOpMarel STaM TORR. “4, Bam O14 xorenoce locotwTs KaKWo-HUS¥Ae AocTonpy- ovarenenocrH Benrobpranin? — fa, Bu Keven noce- ry ee 14° THELARGEST CITIES OF THE USA | 4. There are very mary cities in the USA. 2. One of | the largest cities in the world 's New York, 3. tis situated at | the mouth of Hudson River, 4. New York was founded {he Dutch, 5. I's interesting fo Know that Manhattan Island ~ the corigal part of New York was bought fram the local Indi | ana for 24 dollars by the Dutch. 6. in the eighteenth century New York grew into the largest city of tho United States of | ‘America. 7» Now New York is @ great seaport, the leading toxtle and the fihancial centre of ine county. 6. Manhattan {sland with the Wal Street district Is he heart of Amanca’s ‘business and culture. 9. New York is the clty of sky- | scrapers 10, The highest of thom ie tho 102-torey Ema Stato Building. 11, There are many other places of interest in. New York: Cenial park. Times Square, Rockefeller Gon- | fre, the shopping dietncts and the United Nations Building. 412. In Manhattan at Broadway there fs Columbia University, ‘fe of the biggest universities of the USA. 13. Another large tly of the USA is Boston, one of the fist elias which wore built on the Alantic coast of America. 14. ils an important rt and a tnancial and euturl conte, 15. thas thee un ‘18. Chicago is one of tho biggest industrial cities in the USA and te goconalrgon’ ates New Yar 17. Philadelphia, near the east coast, produces agricul- tural machines end locomotives. 18. Light mdustry is highly developed here. 19. Phiadelptia is an important cultural | Centre with many fing buildings and a univeraty. daeegkes Angeles, in Calfomia, ie a centre i modam in- tusties, 21. Not far from Los Angeles is Hollywood, tho contre of the US film business. I | QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Wat knd of state the Untied Sats of Arata? = "The USA ig a federal republic consisting of $0 states. Eagh slate has te own government. | 72, Whois the head of ths state and the government? = "The President of the USA's the head of the stato, He is ‘lected every four years ‘3. What is Ce 5? = Congress is ine parlament of tho USA. It consists of | ‘wo houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate, ‘4. What are the two main poltical parties in the USA? | sry iT a0 the Democratic Party and the'Repubican 45 Moscow 1, Moscow is the capital of Russia. 2. It is a main po- litical, economic, and cultural centre of our country. 3. Mos con lated'om te Mann er, 4K da ounce years ago by Yun Dolgoruki, 5, Moscow tare! world. 6. More than & milion people Ive thers. 7. Every day about one milion people coma’ to Moscow irom all over Russiaand other counties, . '8, Moscow isthe seat of our Goverment. 9. President of Russia lives and works thera. 10. The heart of Moscow is Red Square. 11. The Moscow Kremlin and St. Basil's Ci thedral are the most beautiful masterpieces of Russian ar- chitecture. 42. For heroism of the working people of our capital dur- ing the Groat Pato War Moscow was awarded the tte of lero-ciy. "TS atoscow is the port of fve seas. 14. Four siports connect Moscow with other parts of our country and many ther counties. 15, There ‘are 9 rallway-statons In Mose | cow. 16. Traffic In Moscow Is very heavy. 17. There are the underground, buses, toley buses, trams and tans in Mos- cow. 48. There are very many plants and factories in Mos- cow that produce machinery, motor cars, transformers, motors, TV sets; watches and other goods. "19. Moscow Ié very beautiful. 20. There are man} arke, large: ‘squares and wide streets there. 21. vans, Theatres, cinemas and exhibtions in Moszow. 22. loscow is a city of students. 23. The Academy of Sciences of Russia is also in Moscow. ‘QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 1. Have you ever been to Moscow? ~ Yes, | have been to Moscnant tkadt 2. What Moscow theatres do you know. — There aro many theatres there, The Bolshoi and Moscow Art theatres sous all over the world. ‘The Maly Theatre is also wellknown. Besides there are | such theatres as the Sovremennik, the Taganka, the Musik theatre, the Satire Theatre and many others, ‘3, What can you gay about museums in Moscow? There are many of them: The History Museum, the i ‘command post during the battle. 