Networks and

Communications
Outline

• From The Analog to The Digital Age

• Network
• Wired Communication Media
• Wireless Communication Media
 From The Analog to The Digital Age
Analog
▪ Process of taking an audio or video
signal and translating it into
electronic pulses.
▪ Electrical signals in continuous
electronic waves.
▪ Continuously varying in strength
and/or quality—fluctuating,
evolving, or continually changing .
Digital
▪ Breaking the signal into a binary format
whereby the audio or video data is
represented by a series of 1s and 0s.
▪ Electrical signals in two states, on (1)
and off (0).
▪ Based on discontinuous data or events.
▪ Communications signals or information
represented in a binary using electronic
or electromagnetic signals.
▪ Each 0 and 1 signal represents a bit.
From The Analog to The Digital Age
 From The Analog to The Digital Age

MODEM

Modem is short for “

modulate/ demodulate.”
A sending modem
modulates digital signals
into analog signals for
transmission over phone
lines. A receiving modem
demodulates the analog
signals back into digital
signals.
From The Analog to The Digital Age

Recording music → sound card converts the analog waves into a stream of
numbers that the computer then uses to express the sounds.
Network
A network, or communications network, is a system of interconnected
computers, telephones, or other communications devices that can
communicate with one another and share applications and data.

Benefit
√ Sharing of Peripheral Devices
√ Sharing of Program & Data
√ Better Communication
√ Security of Information
√ Access to Database
Network
How do the sizes
of networks
differ?
 Network
How do the sizes of networks differ?
❖ WAN (Wide Area Network)
• Covers a wide geographic area, such as a
country or the world.
• May use a combination of satellites, fiber-
optic cable, microwave, and copper-wire
connections.
• Examples: internet, telephone.
❖ MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• Covering a city or a suburb.
• Example: cellphone.
❖ LAN (Local Area Network)
• Connects computers and devices in a
limited geographic area, such as one
office, one building, or a group of
buildings close together.
• A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a LAN that
uses radio frequencies rather than
physical wires to connect computers and
other devices.
• Example: home area network, personal
area network
 Network
Examples of LAN ❖ Home Area Network
• Links a household’s digital devices—computers,
printers, DVD players, television sets, and home
security systems.
• Some variants:
• Home automation network: relies on very
inexpensive, very short-range, low-power
wireless technology to link switches and sensors
around the house.
• Garden area network: can be used to link
watering systems, outdoor lights, and alarm
systems.
Network
Examples of LAN

❖ Personal Area Network (PAN)

• Uses short-range wireless
technology (such as Bluetooth) to
connect an individual’s personal
electronics, such as smartphone,
laptop, tablet, and printer.
Network Architectures

How Networks Are Structured?

• Client-Server
• Peer to Peer

What’s the difference between client-server and peer-to-peer

networks?
 Client-Server
• Consists of clients, which are microcomputers that request data, and servers, which are
central computers used to supply data.
• Central servers handle all security and file transactions, also manage shared devices.
• Different servers may be used to manage different tasks:
– File server: acts like a disk drive, storing the programs and data files shared by users
on a LAN.
– Database server: stores data but doesn’t store programs (except for the database
program).
– Print server: controls one or more printers and stores the print-image output from
all the microcomputers on the system.
– Web server: contains web pages that can be viewed using a browser.
– Mail server: manages email.
Client-Server
Peer to Peer (P2P)

• All microcomputers on the network communicate directly with one

another without relying on a server.
– The word peer denotes one who is equal in standing with another.
• There’s no main server, each client functions both as a client and as a
server simultaneously.
• Each computer can share files and peripherals with all other computers on
the network, given that all are granted access privileges, and each
machine handles its own security.
• Easy to set up, less expensive than client-server networks, and work
effectively for up to 25 computers.
• Slow down under heavy use.
Peer to Peer (P2P)
Which is better?

➢ Client-server networks are more secure than peer-to-peer

networks:
- Users can’t log on unless they supply valid usernames and
passwords listed on the server
- Users may access only those resources the server allows them.
Which is better?

