| OBJECTIVE REVIEW IN | Internal Combustion Engines and Automobile Engineering (For UPSC: GATE, Engieerng Services, Gil Serices Preliminary) ‘CPWD, ALLE. Site Engaerng Services ond (Otter Compete Exams) Dr M. Poona Profesor Mohan Eg ering Deparment atinige Regio Engin Clee Fp Oi) | STANDARD PUBLISHERS DISTRIBUTORSPabsed by: ‘AX. Jat (Prop) ‘Standard Publishes Ditto 1705-8, Nat Sra Dei 110 006 Frist Bon : an, 2002 Reprint Edition : 2007 Edition: 2013, © Ecusive rights by Sundard PabladersDistbutoes, Deh fr puicaon, ‘Sao and export Al igh eceved Nop fh pain In genre ‘st dagrams in particular maybe reproduced or ansmaed in any foo By ‘meson: nena aoc se oy inraon cage td reicral ‘wom, wit he pr wren Fem the Price Rs. 125-00 ISBN 81:66308-99.7 Laser Dypesting by 1 Bhargave Laser Printers De Frieda ‘om Ost Pree Det PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION ‘The field of Internal Combustion Engines and Automobile Engine ‘expanding apy The incensed mame of utomobles resting i epeton ‘comvemiom fs ike desl aed pel The plan nso teeing at Sarming vate Hence, thee sa song eed 1 realize the inpetnce ofthe ‘Suse tnd to eke this couse compulury tundra reaing, The Book fas een writen i the form of multiple soe quesns ae gaming sui Seckground ofthe sujet Efon as been made to cle all he relevant ‘orsons of he subject sppered in he competive exminatons ring tat 10 {ears The bok sided in wo parts mal Inereal Combustion Engines and ‘Automate Engineering. This took Seal be bel The sents who are parsing tyre under rate cores parla In Mechanical Engieeing 2 Te mens who ae apearing nthe comeing examiatons sich a2 3. India and oer fis with mining progam for updating their Esc nd pene mags 0 bee wen inervewing ‘The author wisbes to place om reco his deep sense of ratte and indebtedness ofthe faclly of Mecha Engioeting Deparnent of Mana Reglnal Eninerng Clee, wn hve encouraged me ane and ag rng ‘he peprstion of book. Im grateful my fomly members whe wry the ‘matting force for-me in tvs dau task. Despte my sincere efforts, ‘makes ae bound to have crept wl me pata ithe fede aks ‘eston or the provement o this bokCONTENTS Chapter Name PART. I INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES. 12. Pronpctve Gatous Fade 121 Compete Naira Os 122 Laud Perot Gas 124 Hyarogen 12:5 Recommendation Prtet he Evironment, 13, tral Combustion Eales 14 Caron yee 15 The Air standard Cycle 1A Sundar Asses 1 Recipseatng Intra Combustion Engines EE Mean eect Pressure 15: Foor Soke Cycle 10, Moshaneal icency ‘Thermal Eesency and Specie Fuel Contin ‘Advantages of Two Stoke Engines Dicevunnges of To Soke Enlaes Engine ating F181 tiated Hore Power 11Ra Bake Hone Powe 11183 Tumble Home Power 19, Fel Supply in Compreni Ignition Engines 20 Reqretents of he Sold Injection Sytem 121, Combunion Proce in Compression Initon Engines 122. The Tee Pcs of Combustion 12s Hea Rlewe gr nt CorpesionIgnon Engines 135, Cane Number, Cetin Inder and Dil Index 133wo 1.26. Spark Iain Engines 127. Pel Suply System 128. AiePuct Rav 139, Caturaton 130. Fel Injection Sytem (OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS PART I: AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING 2.1. Hisuy of Compression Ration, Octane Levels 22 Hon of ened Pac 24. Emsam Standards s 2.5, Need of Exhaust Bison Standards 26. Fel Quality Trend in nda Reed Emissions 27 Bminln Sunda fr Idan eile 2.8. Eorpean Union Vice ton Regulations 29, Noh American Vaile Eon Repuaions 310 darn ce miso Resa 212. Automotive wer an ° 213, Guu 2.14 Oprtn of Coch 2.15. anemic 216 ew Bow tations 2.17. Torue Comer Manama 2.18, Univer fsa Poel Sat 2:19, Fimal Drive na Ditecnal” 220, biterenal 221 Operation of Diner 232 Rares ve Sytem 235 Rew Anes 2252. Companion of Metal Suporte and Ceramic Sorponed Cale 2283, Convenor ype 226. Unleaded Caroe ‘2265 Dee fer, 2262 Indes ect ‘OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS : re a2 at a a 2s in 2 ie bh 2 2s 1 Internal Combustion Engines a 1. INTRODUCTION Tree ented mares fi elu id ionamin seen eienee ee Kes sd See orm he ae pa eee a or pavolcam fc Io Inia, Tht consumption about OR of SOREP Rating wo note tt mh of is to be nore wo eet te aoa sin Mon oft die consume y the Toad apo Se sindea ni “able Lt Comumpion of Teco Peeps Road transport fetes Rules om to or lor of dit ol was shat 755 ion wns i 1993.04 whic wos Mouths Sere mises Te ee btwn the patton of SEIN Zescepen cto wen Neca Othe pe ia ‘Snag vine - “fe poole res hs cx sige exchage contains tx ie Tig mi ty eet lone demand foneay sd in wow Othe aeecorng nie see th tone anes nto fo epee sures of eh, Bet Ts Slog gene pele freee. Pacts beat engines hve ‘22Gb me