17. In 1 the centre of Vole there is the Square of the Fallen He- she ae loge are Sry neal ‘common. of the heroes of the Civil War and of the Great ra a hems Cone og Cnt Etemal Flame. 20. Now Volgograd is a big industrial ciy. 21. gees or Vola 2 ba elo works, tractor works, a lot of chemical enterpnses, a shoe- ‘making factory and others. 22. Volgograd is @ cty of students, prpatacon sodas, 2 Veloundi acy ocd, | number of schools, technical schools, colleges and. e ined Scere ae Goose | eer a oro abgonialcoue aaa | en gna args New Expr ati,» Mua Sera aie: epee nate,» Troae of Tora eae | Mens Gesu ano answers iat et ee eas ogni as 1 acne Soles a ain. Besides there is the high-speed underground tram, | aed a oto bute, amt and of enue, is By the ein Isvery hea. 2, What the population of Volgograd? itis ver 4 mi- lion people, '3. How oid is Volgograd? — itis more than 400 years old Pi Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, the Tretyakov Gallery. sere —— ee 16 VOLGOGRAD 147 LONDON London was founded in the fret century A.D. by the Romans. They left London in the 5h century and the cty was largely abendoned, By the 8-th century London was again a busy trading centre, end in the 11-th century i be- | came the capital of England. Edward the Confessor built = palace and an abbey at Westminster. The Norman period Saw the construction of the Tower, old St. Pauts Cathedral and many churches and monasteries. Medieval London grew in Importance a a trading conte | and in 1215 Hs eiizens won the right to elect their own leader, or Lord of Mayor. London began to spread beyond | the ct walls during the Tudor and Stuart periods. The Great Fire of 1666 destroyed three-quarters of the city, Sir Christopher Wren rebuit St, Pau's Cathedral and designed 81 churches. The rebuilding of London folowed | the medieval street plan, but the old wooden houses were replaced by buildings of bck o reduce the future fie sk. ‘During the 19-th century London spread rapidly into the | suburbs. As a resuit of # nev forms of transport were de- veloped, including the underground railway system. Briain was then af the height of her Imperial Powers and tis is | expressed in such buildings as the Houser of Pariament and St. Pancras Station. Large aras of London ware desvoyed by bombs dng | World War Il and the rebuilding that folowed was of mixed ualty. Today in is ful extent Greater London covers 625) square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs, inclid- ing the City; the West End, the East End and houses 7 mil- | fion people. 1 The City extonds over an area of about 2.8 square hlo- | metres in the heart of London. About haf a milion people work there, but less than 6000 live there. It is the financial | penesees' |MOCKBA wo MOQ = sTonnua Pacer. 2. ro rnaave pons i SROHOMMVECKAN M KYMDTYPHiA YOK HALEN CTPA wec'3. Moorea pecrionoxena na Moctaespere. 4, Ona One Mla OcHOBata Gores BocbuncoT ner waaan JOpwew flonro- yw, 5, Moexsa ~ caMbih GOMLWOA ropon.a PoccM ‘OAMH Hs caMbix Bonsuwe roponoa @ uMpe 6. Suey xODYT bones 8 wnnnnonos Yenosex. 7. KaNnbin Aerts OKONO MM IRnola Yenosek npweaxaet ® Mocxsy va Bce# Posci ‘Ayrnx ctpar. 8." Mociaa — wecto HaxonAehnA Naworo npaswrone- roa, 8. 3nece xxBeT 4 paboTaer Fpesnnent Pocoun, 10, Cepaue Moceats ~ Kpacian Nnowany. 11. Mockoscrn Kpemne 4 CoBop Bacunia Bnamennoro ~ Héubonee «pa ‘chabie weaespei pyccroro sonvecTea, 12. 3a repowaM Tpyaswixcn HauleR cTonMut! Bo epe- an Benkian Orevectaennon eolst Mocroa Suina yAo- cToena seaiiun Fopon-repon. 13. Mocksa ~ nopr nam Mopel. 14. Yerspe asponopta cenauisaior ee c Apyrau Yacraun nawed crpanei m wHorMMn apyrann Crpanaun 45. B Mocxbe 9 xenesHonopoxtux aoraanoa. 18. ¥nns- Hoe ABHxXeKHO B Mockso oNeH» cunsHoe. 17. B Mockas ‘CTs MeTpo, aBTobycu,, Tponnehbyces, ToaMBan W TaKcn. 48. B Mocase wioro saeonos W qabpMe, HoTopa ASKS BanRT MawsnHos ObcpyAOBAHNe, aBTOMOGAN, TPAHccpop- ‘MaTopis, moTops, Tenesiopts, wacul M apyrue Ton|pL. 49. Mockea o4enb xpaciba. 20. Tam MHoro seneHuK naproe, Bonsunk nnowaren w uspouK yn, 21. 8 Mocs MioxecTe0 Mysees, TeaTpOB, RAHOTeaTpOS H BLICTABOK. 22. Mocksa ~ ropori crynenoa. 23, B Mockae TawKe Ha- XOmMTCR AraneMin HayK Pacem. BONPOCH! M OTBETBI 1..Bei Guinn o Mockae roraa-w6yas? =a. n Goin 8 Mocwse. Mne ona nonpasanacs. 