➢ Peer-to-peer networks:
- Less stable - certain shared resources reside on each user’s
machine. If users crash their computers, they can seriously
affect their peer-to-peer network.
- Security can become a problem:
• Users are free to create their own passwords for various resources
available on their computers.
• The computer that contains the shared resources doesn’t check on
who’s trying to access those resources. Any user can access them
as long as he or she knows the password.
Intranets, Extranets, & VPNs

What are the differences among intranets, extranets, and VPNs?

INTRANETS: FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY.

• An organization’s internal private network that uses the infrastructure and
standards—technology, protocols, and hypertext links—of the public of the internet
and the web.
• In-house website on the company’s LAN that serves employees only. Intranet is not
exposed to, and is not accessed by, the general public.
• Provides a standard in-company way to publish, for example, company policy, email
addresses, news, schedules, medical and insurance forms, employee benefit
information, jobs available within the company, and training manuals.
Intranets, Extranets, & VPNs

What are the differences among intranets, extranets, and VPNs?

EXTRANETS: FOR CERTAIN OUTSIDERS.

• Extranets are private intranets that connect not only internal personnel but also
selected suppliers and other strategic parties via the public communications
systems.
• Most extranets use the Internet as the entry point for outsiders, security restrictions
(firewall) to limit access, and a secure protocol for authenticating users.
• Extranets have become popular for standard transactions such as purchasing,
supporting a mobile sales force, communicating product plans, obtaining customer
feedback, and servicing law-firm clients.
Intranets, Extranets, & VPNs

What are the differences among intranets, extranets, and VPNs?

VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS (VPN):

• A private network that uses a public network (usually the Internet) to connect
remote sites.
• A VPN works by using the shared public infrastructure of the Internet while
maintaining privacy through special security procedures.
– data is encrypted at the sending end and decrypted at the receiving end.
– data is sent through a channel (or “tunnel”) that can be entered only by data
that has been subjected to proper encryption.
Intranets, Extranets, & VPNs