nd fox overt sl lf semen ing he conven Soci ery For fe 30 jem eer rel team, epoed RECS te cov gues pods! by torane be hel md the ork Fong pining espn Io tl be ha he occ npne wat invented ine yea 167. Raf Dil vented he diesel Pee tas The mera conbesn sage tha we nr tay tthehint ea fhe reserth cai oul ve the worl in he pat cent Reseach fons were costandy focused to impeoe * Engine perfomance 4 st econcny * Bison and Combustion charters ofa engine by 1. Now desien cone 2. Marl deve 3. Btn inectowgnon system 4 ison contol devices 5 Miceopcese sppaton ee might be though tnt fer ovr a cent of development the intemal mbuslon cate fas teeter pe and le ea improvement mn Bef 1973 rsa emp i he Geldof 1C Engines wa pen to ison con! afr the notriopto chemical amg fect a Ls Rage, Sn part sog sfc Im London. Spa icon npg Se Maes ‘stomata wks athe majo source of ttn a olan: The see ‘ttt Sous of togen sur tnd aon mon ee iene Se xh the crankcase, te fuel tak and he cate ae ie sees bare hyicaton Due tothe ofl of eie scuchon ea sortie’ plain coma, im pra In USA, cece meted "the. ston emision contl doves for ae usenet However. are ll enburgy of the eur 197, recach scone polation coal bas akan backseat aad development ef heats fae we ome 1 fret o modem combustion capne wach The fae ‘ote of he ingen taro tench in att Se " * Aerts Use of eres a1 egies * Lean brn Si cgins + Sac igi engines + Briion contol devs ‘The cal for low pling pine mover is well knows. In or ces "ke Det th aid powth i pegs car two whet and be ae ‘sheming lve platon casing heath potcne Hence ge ecg, BGh Sn ede Emin leven se bing developed Tet hve th heal and ter pot. These designs in ony he Ida have to beet ectve 1 att the usr, Thse opened svg cane Bt sloping nation. Hence, in nich Cortes ew and see ‘tio eave npr vehcler wi mock cles Oe erie These veils coud eats face ch ses pls wo ‘all eeeens niin Sp [TERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Tamora ae Lee ee so a i eras ater Ponce ‘Saunas pesado col ar euro when kpc fom Speicsnesoeacineeess ind damage and water polbtion and emissions. Methanol operated vehicles ae Sasa eres Ree ees RSS ances Spe Siaeienaree te imate cianmcraase 1.2.1 Compressed Natural Gat te reining proces so ot very copie ihe ober peru fo any cto means ir yrocabons ike eons, propane and buahe. AS far a polation i ‘Socere CNO cts vital no pllon witha hampering mac of he Sehice efomance To chil composton of be CNC i shown in Tae 2 “Table 1.2. Conon of CNG () Persea 319 02 37 2 02 pot 40 tower tan that pet “The exh levee of CO and CO, ae rm ox tegatana (Otte ‘ation tents of EN i shot THO, soa 250% ler dn Pere ring ph igtion svg. ante ie A oon Fitanmatiy Tee, Mabealar weight of CNG is 16, whereas that ofa 23 inate hm vg orn mpc in ‘Dost te higner slip sompertre of CNG, i commoilyIn dl fel engine. te dua uel engine, wo fsa wed simaneoashy ‘The primary fe that is wu gaseous ferme the mae comet ofthe ot trey seplied othe eine. A tconaryTel or pt fal generally ee) ‘sed to inte the ombuaion proce afer compression he paar hel fie mire Amesbity of existing deel egies oul fling, wibont any ‘major maifeatons, nt Aeihay of ual fel engines to swaching back 1 fue ise mode a and when egured re to impor sivantages, Dos fo few concentration of the induced fost at light lads poo take thermal ‘cecy and high exhauet gar eistone and Keck doe high comboson fae thigh lens or he prbloms nan el copies In dl oc! engines Encling ts of atolgiton ype most pobbly ofthe pens mines ay the pit fs pay. These ca be tackled by improving the lower amma Tim othe charge and optimising inieton sen parame ‘Advantages of CNG on consideration of tlt Cul be summarized * Injury and death incience aes pee vile ile easel for natural gs ‘ehicles ar signe Tower an comparable rats for hed el + Natural gs cylinders ve pase every mor svere abate est and re ‘more actly Sound tan ptr ak + Natural ga sper hans Inthe event of ek twill ot form Anges pes + Natural gs as high, and narow range of ein temperate + Fame iminoiy is extemely gaa + Natural gs pts i a ery namow range of set concetaons in {he even fs lent ical ape ‘The cost of running oo natal as goes up with time fut it remains far ‘low th petal and deel The Toho 1 indies the tuning cost of ‘various cars By uslag CNG in ace of peti Table 13, Cost of runing the crs by ving CNG ‘Wot Bisnce Tel tem) tee Mart Onn 300 060 Mart 0000yp5y as 80 Premier 118 NE 230 07 ‘AmbeaidoContes 20 030 Opel As 5 100, ‘Astmotive Research Assocation of India (ARAL) have conducted same ‘xgerments on Pat car and conled thatthe emis have aso he ‘elicad arecaly by ting CNG ms compared fo pea The Tae 1 stows ‘"Somparuon of tnsons tom