2. Kakne Teatpei 8 Mocxse Bui sHaere? = Tam moro Tearpos, BonsWon w Mansi Tearpel 2Ha- MenuTat Bo Bcem mips. KpoMme Toro, Tak ects elle TaRKe TeaTge rar “Cospemonnet, “Tarania", Mysowanerash Te- Tp, Teatp catwpes w aiorus apyTHe. 3. te Bu wonera crasare Suysonx e Mocrae? = Tau wx moro: Mcropmecad wysel, MyseH wsobpaaH- Tenuta nexyeors a yaa, TpeTeaxoaoran ranepe, ‘contre of the UK with many banks, offices and the Stock Exchange. All the historical places and famous parks are in the West End. The West End, spreading from the political centre at Westminster includes the shopping area of Knightsbridge, Oxford Street, Piccadily Circus and the fashionable Covent Garden: it hosts muscums and galleries, among them are the Tate Gallery, the National Gallery the National Portrait Gallery and the Briish Museum. in the West End there are Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace. The best known streets are: Whitehall with impor- tant Goverment offices, Downing Street, te residence of the Prime Minister and Fleet Street which stands for the press. The name "West End” is associated with wealth, luxury ‘and goods of high quai The port of London is in the East End. It Is an area of docks, unattractive in appearance, but very important in the country’s commerce. VOCABULARY abandon — nonngate Edward the Confessor ~ Sayapa Honopemvnk ~ xopon Anrruen (1042-1066) destroy - yruromare borough ~ oxpyr, pavion QUESTIONS 41. When was London founded? 2. What were the most important events in the history of London? ‘3, What is implied under Greater London? 4, Whatis the City noted for? 5. What is the West End famous for? 8, Whatis there in the East Ena? KPYIHEMWME FOPODA CLA 41, B CUIA overt muaro repoqos, 2, OAWK us caMbix Sone- ya rapenicn wus = HuocHope 3. Ow pancnonon a yore et Tyao0N. 4 Huio-Hope Guin ocHogaH rorvianalou. irrepecn, sro ocrpon Mahxarren ~ yeHTpanoian Sacrs Huio-Mopaa ~'Stin wyniien roninakauemn y MecTHbi WHaEH- uss cero 2a 26 nomnzpa, 6. 8 poceunaauaTou Bore Hoo opx suiposw canal Gancuev ropea Coemiontex Wiraron ‘Anepnch. 7. Comae Heto-Mopk ~ Oombiuch MoporoH NopT. BenyuM TexcTUNeNt 4 ‘pnaHcoBkA YeNTp Crpant 4B. Harxarven © parovo Yoru-crpar ~ cepaya. aMeprKan coro SuaHeca h Wymstypu. 8, Haio-MopK ~ sto fopon HeGo- Spates. 10, Catt eo gi." Sunaip Creat Ban- unt 8 102 aTawa. 11. B HeioHopKe wHoro Apyrux AocTo- Spimowarenanocrek: Uewtpann nape. Taste Groep, kbennep erp, Toprosue parcnu Wahanno Opravaa: (wen OGvenvioriix Hayat, 12. 8 Mawxstreno. ta Bpoaeeo Reropmren Konywewonth yrvneporrer, of a cant Gonsiunx yruseporteroe CIA 18. Doyion xoyneea ropoa CUIA = Bocton = oie vs nepabx ropogos, nocYpoeHin Ha armanmieciou ni "Auepudn, 1, O10 GaxMGNA ODT, qunancoswin u kyneTypreui YeHTp. 15. B iM 3 yrimoparre: $216. Uinraro ~ omer va cava GOnLUNK NROMLIUNEKH Tepogce CIA m4 atopot ra Bennwee nero Hoo-Hopxa, 17. Onnagenvéoya, ¥ Bocroworo Nobeperer. NporaDaaIt canwexoxosancTecriise MauMel NorOMOTMBbL. 18. Soc icon passira neMaA npoviaunernoctn. 18. Onnanens. Gu so Baral ymenyorsl YONG HeOReCTOON ps Hpacnux ananah w yuAbeporTeTOM, 20, oc-AvKeroc & ‘abopuinn~ asi nore orpacednpoxtunewiccr 21 ieAasieKo oF Moca naxogiTen ToMmuaya — Yer romoonsveca CIA ae BONPOCHIM OTBETEI 4. U0 30 rocyaapctao — Coeanennise Wars AMepH- ¥?'— CUA — Geaepatmonan pecrybnaxe, coctoRUian ha 50 uiravos. Kanatin urar uwedt cage npeevrenwcrso. 12. Kro sannerea avon rocynapcrea u npapurenbcrs? = Mpeangent CWA — mana rocynapctea. Ero WI6NPaOT kawauie dorupe rona. ‘3. to rane Konrpacc? = Konrpece ~ sto napnamest CWA. Ox cocrowr m3 aay nanar —nanave npeactanurencit w Cevara, 4. Kanue. cyuecreyior s180 ocHOeHdIo. nonunAvecKne rapimn @ CUA? ~ oo flemorparwueckan napias w Pecny- Shucancean napran Bonrorpan 1. B Hawed crpane unoro roponos-repoes. 2. Bonrorpan ‘gua us rts. 3, avo erennepren Topon, noToMy WTO sets 8 S843 tony Conereran apn oneprana‘sorunpo wena eee Cancer catenins etree xeatvms Cranverpag, aTo Gino AAA HHX O4eHD BaNHO. 5. Houm gonaara seugism Tops aoectn an n wove fFopaa Gun cooopuuerns paspyior, vo ne caarn. 7, Hen rah abun Soropuna Sones nnnions gona n abuepoa sacral Garou. Caviac Bonrorpaa ‘Sa epowa Cranunepe ‘choga ypacnatin ropan, 8. On croat Ha Gepery BeTMKOR pyc ‘cxom pers Bon. 10, Kaki ron Tecan Typlcros npwes- xaioT'8 Bonrorpa. 