VPN
Network’s Components

• Hosts & Nodes

• Packets
• Protocols
• Network Linking Devices
• Network Interface Cards
• Network Operating System
Network’s Components
HOSTS & NODES
• The client-server type of network has a host computer and several
nodes.
– A host computer is a central computer that controls the network.
– A node is any device that is attached (wired or wireless) to a network—
for example, a microcomputer, storage device, scanner, or printer.
Network’s Components
PACKETS
• Electronic messages are sent as packets. A packet is a fixed-length block of
data for transmission.
• A sending computer breaks an electronic message apart into packets, each
of which typically contains 1,000–1,500 bytes.
• The various packets are sent through a communications packet-switching
network, such as the Internet.
• Once the packets arrive at their destination, the receiving computer
reassembles them into proper sequence to complete the message.
• The entire process is called packet switching.
 Network’s Components
PROTOCOLS
• A set of conventions governing the exchange of data between hardware and/or software
components in a communications network. Sending and receiving devices must follow
the same set of protocols. Protocols are built into the hardware or software you are
using.
• Protocol will specify how receiver devices will acknowledge sending devices —
handshaking.
– Establishes the fact that the circuit is available and operational.
– Establishes the level of device compatibility and the speed of transmission.
• Protocols specify the type of electronic connections used, the timing of message
exchanges, and error-detection techniques.
 Network’s Components
PROTOCOLS
• Each packet, or electronic message, carries four types of information that will help it get
to its destination:
– The sender’s address (the IP),
– The intended receiver’s address,
– How many packets the complete message has been broken into,
– The number of this particular packet.
• The packets carry the data in the protocols that the Internet uses—that is, TCP/IP
 Network’s Components
NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
HUB
• Fungsi : menghubungkan dua atau lebih komputer menggunakan kabel ethernet agar
bisa saling berkomunikasi antara komputer satu dengan komputer lainnya.
• Cara kerja : dalam proses pengiriman data antar beberapa komputer, hub akan
mengirimkan data ke semua komputer termasuk komputer pengirim data.
• Kelemahan :
– Tidak bisa mengidentifikasi komputer mana yang mengirimkan data dan kemana
datanya harus dikirim.
– Tidak dapat melakukan dua proses mengirim dan menerima data dalam waktu
bersamaan sekaligus.
 Network’s Components
NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
SWITCH
• A switch is a device that connects computers to a network and facilitates
communication by sending messages between sender and receiver nodes.
• Fungsi : fungsi switch sama dengan hub, karna switch merupakan teknologi lanjutan
dari hub.
• Kelebihan :
– Dapat mengidentifikasi komputer mana yang mengirimkan data dan kemana
datanya harus dikirim.
– Performanya lebih bagus dari hub.
 Network’s Components
NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
ROUTER
• Routers are specialized devices for transmitting data, physical devices that join multiple
wired and/or wireless networks.
• Routers have specific software and hardware designed for the routing and forwarding of
information.
• Beda nya Router dengan Switch dan Hub adalah:
– Router dapat menghubungkan jaringan komputer yang berbeda.
– Switch dan Hub tidak dapat menghubungkan jaringan komputer yang berbeda, jadi
hanya pada jaringan (network) yang sama.
• Contoh: menghubungkan komputer dalam jaringan LAN rumah atau kantor ke jaringan
internet menggunakan modem yang dihubungkan ke router atau router yang sudah
memiliki built-in modem.
 Network’s Components
NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
BRIDGE
• A bridge is an interface (device) used to connect two similar networks.
– Menghubungkan dua buah jaringan LAN.
– Membagi sebuah LAN menjadi dua buah segmen → untuk mengurangi trafik
sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat meningkatkan performa jaringan.
• Bridge dapat mengetahui apakah informasi (informasi ini disebut frame karena bridge
bekerja di layer ke-2 model OSI layer) ditujukan untuk host yang satu segmen atau
berbeda segmen.
– Jika frame ditujukan kepada host yang satu segmen maka bridge akan
meneruskannya ke host tersebut dan akan menutup jalur ke segmen lain.
– Jika frame ditujukan untuk host pada segmen yang berbeda maka bridge akan
meneruskannnya ke segmen tujuan.
 Network’s Components
NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
GATEWAY
• A gateway is an interface permitting communication between dissimilar networks.
– For instance, between a LAN and a WAN or between two LANs based on different
network operating systems or different layouts.
• Gateways can be hardware, software, or a combination of the two.
 Network’s Components
NETWORK LINKING DEVICES
BACKBONE
• The backbone consists of the main highway—including gateways, routers, and
other communications equipment—that connects all computer networks in an
organization.
• Backbone adalah saluran atau koneksi berkecepatan tinggi yang menjadi lintasan
utama dalam sebuah jaringan.
• Network backbone adalah network yang menghubungkan beberapa jaringan
Berkecepatan rendah melalui gateway.
Network’s Components

NETWORK INTERFACE CARDS (NIC)

• A NIC, or network card, enables the computer to send and receive

messages over a cable network.
• Built into the motherboard or can be inserted into an expansion
slot.
• Alternatively, a network card in a stand-alone box may serve a
number of devices.
• Each NIC has a unique identifier that allows the network to
identify each computer as a unique location.
Network’s Components

NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS)

• The NOS is the system software that manages the activity

of a network.
• Supports access by multiple users and provides for
recognition of users based on passwords and terminal
identifications.
• Depending on whether the LAN is client-server or peer to
peer, the OS may be stored on the main server, on each
micro-computer on the network, or on a combination of
both.
 NETWORK
OPERATING
SYSTEM (NOS)
 Network Topologies

• Networks can be laid out in

different ways.
• The layout, or shape, of a network
is called a topology.
• Topology is a schematic
description that includes the
network’s nodes and connecting
lines.
• The basic topologies are star, ring,
bus, tree, and mesh.
 Network Topologies