Fat car on macs basi bween CNG td petra mse “The LA, Mase emsions in CNG and Pol mote oe Pat car at por ARAT enter) Potuaans | Onan Potuaans | Guay | tem) enim) co 165 c 096 No, i No, ue co; | _ 100 con 254 1.22 Ligueied Petroleum Gas [LRG is general term for Rydocatont tht ae gases_at somal mosphere tenperaire and prt and an be realy queted by he ‘Somprcing tr cling. LPG fan be derived frm Be condensed acon of Sura gs wes ofa ight end ct of erode of LPC fst ally 2 Intro propane and tone and an be red in scl cylinders i gid {om ser’ presare of aponmately 138 tar a °C. LPO has Niger tan ating and tance the engine can ron tae high eorpeeson aos Stout kak Leser volumetric efficiency loss a compared fo oe a5008 [et dw sis of yor ond bon mooie tn cle Comuttion of gaseous facie se LPG occurs in nei nfo fl ai Imntre leading 0 rodice deposit of he products of Icomplcte combustion Sch a soo on he wal fie combustion chamber an bene door not ease {hcl aon of cgi ol. Propane an Bane ae tear than ae Mor Iradous property of LAG are ssoitd withthe fact that LPC i leaked thd when mined with at snd mitre i asl 10 a temperature of SOO, i Thee with explosive force. Some relevant properties of paseo fl ae ‘nae i a cheap fel and witout coovve agent Bio gsi sated 10 inert egies epsilon funn rt ma fr go tenes the pcs of ine past Gwe COD. whi case ‘Sceriraon of the ienton ad comstion pocest and tend to reduce th ‘ame slocy. Nemaly"Byarogenaulie and ences of alogeerted‘able 15, Some rerant Some relevant popes of the pases ful ee are ers eas aoe (smo [eoorm™ [cane ee pe Be pe po tet tte fate tele oe ee | || pe | ap as ine ome | 5 - 7 et pam ote ear pete pn nan ea a Producer gus is also an attract . ecient nrmrtgpcen oben tree ra Se oe gi tatiana SM teaver Bane spa ed turin and one he aes iydrogen tar also been explored san a 9 amaive fel The advantages of Dinette ths fe include te sb of carton ta ress in no COICOs in the exh FHychogen engine santo operated ith Han mores of more tan wis th Tenia comect are rao: Dac to wide flmmabty Hits an sigh ‘Mone ap hgh rab thermal eficoney came stained. Hyrogen cold ‘ina part el infu ow emai to expensive (about en (Sere on of gaolne perm) frase nthe intemal combustion engines, Tubes ee may tei ol al apc "Regang environmen compa, Aydeogen and elec are the test fet bel leady fe ue of tural gat and sco! Ted to» iE gin Compre with oda ca Fora gone jude is necessary to consider ‘Shot emistns fon exploraion conversion ad istibaton. All aernatve {cls processed fom sol wil be Ife to the rods frm mineral os [Nady natural go she pinay energy carer ves advaniage. Only es ‘Geant fom bio mas o eating renewable eegy Ted fo ZERO- tus syetcs butwithconsieably higher cous For the ZERO.COs emission aerate, hydrogen aswell as lei cas tte volume and the weight ofthe energy acumuao ste Dies problem ‘Ray hydrogen unk 34 mer Inger ot aetna gai tink. The ‘etlan/supor bey ae fet ening bey is even 20 une age and SO tins beaver than sm energy we sar gasoline an 1.25. Recommendations to Protect the Environment in Futare towing ne some of i Yesormmendeionso otc the envionment i the ea ae "+ improverent inthe fet eeney of today’s ear 1 Raplcement of golive ccs by cee cas stay reduce COs by 205 ‘te crue in eb cose ‘Tu 20: * Addition of ey and methyl alcool to gfe Gis of methant n deal cae instead of diel GNFC. who is the fares namataauer of Meas! in Ida an lo the manfacre of scoters, have decided ary cu the tl of mahal “Torus rst of mean. Various win aken with 3% blending in ptt fava! have shown very encouraging ress s Ineesed sec op sand pce gs hs may esl rte 20% ‘ict wih ight nrese fn os inccaed postin and sale of etic and ytd es + nrodction of yorogen fueled es“it in hey ue i Soa ee orci Sree egeactt marsala ‘Sephari cola momma is 1 een counon sNcs ao cme ld ce i epee ae See siren eat Se ee ene sei AD cl Tay ad ea meal ge heme soe eae Tne ge eae ne eee aie apa See Sa oe al a Sen Sh SE a 2 re Sana e ga See oe eee send toate oi aeee earner Soins at ir creer ara Sree aie weet ao ‘remaining part of the cycle. moe Tee Son te gt me tpt garaged iat as echt Senge tal mej ereats mest rodanetg cee wanted arene Roren how cores Me See So Deere ons toe Shy Shoo eee t En OSials Shoat SSAA Rir ag Sirians Serene eae wears Sots Sea Sa ee come SER ae le a vi ep ed el er age too es Sc ae oes an str meen as Son ‘ted inside the enpne cylinder set by Busing the fuck “e Peon et ee al oe pe cv an a ac a a Se ese we te an where Wy et output and Oy is the Beat supplied to engine arr, the hea engine tat operate om ally reversible cyte, sch as ‘cant as hve the phe heal sfiency ofa hat enn operating teteec the tame wre lvls