11. Ola XOTAT NoceTATD SHaMEMHTIIE MO Toprveccre MocTa Haliero Topon, NownTe Hawes Tex Con Bat, roroy ayece 2a cooboay Hewen cTparel. 12 Gaison afia ~ anaes Kypran. 13. On Oui eHTpOM J2KEHIR 80 Opel repOwlecKOn Obapovet Cranwrpaa. 14, efac Tam rpaiicaiian Memopvan. 15. Kpowe Toro, fIPAMG a Gepery Benn taxoairen Myson fanaa . ‘ot bir, 16, OrONG MyaeR MON BiuteT® PaapyulerHyio Menoiniy.RoTopar 80 epex Gian Guna rousrariai yk Tow. 17. B uerrpe Bonrorpana Haxonurca Tinowiane Megan Sopijoe. 18: Hlocepearne wes ~ rpanumenh Obernck W OpaT= ‘Grant MonUna repoee | paxancron Bove mM Berimor Ores Greeno Gores. 19. ¥ NogNomin wenopwana — Benes ‘ror. 20. Cetivac Bonrorpan ~ 970 Soneivol NpoMeLineN- uid fopoa. 21. Tam MHoro saB0n08 M cbaGpMK: BonbuiOn we- TannypnnveceAh 3280], Tpaxroprti 38008, MHOXECTEO - mnsecenx npent 9. OByBHAR caopea W ApyTWe. 22. Bonrorpan ~ropon cryenTos. 23. B eM wecKOnGKO MHCTYTY- Toa M ‘Of yrnoepeuTeT, MHOKECTBO WON, ‘TexHuNyWOS, Konneamen 4 rwniasii. 24. Bonronpaa ~ KpYTNbi KynSTyP- Noli WerTp. 25, Secs Hecranox® Teatpos: Hoskin action: Menransinil Teatp, Tearp mysuiaron KONeAIA. myFoho- ein Teatp, THOS. 26. B Bonrorpanie mHoro KANGTESTpOB. BONPOCHI M OTBETEI 1. Yro Bu Mamet cxasars 0 TpaKcnopmHoA cucreme Bonrorpaga? — Ocioatiow enigoM Tpanchopta sfece ae AReTER sfecrpusKa, KpoMe Toro, sflece. ecty CKOpOCTHOM Tpanali u MHoKacTBO asTo6ycoa, TponneAbycoe, Tpam- ‘Bae8 H, KoHeUHO, Taxon. KCTATH, yrinwHoe ABMKEHAC B Bon Torpane ovens cimanos, Kavoad wacenenve Bonrerpana? - Bonee ontoro munnyona enoaek ‘3, Crontno net Bonrorpany? ~ Emy Gones 400 ner. ‘There aro a fot of places of interest in London. ‘Among them are: Westminster Abbey, Houses of Parlia- ment, Buckingham Palace, St, Paul's Cathadral, London Bridge, the Tower of London. WESTMINSTER. now the political centre of London, ‘was until the 11-th century a sacred place. King Edward the Confessor decided to build a great abbey church here. It was consecrated in 1065, but a week later the ‘King died and was buried in the abbey. His tomb became ‘a popular place of pilgrimage. it stil can be found at the heart of the present Wesiminster Abbey. Wiliam the ‘Conqueror was crowned in the Abbey and since then all Coronations have taken place here. ‘The Abbey contains many royal tombs, memorials to eminent men and women. But the most popular ones are those to writers, actors and musicians in Poet's Corner. ‘Alongside the Abbey Edward the Confessor had a pal- ace built, The Palace of Westminster was the royal r dence and also the country's main court of law. Parti ‘ment has met here since the 16-th century until the 19-th century. ‘The present HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT were built ‘after the old palace was burt down in 1834. The building contains the House of Commons and the House of Lords, the: two chambers where parliamentary business is de- ‘bated. On the corner next to Westminster Bridge stands St. Stephans Tower, which houses the famous bell, Big Ben, which chimes the hours. BUCKINGHAM PALACE is the Queen's official London residence. Buit in 1702-5 for the Duke of Buckingham, it ‘sold in 1761 to George Il. The Palace was Iitle used by royalty until Victoria's accession to the throne 1837. London's most popular spectacle i¢ Clanging the 20 Moscow Moscow is the capital of Russia, It was first mentioned 40 the year 1147. At that time it was ‘small frontier post. The history of Moscow is connected with the history of Russia. In 1237 Moscow fell under the yoke of the Tatars, And itwas Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy who led the Russian troops to a decisive victory over the invaders in the battle of Kulixowo field in 1380, ‘By the 15-th century Moscow tuned into a wealthy city. it was under Ivan Ill that Moscow became the capital of the state of M ‘At that time the Kremlin was rebuilt and the largest Kremlin Cathedrals were erected. ‘During the Troubled Times Moscow was occupied by the Polish Invaders, but they were routed by the popular levy headed by Minin and Pozharshy. In 1612 the Napoleonic army entered Moscow. The city was sot ablaze. The army had to retreat, That was a poor Substitute for the miitary tiumph in Russia, so much de- sired by