• All microcomputers and other communications devices

STAR NETWORK
are directly connected to a central network switch.
• Electronic messages are routed through the central
switch to their destinations.
• The central switch monitors the flow of traffic.
• Pros:
– The switch prevents collisions between messages.
– If a connection is broken between any
communications device and the switch, the rest of
the devices on the network will continue operating.
• Cons:
– If the switch goes down, the entire network stops.
 Network Topologies
• All microcomputers and other communications
devices are connected in a continuous loop.
RING NETWORK
• Electronic messages are passed around the ring until
they reach the right destination.
• There is no central server.
• Pros:
– Messages flow in only one direction → there is
no danger of collisions.
• Cons:
– If one workstation malfunctions, the entire
network can stop working.
 Network Topologies
BUS NETWORK

• All nodes are connected to a single wire or cable, called the bus.
• The bus has two endpoints, or terminators, which stop the network signal.
• Each communications device on the network transmits electronic messages to other
devices.
• All communications devices are connected to a common, linear channel.
• With the increased use of client-server networks and the decreased cost of Ethernet
networks (discussed shortly), bus networks are being used less and less.
 Network Topologies
BUS NETWORK
• Pros:
– If some of the messages being sent
collide with one another, the
sending device waits and tries to
transmit again.
– it is relatively inexpensive, easy to
use in peer-to-peer networks, and
good for smaller networks not
requiring high speeds.
• Cons:
– Extra circuitry and software are
needed to develop access methods
in order to avoid collisions between
messages.
– The networkis limited to 20 devices
on a network segment that cannot
exceed 185 meters (606 feet) in
length.
– If a connection in the bus is broken,
the entire network may stop
working.
 Network Topologies

BUS
NETWORK
 Network Topologies
THREE NETWORK

• A tree network is a bus network of star networks.

• Combination of two or more connected star networks.
• Each star network is a LAN with a central computer with which
microcomputers and other devices are directly connected.
• In turn the central computers of the star networks are
connected to a main cable called the bus.
• Often used by corporations to share organization-wide data.
 Network Topologies

THREE
NETWORK
 Network Topologies
MESH NETWORK

• Based on the principle that each node has more than one
connection to the other nodes so that a message can take any
possible shortest, easiest route to reach its destination.
• If a path between two nodes is disrupted, data can be
automatically re-routed along another path.
• Because of the alternative connections, the overall design
resembles a mesh.
• The Internet employs the mesh network topology.
Network Topologies

MESH
NETWORK
Message Collision Prevention
ETHERNET
❖ A network standard for linking all devices in a LAN
that describes how data can be sent between
computers and other networked devices usually in
close proximity.
❑ Ethernet (10Base-T), handles about 10 Mbps.
❑ Fast Ethernet (100Base-T), transfers data at 100 Mbps.
❑ Gigabit Ethernet (1000Base-T), transmits data at the rate of
1 Gbps.
❖ Inexpensive and easy to install and maintain.
Message Collision Prevention
TOKEN RING
❖ A LAN technology that transmits a special control
message or message frame, called a “token,”
around a network to each node, signaling the node
that it can then send a message.
❖ Developed by IBM.
WIRED COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
• There are three basic types of wired communications
media:
– Twisted-pair wire (conventional telephone lines)
– Coaxial cable
– Fiber-optic cable

• The various kinds of wired Internet connections—dial-

up modem, DSL, cable modem, T1 lines, as well as
Internet backbones—are created by using these wired
communications media.
WIRED COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
TWISTED-PAIR WIRE
• Consists of two strands of insulated copper wire, twisted around each other.
• Pros:
– This twisted-pair configuration (compared to straight wire) somewhat reduces
interference (called “crosstalk” or “noise”) from electrical fields.
• Cons:
– Relatively slow, carrying data at the rate of 1–128 Mbps (normally 56 Kbps).
– It does not protect well against electrical interference.
– The prevalence of twisted-pair wire gives rise to the “last-mile problem”. It is relatively
easy for telecommunications companies to upgrade the physical connections between
cities and even between neighborhoods. But it is expensive for them to replace the “last
mile” of twisted-pair wire that connects to individual houses.
WIRED COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA

TWISTED-PAIR WIRE Category Max Data Rate Usage

Voice, Mainframe,
Cat 1 1 Dumb Terminal

Cat 2 4 4 MB Token Ring

Cat 3 10 10 MB Ethernet

16 MB Token Ring
Cat 4 20

Cat 5 100 100 MB Ethernet

 WIRED COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
COAXIAL CABLE
• Coaxial cable, commonly called “co-ax,” is a
high-frequency transmission cable that consists
of insulated copper wire wrapped in a solid or
braided metal shield and then in an external
plastic cover.
• Widely used for cable television and cable
Internet connections.
• With extra insulation, coaxial cable is much
better than twisted-pair wiring at resisting
noise.
• It can carry voice and data at a faster rate (up to
200 Mbps; residential cable, 4–10 Mbps).
WIRED COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA

FIBER OPTIC
• A fiber-optic cable consists of dozens or hundreds of
thin strands of glass or plastic that transmit pulsating
beams of light rather than electricity.
• The strands can transmit up to about 2 billion pulses
per second (2 gigabits); each “on” pulse represents 1
bit.
• When bundled together, fiber-optic strands in a
cable 0.12 inch thick can support a quarter- to a half-
million voice conversations at the same time.
WIRED COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
FIBER OPTIC
• Pros:
– Unlike electrical signals, light pulses are not affected
by random electromagnet interference in the
environment.
– Has a much lower error rate than normal telephone
wire and cable.
– Lighter and more flexible, requires less power to
transmit signals than twisted-pair wire and co-ax
cable.
– It cannot easily be wiretapped, so transmissions are
more secure.
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
THE ELECTRONIC SPECTRUM
• Telephone signals, radar waves, microwaves, and the invisible commands
from a garage-door opener all represent different waves on what is called
the electromagnetic spectrum of radiation.

• The electromagnetic spectrum of radiation is the basis for all

telecommunications signals, carried by both wired and wireless media.

• Part of the electromagnetic spectrum is the radio-frequency (RF)

spectrum, fields of electric energy and magnetic energy that carry most
communications signals.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
BANDWIDTH
• The bandwidth is the range, or band, of frequencies that a transmission medium
can carry in a given period of time.
• The wider a medium’s bandwidth, the more frequencies it can use to transmit
data and thus the faster the transmission.
• There are two general classes of bandwidth:
– Narrowband (voiceband): used for regular telephone communications.
– Broadband: A wide band of frequencies.
• Can be sent on many different frequencies concurrently, so that more data can be
transmitted within a given amount of time.
• Used to transmit high-speed data and high-quality audio and video.
• Transmission speeds are 1.5 Mbps for regular broadband to 1 Gbps or more for super-
broadband and ultra-broadband.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA

WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL (WAP)

• A standard designed to link nearly all mobile devices to

telecommunications carrier’s wireless network and content
providers.
• WAP is supported by all operating systems, just as TCP/IP is.
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

1 - INFRARED TRANSMISSION
• Sends data signals using infrared-light waves at a frequency
too low (1–16 Mbps) for human eyes to receive and interpret.
• The drawbacks are that line-of-sight communication is
required—there must be an unobstructed view between
transmitter and receiver—and transmission is confined to
short range.
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

2 - BROADCAST RADIO
• A wireless transmission medium that sends data over long
distances at up to 2 Mbps— between regions, states, or
countries.
• A transmitter is required to send messages and a receiver to
receive them; sometimes both sending and receiving functions
are combined in a transceiver.
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

3 - CELLULAR RADIO
• Actually a form of broadcast radio, cellular radio using high
frequency radio waves to transmit voice and digital messages.
• Widely used for cellphones and wireless modems.
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

4 - MICROWAVE RADIO (1/2)

• Transmits voice and data at 45 Mbps through the atmosphere
as superhigh-frequency radio waves which vibrate at 2.4
gigahertz (2.4 billion hertz) per second or higher.
• Used to transmit messages between ground-based stations
and satellite communications systems.
• One short-range microwave standard used for communicating
data is Bluetooth.
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