Mont eles encountered in pace ier ‘pian from the Carnot cy. Al the eal yee lke Ovo cyte, Diese (Gis Dual Cycle eae eal reverie ut elite he Carol ety Se hee necessary extrlly revere. These eles may. iva ‘never’ extral tothe system such at hee anf hugh 3 Be tempers ference. Therefore the thermal effec of the Hel yee i {Sree he heal eelncy ofthe Carnot yee peaing between he same {cnpeatre lr However, fix sllconsenbiy ter tha the ermal ‘ciency of an scl cele Because ofthe edition wuz "An ideal and implied power cle can be said as follows Mie working id doc nt experence anyon and hence pressure ‘ropa ows in pipes devices sacha eat exchanges 2. All expansion and compestion proser tke place in = qe “uti anne: 3. Al the components ofthe sytem are well sulted and hence no eat ante trogh em 4. Changes in the Linc and potential ene of the woking id ae elie CComentonssatignion and Dicil engines comiaue 10 show sb- tania inprovencts in efsleny.pomer, and depree of emition cont New mata now becoming svauabie ofr the pois of reduced engine ‘wept con heat les, and of iflrent and more eet Ital orb onengine systems Alcrulve (peso neta combustion engies, sch a iw arined charge (ohih combits harrier normally roid wih ‘iter the spa ignition o esa with wader fl Wernce, may bce {Saicioy race to rach largesse production, “The falowing athe several dsavanages of modem Ineral CComustion (10) ens: The incomplete baring of fos fle 4 Higher lvl of exe emsions 1 Higher roming cont ef nrensing cot of foul ule ‘High tlk and weigh requ 10 overcome the mechanical forces {evry the eal eseensccrabat 1 Improper lansing and. 1 Higher lvl of wibraon and oie duet knocking A. CARNOT CYCLE. Sinope cmon of fin compacy ree pose. {revere aaa compres. A Ca ple 3 pret ps ftw,OSIECTIVE REVIEW Il IC; ENGINE & AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING 1% any chemical changes during te couse of cycle hé working Mid closely ‘semble ua al aren ‘The main advantage of mera combustion type power wnt is that high temperates ‘ofthe asd can be mane rac het a tamteed eg ‘neal walls fom exteral suc othe fad ninth ase of Carnot eile, Tae axinumtempernture of al sich cles Kad by te mealies (of the tatrals aud, The temperate” of working Sind may reach {eoperatr a high at 3000 K.This i made pombe by exeraly cong {he engine cinder by ai ee water Further, dt he nian are fe ele the working Md races to maxim temperate for oly on sn a acyl Even though internal combustion engines era on 2 mechanic {ete ie piston reaches to ts orginal positon afer every revlon) the ovking Mai doesnot undero complete hrmynamic ele. The prods ‘fcombuton ave town ou of te eine a some panto the yee ag aut soe instead of being trod othe nial fate I en 8 cnc ‘ee that al the eral combon engines wrk on open eee Under favorable operating conitons, de inten combustion canes ves Ngbest healt a compared any eer bea ngines Ts fn scortance with the principe ofthe seco aw of thstodymamy, which Sats tha he thermal efcieny of the best engine i propria the mean peraing temperature of the eee. Due tothe mtlaepel cones ‘he mata, m gas trie and Steam powerplants, atone schevabie femperture is esta to 00 K The temper misono tas {wine plans and the seam tine plane ao not py tothe tee combustion engines because heats aded nid the ee ad lint temperature i eonoled by eneral cong. "The Ono cycle. the Dial cycle the Gaal combustion ecle and the ‘Sting and Enesson cies min the eaepry sir andard cles 16, AIR STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS Spesinatow common incry sah ton” ‘Stndard Assumptions a ened r sean eal gas and aways ‘Salts in closed Tp. 2. All the process which make wp the epee we nemaby fever bie Grito ron). ‘he combustion pecesin taal spelen by ew ai four a inucaed a Fe 3 ‘opiaced (b's bet doom press4 Ata etn rn eles te eas OES 5: Attn penitence a am emer ‘Sule whch we a sunard snngne re splat i coneony sane A Sand Cee a ana ups a hve "se smienion heey sas witout any iat Soe e ens Pom he actual eye 117. RECIPROCATING INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES {he neipocaing engine mechanin cnist of 2 pin, which pea ho emir bee 8 pon all he ‘$DSamer crc) an hat Dead Cen BOC) at fers 4 mone a Gi te of psa ing Te volume dplaced ty the pen Fe ten TOC and DE ie caod te Diplacement Vane ‘places oe oven By: Dilacment vole () = Be DF x Lm 0 Where, D iste einer diameter im em L is rote lngih in oon and = the maer of "TDC is te potion of te plston when yee enue forms he sales vote nthe Set hown “ah [S'cewance volume wbeteae BDC the poten tite aston when forme the largest volume in peel (he oyinder a shown ithe Fig 1. Generally {he Spe af he combunion