Napoleon. i Nowadays, Moscow i the largest cy of Russi. It is & political, administrative, economic, educational and cultural entre of the country. - ‘There are mary places of interes: in Moscow. The city is famous for ite historical monuments, museums, art galir and theatres. The Historical Museum, the Pushkin Muse ‘of Fine Aris, the Tretyakov State Picture Gallery are world famous. Moscow is proud of the Bolshoi, Maly and Art theatres. Moscow is an industnal centre with highly devel- oped engineering, electric, ight and chemical industries, Moscow is a scientific centre too. The Russian Academy of Sciences, the olfest university, many schoois of higher leam- ing, colloges and scientific inslitions are tocated here. ‘dascow is the countrys largest sports centre. It often becomes a scene of intemational sporis festivals ‘QUESTIONS 4. When was Moscow first mentioned in the records? 2, Who headed the liberation movement in the 14h contury? '3. When did Moscow become the capital of Russia? ‘4. What happened to Moscow in 18127 ‘5. What is Moscow now? 48 LONDON'S PLACES OF INTEREST x \ ! \ \ | | | | I | \ | | I | r I | | l | Y,__4 What does yeurnate town honour?” founded in 1791, It was named after the first American WASHINGTON, D.C. Washington, D.C., the city on the East Coast, was President George Washington (1782-99). In 1800 Washing- ton, D.C, became the capital of the USA. Today the popula- tion of Washington, D.C. is over 3,4 milion, Washington, D.C. is the seat of the US Government. All organs of power are situated in the capital city. ‘Washington's government buildings include the White House and the Capitol. The White House, the official home of the US President, was constructed in 1792-1828. The Capitol is the building where the US Congress meets. In Washington, D.C. there Is no industry. Washington, D.C. is a politcal, administrative, cuttural and educational ‘centre of the country. There are several universities in the capital. The Congress library is located hore, There aro museums and | galleries in Washington, D.C. The National Gallery of Art, a large museum of painting, sculpture and other art is situ- ated in the capital. It is supported by the US government. The National Museum of the USA is also situated in Wash- ington, D.C. | Washington, D.C. is the centre of paltical le, QUESTIONS ! 1. When was the US capital founded? { 2. Who was it named after? 3. What government buildings are located in Washington, Dc? 4, Whal museums and galleries are there in Washington, Dc? EE Eee ae tre 241 MY NATIVE TOWN My native town is Voronezh. | am proud to be its ct zon, The history of Voronezh is bound up with the history of Russia. The first mention of Voronezh can be found in the ussian chfeniles dated back fo the 12h cant, A fat time a muily-towered fortrage was erected on the right ban} of the Voronezh River fo shield off the Russian land from the nomadie tribes. ‘By the middle of the 16-th century Voronezh develeped inio.a busting densely populated cy. Al the tm a he, th century Peter the Great bull his frst fotifia here. In 1812 in the Battle of Borodino the Voronezh popular levy stood the ground. The Voronezh people participated in the revolts against the serfdom: they took part in te Narednic organi- Zalions, in three revolutions and in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Today Voronezh is one of the largest indus- trial cties of Russia. The trade mark of Voronezh can be Seen on farm machinery, TV-sels, radio receivers, tyres and ‘aluminium construction parts. 86 and 1-86 aircraft came off the line here. Voronezh is @ cily of science. It has dozens of research ‘centres, s university, nine colleges. The city has rich cultural Faure: hte fret drama teat ited te eutain in 1802. Se pales Ueanutes ol Voronezh land ave Kateovs verses, Nikitin’ 's paintings, ‘ary tales col. lected by AATanasyev ok son systenaby ‘Pyatntsy. in. Voronezh one can ek the, Opera and the Ballot Theatre, the Puppet Theatre, the Phiarmonic Society, the Russian Folk Chotr, the Krameko/s Fine Aris Museum, the Nikitin Literary Museum and the Museum cf Local Lore. ‘The oly of Voronezh honoure its past and ie fll of eroa- tive effort and valty. VOCABULARY nomadic tibes —xoveesie nnemena Biheld of Sacro rusting — uy Gensely popviated ~ rycrowacenehneh Serldam rpensctwee npaeo atreraft~ cawoner QUESTIONS: 4, Where do you cor from? 2. When was your native town founded? 