4 - MICROWAVE RADIO (2/2)

• As with infrared waves, microwaves are line of sight; they
cannot bend around corners or around Earth’s curvature, so
there must be an unobstructed view between transmitter and
receiver. Thus, microwave stations need to be placed within
25–30 miles of each other, with no obstructions in between.
• In a string of microwave relay stations, each station will receive
incoming messages, boost the signal strength, and relay the
signal to the next station.
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

5 – COMMUNICATION SATELLITES
• Communications satellites are microwave relay stations in
orbit around the earth.
• Transmitting a signal from a ground station to a satellite is
called uplinking; the reverse is called downlinking.
• The delivery process will be slowed if more than one satellite
is required to get the message delivered.
• Satellite systems may occupy one of three zones in space: GEO,
MEO, and LEO.
Five Types of Wireless Communications Media

Satellite system zones in space:

● GEO : The highest level, known as geostationary earth orbit (GEO), is
22,300 miles and up and is always directly above the equator. Because the
satellites in this orbit travel at the same speed as the earth, they appear to
an observer on the ground to be stationary in space—that is, they are
geostationary.
● MEO : The medium-earth orbit (MEO) is 5,000–10,000 miles up. It requires
more satellites for global coverage than does GEO.
● LEO: The low-earth orbit (LEO) is 200–1,000 miles up and has no signal
delay. LEO satellites may be smaller and are much cheaper to launch.
Long-Distance Wireless
One-Way Communication

1. GPS (Global Positioning System)

Global Positioning System (GPS) consists
of 24–32 MEO earth-orbiting satellites
continuously transmitting timed radio
signals that can be used to identify earth
locations.
Long-Distance Wireless
One-Way Communication
2. Pagers
Pagers (beepers) are simple radio receivers that receive data sent from a
special radio transmitter. The radio transmitter broadcasting to the pager sends
signals over a specific frequency. All the pagers for that particular network have
a built-in receiver that is tuned to the same frequency broadcast from the
transmitter. The pagers listen to the signal from the transmitter constantly as
long as the pager is turned on.
Long-Distance Wireless
Two-Way Communication
1G (FIRST-GENERATION) CELLULAR SERVICE: ANALOG CELLPHONES
• Designed primarily for communicating by voice through a system of ground-
area cells.
• Each cell is hexagonal in shape and is served by a transmitter-receiving
tower.
• Communications are handled in the bandwidth of 824–849 megahertz.
• Calls are directed between cells by a mobile-telephone switching office
(MTSO).
• Movement between cells requires that calls be “handed off” by this
switching office.
1G
Long-Distance Wireless
Two-Way Communication
2G (SECOND-GENERATION) WIRELESS SERVICE: DIGITAL CELLPHONES & PDAs
• Use a network of cell towers to send voice communications and data over
the airwaves in digital form.
• Known as 2G technology, digital cellphones began replacing analog
cellphones as telecommunications companies added digital transceivers to
their cell towers.
• 2G technology was the first digital voice cellular network, with data speeds
ranging from 9.6 to 19.2 Kbps.
• Allowed the telecommunications companies to cram many more voice calls
into the same slice of bandwidth.
Long-Distance Wireless
Two-Way Communication
3G (THIRD-GENERATION) WIRELESS DIGITAL SERVICES: SMARTPHONES
• 3G (broadband technology) are based either on the U.S. Code-Division
Multiple Access (CDMA) or Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM).
• CDMA has a bit more coverage there than GSM. GSM is an international
standard backed by an international organization, and the protocol is more
mature and more robust.
• Support devices that are “always on”, carry data at high speeds (144 Kbps up
to 3.1 Mbps), accept emails with attachments, provide Internet and web
access and video-conferencing capabilities, able to display color video and
still pictures, and play music.
Long-Distance Wireless
Two-Way Communication
4G (FOURTH-GENERATION) WIRELESS DIGITAL SERVICES: SMARTER PHONES
• The peak speed standards for 4G (fourth-generation) technology as 100 Mbps
for high-mobility communication and 1 Gbps for low-mobility
communication.
• Although there are other 4G telecommunications standards (Mobile WiMAX
and Wireless MAN-Advanced), the principal one is Long Term Evolution (LTE).
• LTE is an international standard widely adopted in the United States and
several countries in Europe and Asia.
• LTE supports data transfer rates of up to 100 Mbps over cellular networks.
Short-Range Wireless
Two-Way Communication
• Low-powered wireless communications in the 2.4–7.5 gigahertz
part of the radio spectrum, which are short range and effective only
within about 30 and 250 feet of a wireless access point.
• This band is available globally for unlicensed, low-power uses and is
set aside as an innovation zone where new devices can be tested
without the need for a government license; it’s also used for
industrial, scientific, and medical devices.
• There are three kinds of networks covered by this range: LAN, PAN,
and Home Automation Networks.
 Short-Range Wireless

SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS FOR LAN: Wi-Fi b, a, g, & n

• Wi-Fi (known formally as an 802.11 network)—short for wireless
fidelity—is a shortrange wireless digital standard aimed at helping
portable computers and handheld wireless devices to communicate at
high speeds and share Internet connections at distances of 100–228 feet.
• Operate at 450 Mbps to 1.75 Gbps.
• Wi-Fi Standards: 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n.
– For each new Wi-Fi standard, speed and range increase.
– In addition, there are new encryption methods for security and other
complex technology.
 Short-Range Wireless

SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS FOR LAN: Wi-Max

• Wi-Max (for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is similar
to the Wi-Fi standard but has a far greater range—up to 30 miles for a
fixed station or 10 miles for a mobile station.
• Wi-Max is being employed by many users, such as universities, to extend
the range of existing Wi-Fi networks.
 Short-Range Wireless

SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS FOR PAN: Bluetooth

• A short-range wireless digital standard aimed at linking cellphones,
computers, and peripherals up to distances of about 33 feet in casual
networks called piconets.
• Transmitting up to 24 Mbps.
• When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an
automatic electronic “conversation” (called pairing) takes place to
determine whether they have data to share, and then they form a mini-
network to exchange that data.
 Short-Range Wireless

SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS FOR PAN: Ultra-Wideband (UWB)

• UWB is a technology operating in the range of 480 Mbps up to 1.6 Gbps
up to about 30 feet.
• Uses a low-power source to send out millions of bursts of radio energy
every second over many different frequencies, which are then
reassembled by a UWB receiver.
• Developed for use in military radar systems.
 Short-Range Wireless

SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS FOR PAN: Wireless USB (WUSB)

• Has a typical range of 32 feet and a maximum data rate of 110–480
Mbps.
• Used in game controllers, printers, scanners, digital cameras, MP3
players, hard disks, and flash drives.
• Combines the speed and security of wired technology with the ease of
use of wireless technology.
• Supports robust high-speed wireless connectivity by using a common
UWB radio platform.
 Short-Range Wireless

SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS FOR HOME AUTOMATION NETWORKS

• Home automation networks (smart homes)—those that link switches
and sensors around the house and yard—use low-power, narrowband
wireless technology, which operate in a range of 100–150 feet but at
relatively slow data rates of 13.1–250 kilobits per second.
• The current standards are Insteon, ZigBee, and Z-Wave.
• All three are so-called mesh technologies—networked devices
equipped with two-way radios that can communicate with each other
rather than just with the controller, the device that serves as central
command for the network.
 Short-Range Wireless
SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS FOR HOME AUTOMATION NETWORKS
• Insteon
– Combines electric power line and wireless technologies, capable of sending data at
13.1 Kbps at a typical range of 150 feet.
• ZigBee
– An entirely wireless, can send data at 128 KBps at a range of about 250 feet.
– Primarily touted as sensor network technology.
– Run for years on inexpensive batteries, eliminating the need to be plugged into an
electric power line.
• Z-Wave
– An entirely wireless, power-efficient technology, which can send data at 127 Kbps to
a range of 100 feet.
THANK YOU