chamber iegular evens SS earemely dife to calcul clewance Saume, A common mead 8 tereore of ave reg AST ine re Sera eit te ng semen sere ape ato of the maim voime TE LA Nove ee FES tne Sec oreo nr en Ya Yess an ssh mele at cps lo of ecg one an tlm ee fet eof sone cy om "The value of compression ratios varies from 5:1 10 9:1 for petrol engines Seat bh fr Gesl anger Inte cae of pel engine the Meer ‘thet! Sen ch aie sna fen, ihe cme ees cops ste La got SEGESOE Se ste tere GAC) Sa commen see ie ae Oe ane lem ee et al light liu he combustion chamber. The high ait emperatur ignites the uel lth the power stoke flows. Thee engines re knowns compresio gion ‘rye these engines wey high compression ao ied he poem: ‘turing. These ays elfo are being mae vedce the compression alo in il engines and to increase b te case of pou copies The man ‘iterences are between pst aed dese engines we ‘he del engine comprete sr only whereas peo engine bah pol vapor and sit compres, ‘+ m desel engine he fe is spayed lt the combustion chamber ashe Bison ners TDC on compression she. In feo! engine spk i Produced a the same iste “+ In Giesel engine the hightemperature of iris esponible or ping he fet whefess im pel engine spark plugs the source of gnton In compremion ion engine, fon ie diel ij it the finger and hence thea engines re Enown a Direct Ijeston (DI) engines. Te ‘cond proup of engines employ medium compecon rae (tut 15) an ee igre Iectow (DD engher Tie sanagas in feel comms eed ‘that emission offered by Di. dal engine lave fo the [DI sla ‘Sotomers hve wo be said Wat the perfomance ofthe esl engine i i mimain shove unl End atts vols ee earner cy. ‘irc injeton ystems generally Yely onthe combination of two eles 1 crete the aloe mitts mae Atomization and dritution ofthe fel by he moze, and + Maton o at nthe combutonstmber However, im dis! engines, an ineseion of acseraion of mise fomaton im most of the cats Tsed only ih deeioraon in engine perfomance’ became obvious tht te defeat of dal combustion dd not em sly frm the lnsuons on mista formation bat there had obese ‘peri fuel reasons, which hampered combustion "Thus, atempt io produces homogeneous mist of fuel and ai ore land sccar ins pusine engine bad only grated some vey tiucurbl fntucs of deel combustn, Hence. the ue poops of engines tat employ moder ange of comprenion ralae (710) ovr wd ‘stuston ofthe homogeneously mined compressed charg tied by a2 Intense sure of iio part pup near the end of compression stoke Shak lnion (SI) and Compression Ipiton (C1) engines wed presen sir and fol teed proprtin (adat 1.1 oT! fo Skenies and 2011 Toost for Ct engine) Peseny. fos are Being made to increase theSy tn ater mar Sy ste a em are ico me te combust chante en barn very an mia a ie iran ec fier eaten a ‘These engines are termed as Stratified Engines. | seat verte potent aim Gu LPO), Hype ae very promi aernave ase ce ‘arrotonal SU engines ty employing tore thn one spk pl. can SU Soars of tone eave Be wo tn he Chae of ae eee 22 emt au into ofthe end chan and ence Keene Th ing oder of V6 and V8 engines more complied nba these "Pe of ene, the yin we sng ito oe ae a ese ‘nae to form 2 V V8 engine ke two fr elindrcgins, Tis i tecase fren manufacturers namter the cylinders diferent ways. Foeeeampl, ‘ome V6 cars have the eft sk numbered fom fot to ck 13 tad The "gh bank i mumbered 2.4 and 6 On ater V6 engines, thei bane ‘stmbeed 12, and 3. The lean is mumtred 4 and 6 “Tle 1.6 Pring ne or diferent yin eangemens “Grinder Arongement| Wanber of Gyiniers | iing Onder Taine < Taaa 1243 Taine é 135642, 142635 Tades3,tsse24 va ® rsanea72 Keasear Radia 7 1357246 Radial 8 135792468 ‘The ico srl mix is dave ito the ying tragh be lke salve ad the combustion prose sxpted nen the in gh the |LR MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE (Pm) Common tr frequently sd in conjunction with he ners eombusion ‘apne the Mean Elocve Pesre (MEP) The mea eflecve press ‘ypatecal ressre, which eased toe ated om te stn og ‘ntte competion tol power ave wold produce Some smaun of tet ‘ork as tat produced drag testa ele at ‘Wet = MEP Pt Are Stoke “MP x Displacement Volume o Mer = 5 ary as Indicted in ig 13 by the sel sea “The term mean efetve presre am be sed as spare o Spare {he pertermance of reciprocating cnn equal ac. enpnswih ste lager vale of MEP wit delver more |] net work per cyele and thar ever pf sent ql eifcive pressure of 8 gm denen " ‘rane wll exablshd, nd eset its "Ths, the Stal een Dimeseffective pes that a paricular engine develops can be compared with hi Soom, andthe efeveness with wach the engin deter ta ued he ‘iene’ dipiacmen volume can be mead Also, fr Sp calcatons, {te