3, What are the historical landmarks of your native town?NEW YORK New York, one of the largest cies in the word, was founded three hundred years ago in the mouth of the Hud- ‘ton River. ‘The centre of New York is Manhattan istand. in 1626 it ‘was bought from the Indians for a handful of trinkets that ‘cost twenty-four dollars. Today Manhattan is the centre of ‘business and commercial life of the country. Many sky- Serapers house banks and offices of American business- men, Broadway begins here, the Stock Exchange it located here. Very few people tive in Manhattan, although the ma- Jory work here. Numerous bridges tink Manhattan Island ‘with the opposite shores. New York is Inhabited by people of almost all nationall- lies, it is evan called “Modem Babylon". At the tum of the 20-th century alot of peopie came to the USA from different countries of the world. They entered the USA through New ‘York ‘of America, RCS Te ices meas anh the world. The most important branches of industy are those, producing paper products, vehicles, glass, chemi- ‘cale, machinery. The ely trafic is very busy. The sea encir- ‘les many of the city areas and ships go over or under New York trafic. ‘VOCABULARY ‘sky-scrapers — neBocepe6u! branches of industry — oTpacni npombiuineHHOCTH traffic - ropoackoa Tpacnopt (QUESTIONS 1. When was New York founded? ‘2. What is Manhattan today? 3. Why lt New York called "Modem Babylon”? ‘5. What are the most important branches of industry in New York? MINSK captial of the Republic of Belarus, its polti- caheconory sao an cra cate i ne 3a ‘oldest and mest beautfu cies in our republic. Minsk Is situated on the river Svisloch and occupies an ‘area of 200 square Kilometres. Its population is about 1,8 milion. f During the Great Patriotic War Minsk was destroyed by German Invaders almost completely. In post-war years the ety was rebuilt anew. Moder Minsk is @ aly of numerous. lants and factories, modem buildings, tree-lined streets, jeauliful parks and gardens. It is also a big tratfic centre with a large network of railways, roads, airines and two Metro tines. i ‘8 highty developed industry. There are hun- droct of inguatel ehierpises in te Cy waich prodes tractors and automobiles, motorcycles and bicycies, TV- sets and radio-sets, watches. and refrigerators, electronic, computers, textle, footwear, food and ether goods. Our Belarus Wractors end MAZ tucks enjoy a igh reputation ‘both in our country ’ Minsk is also known as a city of science and students. ‘There is the Academy of Sciences and 16 state higher edu- cational establishments there, the biggest of which are the University and the Polytechnical Academy. : The cultural life of the people in the Belarusian capital is varied and interesting. In Minsk there are 6 theatres, a ‘number of concert halls, a circus, dozens of cinemas, many palaces of culture, ibraries and clubs. The most famous {heatres are the Opera and Balist Theatre, the Yanka Ku- pola State Academic Theatre, the Gory Russien Drama ‘Among the most interesting museums one can mention the Museum of te histry of to Greet Puircte War, he ‘Ait Museum end Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas muso- ums. Minsk is a Hero-City. It was honoured with the tile in 1974 for outstanding courage and heroism during the Great atriotic War. Pathe eliza of Minsk are proud of her iy. Kis beautiful at any time of the year. A jot of tourists from our country and Abroad come 19 Minsk to 800 igh, ‘Guard. It takes place In the forecourt and fasts about 30 minutes. ST.PAUL'S CATHEDRAL is Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece. It stands at the top of Ludgate Hill on a site where a Christian church has stood since the 7-th cen- tury. The construction of the Cathedral started in 1675 and was not finished until 1709. The magnificent classi cal structure Is crowned by the dome. Inside the dome ‘are scenes from the life of St, Paul. Here too is the fa- mous Wispering Gallery. There are many memorials in the Cathedral including those to heroes such as Welling- ton and Netson. ‘THE TOWER OF LONDON has been closely associ ated with