engine duplacement requied lo provide a given torque or power. at & ‘ecified sped can be seimated by atuming sppopie valves for Brake ‘mean Biferive Preste (BME) for tht parca Appeton The peal ‘aks fore mean efeive presse are gives in he Table 17. “Table 1.7. Typical vale of brake mean five presses Spe of Engine | BMEP ie. (bar) 1. | Rawaliy_aspied four] 8-10 Poke spat anton | "7 [Tato shart aotomoaive| 1217 [At maxima gue ped {oor sat spat gnton| S| At main cd power sped 3 | Naraly ssid Tour] 7.9 [At manor gus seed | etnies 7 _| At mnximum rr poe speed TP Trto charged for seoke| 107 | A maximum tog seal 5] frto.ctaaed afr| 14 | Ar maximum ron ws cole for ake deaet| 8°95] At masimum i power spend xine % [we sick Gye det] — | Comparabie pefomance to four caine __| facie eyte cones 7 [lange two ake Tow] 17 |— seed cycle engines oO Maximum trqe pedi that sped of the engine where tare developed ‘bythe engine anim The masimur true sped is nrmaly Ralf of he ‘mucimam rated power sped 19. FOUR STROKE CYCLE ‘The Fig. 1.6 indicates a ypc pv diagram for 3 Spark Igiton engine ‘The individ rks af he ele ae ven Plo Suction oF Induction Sr, 12 In the ae of spark igiton eine, he ian il mist indo ino the cinder st the piston mover fom TIC ¥0 BDC. Duc the movemest {he ponte pretre isc the spider teed Yo vue lower than trot opening Higher the sped of te pslon Gr tower ihe thotle pening. gree the fru drop. ‘On te aye be a pasee fg Trough the caibretor and mized wit foe ‘Tremaine valve closes at pat 2 be ‘sro dea cee bt sn ctu ose, tie | 2 Pe ‘oot mor our ul he psn has moved Pp, 7 tthe way of compression svoke. During fhcton rote, te presse remains hy Timer than atsopheric nse the eine Compson Sia 29 on ee ee meses MO 1 Deine ie re SEEN, ciafenes ye gain eae esearch hers) fete tp dea cory we ite i et acto of cota me i 8 T SESE Wis an Eels oe ow moe sn ta cage ie ce ee pee er Pec and combestion may reach acund 10-13 bor and 20-32 bat concierto ng mh ain» Shera Power or Working Sroke 34 ‘Der w comson fer he comlson of compen se, eft nigh pcs psc expand, fing te piston to more down te i Wer Tpaos af ume would spear tt this expan soa proceed impatience vue fi fai Tee ace mplecly tom te ond the exh ae opens a ‘yen Ewch ntfs BDC. The pesnre ah pot wrod 5 ba SOESENSE ete pnw te pin wire rear rene fo ame Fee ue sylinr © Koon a iow down peri Dring ow ‘meen und GO of bn ue ext! be aoe ahaa Stroke, 4 Dering extant sks, pon moves fom BDC w TDC and i ie proceos sen cers the remaining exhaust gases fom the cde, The recy Seman slghy per tan the amore, ought te ok ‘pe Swce lume of thecopine cans be exhused comely and ae ‘Stemrcnen of en ee ar eume al fDr re 2 Stacy nmorperc pes. Inthe next eye he mare, wich etn consist fecha uel miatre iied by the rt posits Sora etic yee apening tn te clesrance vue. Trmay vay fom {Fe te manimum of 6 of he tol es mire,urtices, td the wept ofthe moving coop ‘ele cegine dered np operation of he valve penne ‘Ficiency or nti. \MMl, THERMAL EFFICIENCY AND SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION Thermal ciocy of indicted thermal effisieney i he ras mo THe intend power developed bythe engine to ie Wenah a e ‘plied. is pen by B= Pig x LOM = Wye, x Ley) 09 here My =e masse CY slower cali vale offic, hg 7 =nlcued power EW {5/7 called indicted specif fel contumpticn, brevis ae sy Mle LCV), forthe unit of Ife in AW es of fuck ‘ontied shoul be eae ‘fe = ng x 00/2, an 1 cups ken a the terms of brake power (Pi the spite na) To meter the quiniy of fuel requied by the engine a al loads an ‘eos and woeqaie the fe uanityelvred to each engine Sider og eal power, > Te inject the fon a the rte necessary to contra combustion and ‘nucle rf pres rie dng combustion > Teidves dts sad smi te fel airy a8 required by the combuson chamber design ‘> Tour inecton he appropiate ag within he cyl of the engine inves od and psd > Tomar gach sara and ending of injections tht he ince ol ‘may even zed. In go npn carbrer employed mix ia ul in designed ria ee sap foe pide ie nese has ob sured we fresure iaper tun the presse ae the ender. The presse ‘nce wo Soh igh posare watr te blp of eet fel pump, The he eee tel ill ke be mised unformly no the cyaie, Por poet inng. ul ic meced wit be help ese ing oe wee fie ble ‘ew Tye se f te nae oe approximately 02 mm. Alt movement ‘ct be bought aout by per drgsing the net valves, the op of te ton td he yd fea. 80 se he ming te fc in he ede ‘Fer shoul teh emer rlave mowemest tech the fr td SHS Kade we orugh micingInfeuon sens are maf wih Treat ncn, nei elf pa honestly mere el Sy hh ee Injection ym ny be vied in (wo catego, a ftlows TL Ale injection: In is eho, te fel i