many important events in English history. it has served a6 citadel, palace, prison, mint and menagerie, The White Tower was bult in 1078 by Wiliam the Con- queror {0 protect the city. The Tower is famous for its lMustrious prisoners, such as Sit Thomas More and Guy Fawks. Many notable people lost their heads on the exe ccutioner’s block. The Tower Is guarded by the Yeoman Wardere populsity known as “Beofeaters” VOCABULARY sacred — coment tomb — woruna pligrimage ~ nanoumuectac to crown — KoponopaTe Changing the Guard ~ cana xapayna Willlam the Congeror - Bunerensm SascesaTens mint ~ MoneTHiil asop menagerie ~ asepriey, ‘Yeoman Warder crpax Tayspa THE KREMLIN Di Kin teagan te be thi Aree totem crt ‘oretat I waa a woodon for Under Dmitry Donskoy the Kremiin was built of white stone. During the reign of Ivan Il the walls of white stone were replaced by new redbrick ST a's ie ee Tee SEO esa cmc in 1475-79, The Russian Tzars and Emperors were crowned here. The Archangel Cathedral was the burial sire de te Sear Senne Sista ae a ted eta oot easy at oc l Pfam the Great Gal Tower, one oe ret remarkable structures of the 16-th century, rises in the centre of the Kremiin, it unites ali the Kremlin Cathedrals into a majestic sone or pil ot Bal Ton ae Re et te Na intern ncemeen" Ai ie ene SFR wc ee Facoted Palace. Itwas built in 1487-01, Saree ne Ay ogee aire fcr eee Stiri Sena intone Eh made of gill siver and many other precious historical items are exhibited there. VOCABULARY ‘Assumption Cathedral Yonencil Co6op Annunciation Cathedral — Snarosewenoost Coop Faceted Palace -Tpavosuran Nanata ‘Ammoury Chamber = Opyxeitvan Flanara Bell Tower —onowonunn QUESTIONS 1. Where were the Russian Tzars and Emperors crowned? 2. Which Cathedral is connected with Andrey Rublev? 3. What is exhibited in the Armoury Chamber? ” irre [Retain Kipling, Palace, Buc ‘Queen, burg in 4 ro wy Moscow gresses, | tocreate There thedrals, years the. There ‘The heart of London. Westminster Abt than any other building in Britain, and queens have been crowned here. Many outstanding ‘statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and J here: Newton, “Darwin, Chi van the Terrbla Moscow became the capital ofthe new untied Though Peter the Great moved the captal to St Pole, | by camoletelyrestarad, Aer the October revolution Moscow be-_{ ‘Now Moscow fe one of the largest cites in Europe. tts | total area is about nine hund The population ofthe cy Is over 8 millon, Moscow is one of the most beautiful cites in the word. The heart of Moscow is Red Square, It has more histone associations than any other place in Moscow. The Kremin | tty. On the tecttory af the Kremlin you can see old cathe. drais, the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great, the Palace of Con- [ = Srp wat sens feet te | in the mid-16th century in memory of the vict Kazan. There is a legend that ivan the Terrible biir architects Barma and Postnik, because he didn't ‘want them gst museums are the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the Stele Tretyakov Gal j_nelude the ARs le iy, ts nance and bu ANamerous barks fee 8 are ‘aucer, Dick etc. | washington wats mae ‘Across the road trom Westminster Abbey is Westminst Ow cree memorial, The most or he Rouse et Faraone Stat ote Boden | IMTEEGWG end th Bastknown ones sete Linn Th lament, The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament's Toit big how bal known aa Ss Bee | lace ie horn Be a0 Be Where you can see all kinds of things: famous pain sea naa estonee of the | ities the Sesaes et Posner paige and | cing West End is the fichost and most beat part of Lon- | the Declaration of Independance” tet ses ee diamond So Re the sprbel of weal and kau The bat fais, I 098, feslauarts Cube, and toate : There ‘ara splendid houses dens belongs 6 ng wealthy peope, Tata ® pica London. was named in morcry' ef saeea Rca oe ot {In Weshington, | President. He works in the Oval Otte, In the world, etc. | would hide the tiie tary ‘morean geo ‘view. NO WASHINGTON * i) Washington Is the capital of the United ‘America. tis stunted ihe istic of Couey | no other city of the USA. It's the world's. largest one industry cto al ey goverment, The White House, " 8 and works, the Capitol, heme ofthe US Congress, snd ihe Supronte coor sie ington was named after the fist US President | George Washington. He selected the place for the ‘captal and Pierre Enfant, a French engineer, designed tne cy, Washington was first settled in 1750 and since 1800 it ] has been the Federal captal, Washington is one of the most beautiful and unus ! huge dome of the Capitol ~ a tig wivte dome Circe of pilars. The 535 members of the Congress’ te fers to discuss the nation’s affairs. Ite easy ta get tet in | this huge building, full of paintings and statues, Not far from the Capitol isthe Library of Gongress, the Erges tora nthe Sits. contains more than 19 lon more ion manuscrits, including the sonal papers of the US presidents, ane The White House is the official residence of the us | Ons can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in {and the Washington Monument, There are some important museums in Washington There are 5 universities in Washington, 1 fre no skyscrapers in Washingion, because ‘be more than 40 metres tal. inds of tourists visit Washin every day. Pe | ard ttelpeier Unser neta ae it | a+ _ ~~ ~—-- ~>t 24 Moscow * [25 ‘ST PETERSBURG * | Moscow is the capital of Russia, ite political, economic, (St Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia and | commercial and cultural carte tt was founded 8 contre’ | one of fe see a te Secon ascend ee ar ag0 by Prine Yur Dolor Fito Rave the - | in 4703 by Peter the Great as the “Window on the Waet, | | yaar of 1147 a8 the start of Moscow's histoy. Gracualy the | Theos of workmen were brought from aif parts of Rus- Mdccoar tise Te an, TOk® Power, In the 13th century | sia to buld a new ally on the svar land.at te mouth at | | Moscow was the centre of the struggle of Russian tands fcr the Neva River. Peter the Great was in a hurry. The Work Fre tperation from the tartar yoke, in the 16th century under | was fast and hard, and workmen Creppet ‘by the Run- 71 i pans pt Pee Sam henge ak, Meee | ‘mid-1Gth century Mosesw has boon red square Klometres (ancient ‘occupied the tertory of the prosentday Kremlin). | Temas Cathedral (Vasily Blazheny) are masterpieces | the next year and’a hal twas cat of fom the rest of te thetgaiant Russian architecture. The main Kremlin tower, | country. No food could be brought in, aed people wad { the Spasskaya Tower, has become the symbol of the coun | tlarvation. Dally sheting a the Tzar-Cannon and the Tzar-Bell. the bige over fod the | anether masterpiees. are a lot of beautiful pataces, old mansions, ca- | fal, churches and monuments in ifoscow. Now Mos- | thousands of ourits fom every corner ot ow is Being reconstructed and we all hope thal wr @fow city wil become evan more beaut | ‘are more than 80 museums In Moscow. The larg- Other unique museums in Moscow luseum of Folk Arts, the Andrei Ru- dreds. But the work want on, SES AUG, hurts, goverment bung ‘the capital. Under Inter rulers the new capital of the Russian Empire grew brought from westem Europe to lay out the city in harmoni- ous squares, Bukings were conttucied of ey end rose. colored granite. The Hermitage Palace and the ace, the sounding name, St Petersburg, 1 Aiay me October Revolution the cy was renamed death German ars lid iy: Thousa educational centre. fo thore is something to caich your eye. Th most famous art cal oniains the richest collection of pictures in the world. The ity is called the Northern Venice because there ara 66 riv- | fers, arms. and canals bridges. tt's also tamo tn 1917 St Petersburg, a city of great beauty, with pal- i, @ city of great beauty, with pal i. wealth and beauty. Architects were inter Pal- 5 of the tsars, were 6 ‘When the First World War begar changed to Potrogs the Great Patio War tect autres great! to in 1941, and for | ar rads destroyed pars ofthe ilding took ars. Now St Petersburg isan important industial, cultural and e population of the city is over § mil- A. St Petersburg is indeod a wonderful city: at every tun ‘Winter Paiace, | of people were killed. the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, St Isaac's Cathedral, he Pelerand ad Fortes, the Adria building atad | Wor museums house some of the world's [ Petersburg’s ations. The Hermitage, for example, | there with artistically decorated for its beautiful white nights. ( pai a