fed ino the ene by nea competed a he Sosa pear yle can ol be achive Me RELA ate sepoyed ur tom ey sed meen Sond Sec aes cpa a compress: Tis system cn wethe fel wih very high vse, which ate les expensive and god mining of 1 ad fel is schieved The engine operation may sso be Knock ie 2 Solid Injection: In dis mets, » fel pup replace the ir Hast injcion sytem The fel ump delves the fal gh Pesaro injector This system aed forall pee of isl engines Sli econ ‘tems simple nconseton and no parte cone i ue. The ‘ain daadvanage ofthe Soli injcion sytem hat 2 high asc) 6 ‘quid between fuel injection plunger and fel pump Darel. The cold injection stm may further be clad a flow: {@) Common Rall tn common ral rst ful i spplio © «commen | ‘ear unde igh presre From tt heal fal of eied quant) ‘plied to each a the nctr lost in the cinders, (4) Unt Inet. a this sytem pump and nor aed in 8 common assembly. Each cylinder it proved with one of ae scl, Regulaing the effective eke of the il pomp plnger by ck a pinion arangeren regulates te moun of fat (6) Indian Pump and Injector. In aye cach ener povided with one pump te oe neo The difence tween tnt injector ‘yc and inividalpump and injector system I tha the pun aad Injector re spare fom each oti the ssc, Both these Seems 88 mos popular Bese das 1.28, REQUIREMENTS OF THE SOLID INJECTION SYSTEM The any ofthe fel injec per stoke athe endo ery sal specially when the london te engine te vey Tow. Hence te aysem ‘Roald be able wo eter he fac ery nosey. > The complete atomization of he uel td the drs ofthe fel ray should te perpendicular © the Giecon ofthe ai main in te >The rte of promure rie drng combustion inthe elinder depends upon the rae of tection. Hence the ate Teh ign’ mat te lost eglaed. > The fa pacts and rere of fel must siento peete the Fe pres It the igh ese it ‘Sold injection sytem ‘One of the Fist pinciples on which fe inion pump meseing as sed he pr a lic metering principe and al ape oe he ‘ey’ el ijn pumps The dren typeof pps ae manufac et the dference which exist amon far inton pune mina Ia Segre ad {sceelly ein he pumping samen gover an theme a wae ey ie ijn ‘Working Principle. Te fonction of » punpng laments to meet and sive he mere el othe ico. The fs utp cons a a bare! ‘"plinger The plunger moto ite the are Sua. 'A vy, movo rnc by ick ad ino, which ites (nce) te quay of fe Su'Seqoting stom sich dls the maered guy ff tt frosure Mgr tan he pea ne he engine cnc, {| ____ij SINGLE HELIX SINGLE HELIX LOWER LH, Ubpen'n “Te she ofthe plunger of lowe lc al upper Ble shown in Fe ud and Pip LS respected Pe e116, Sof lito) nt at Spl et‘The pomp bar coms of wo point pr spi pot. When the hee wero puto eo sro he ge iow he let pot and pil po. The eae ie te bare! i spose 1 tower an the pes of smowpre Fal fom fc ank ener ough Se cin moves be page apesch tn pe ww Sona by te png Shown nthe Big Sse the lid Ao nce fel pecs bids wp apy, cating the der sve oi of sat nd ow he foto et th nso “The png fret moves in the upward stoke an ful supply cantina ti dhe Yow hel opens the spi pat "The ful rere gull doreer Sects fc fm ie trl fds igh he vera ghee Plc {ica and Ovugh te sil port ito the fel anole. Gre he spill par ‘pen the poner can Wo longs press the ar conn 0 ve per AS soonest pres dros rom below the delivery vale sing Drenthe very valve fred om act hough he tng pest ad Leon in pe, The uy aed nn Pe iSong. 1.17 are anima qomy ffs which canbe ivered by pomp tl oa. “ fauna [Puetineste| Etiectve injection pwnger Le“"** Fe LT. Ea nnn sos pion mechan When fer ost te RLS Te ont he accelerator pedal and beac the potion of he Blix by paling he ack. fhe ZEST Mona ene, the governor which cols de agin speed ant SEES SR"SRNS"Rtngen mem te seeve moan tothe fol sk the SEIS SO55 ab plunger he working explained tm ie 1.18 Fie 1, No Fat jection pnton 121. COMBUSTION PROCESS IN COMPRESSION IGNITION ENCINES “Tee cmc econ: dung he combustion ia compression ion cevies ody pon expe ante) ety amie he ie an te ey feet nach ito nes he Fo ae yl amos in pcos frm. Te el ad se ar rey sede ne of combustion The von of ‘i ands ned nF 11. Noll, combuon ore fe wap) apron cn gle ot sac 0 mre oe cxmin i lowe bythe spread of dfn Fae Fe eee lear x mensrable voce. Dering nrmal combusin SOLES ser pin te mse ed tyes of re an ne pails ahr. of ergodic sa een tar baesy bareg. Te Suan of combusn St ach santero cery tes place. cee cing of high oped isl eagie development a fel six ats en connie the bey role of eset eg The sa tiny an efecve inte spree ty somparig he icy cg nse and port engine. Asoo nen ning sam cm curser nn aro Wea te ie orice 1REVIEW 08 LC. ENGINE & AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING : i i i ‘ol emers te cylinder ‘ri ee crac ark 6120. None Lit Vi Cant Ange injector sealed ans, The stating int nton stained by indictne tanedcer ie ndieted the Fig 130" The jer needle me Iter ae subly modifed to accommodate the. pickup When the ft mint dep of deal ete the cylin mil qc te sured y ‘vm vapoe The rp vaperaton i the rt of gute gh enero ie {o"compression (50). The sraale vapors wil Beigel ter he ‘Simpleion of shamicl reason whereas creo he dope sil id amd ‘ehuvely old. However hese chescalreacons sia ally that ‘ormal manifestation of combustion, namely the appearance of vive fae lt menue fressre i, ccs only after he exon Of a ppesabe [rid of tine called he dec) period.” Once combustion har sare Se fame [5 presen the ea equed for vaporization is roped frm the Rat leted ty comalon, The iid cole rod by irom vapor, bans Tonk 1 fresh oxygen i supple and ual he fa bra ‘Compression inton xgne can be operated over wide ange fs snr ranging frm 30a fl fad 80a ing. The minum a fel ‘ato supplied tothe engine of sa iven sped the tatimm power cpt af the engines mite ty smoke However t be combustion ropon he a fl Instr always ner somes 1.151, The power Ogre engine i Soot ty the sont of fete Te ene bet fel ‘ombasion I awa a exes “The folowing tes re Inpro to understand the combustion “njection Time tine laps beeen the tf sy ine cmbution anes trogh nector nt nd te cad of ow fom he ae At of ncn Techs ish nso wt. Te ton (6) Static inetion ining. The angle a which fel starts come out fom the fel pump (©) Dynami injection ting. The angle a which setlly fst stars to (e) Delay Period. The tne between start of injection and ft spesranc of ‘ame or the tne a which combustion eve Sve fh eNOne (@) Delay Angle The crm angle comesponding 1 te Sly pei ‘The ideal values of presse and temperature at diferent crank angle are 122, THE THREE PHASES OF COMBUSTION Recaro, a Gena sist boupht in exitence he combustion proces insect sngie staking sce in teenage Tre fs per (116 3) cnied in Fig. 121 ofthe combustion proves i he dea pid in wich7 “hl 14 ea Temper and Pree Dil Ege in — Tana cere eee tot a of te grt of ie it so eva ete Fae SIDS Maectioe Tighe pets ieeen ac arg mperion | Tino Faas SieP lta cae Iie ay” er eo oa %S ‘Seamus peut oe ih Sean Soke ~ "ted fie ng 12 shh pi win combuon sve = An sure aay «'ag Gs & seers tal pee och ° a a SSS Sete so in, toe Po ea Fired hat www conn Rem 0 Efamber consterably depends upon the te of nein, injection peesure we foe shel pata he eT npn ts sn o 964 ao ‘the piston bow! center at low load and idle conditions but are shifted towards Py aes 1300 eae sl guy een mt uy ae “s Seca of gy nt no be ie 2h “Te nmtance rich ol sans ttn in he cpl considerably pend on = Ste neat fpr el es oa laa rs Ey 12 PSone an Sie outs ty ra np a “ i vente fr apc eof th cn lane Re fst en ft Suction Soke Pinon har reached TDC te temperate Se ofthe charge doco heat eens oy oo 133 Wiettesct ty ae anna capeton ci edd yal sre so iB seven Sour ofc nen mee rat i i a Te Richness as ace sages the 38 ee Gj aa het pamper nil oe Rene oie - Tibe toe te peal Sate coll tain te te Peo tit ec Ota nt dt ene epee poe mtn ee tm Se anes ie es Sat oe) werent" oo ase op Ser ti Bc i trices aw TOC a camper Be tne po foal tal an Ee ea eames Stace rng rac ond So sel es ‘corn ef i st Bas” |. ieee a accliea topcnat in ne promt of yer tears SS a imeat's us Spee Toa Conan S090) itn Sly to ncay 3 H a See Sar Se epee a keh pe Say pa Sa rat Seyaerece sem sa a eeztanes Re ae clearest dig point connie with som ‘i Shag fl pas boa inten Unig hy ei 7 a WA Ts hgh eof pom ae Siar th Se et PSE SPELT Sat Setting mete inetd Boa SOG facta an ued a tnng Dog ola pam hal ay ocr ees Tench bale tal teat ne, ‘Conta seagy ene" “te a a —H octet te iesion 0) una cage hor ace rein atte Sa pth een tio ea on i ictal et me cs ae fbr on rep at Tha glen neo et Siena stan 1H Te te psn he Seats tat tne tne Seay gil yo ‘see Secu ar cel Oe el cs nae Segoe pt"Gamer i te ese Ling depending on te 2 Fata sole, which develop beens a ape frie cline tee devs, we can dre folovng fe rues 1 Minimize te prion ofa veld in suagea Sime that on bur wih prise pes ‘These ropvemenscanaet be met wth convention] me {armaton im isl engines. Employing 2 fie pl fe, wbieh oe igen ‘fast of sel rig diay pera can low te le Hence tes of sch mal ame are een ‘ea icy ies in complying tenon quality Yo maximum anne rang, Toa ‘0 fuel, which might be a slain, he ever eee desc on ee ‘The third phan or “ison bi me 1.21 the pared where the te at wi ‘© mean intake manold pes, 20-10 drtion of combustion ia deel engines ober E 40) S zo |6 eth CRANK ANGLE (deg) ig 1.22 erage ect pes w Ck Ale 1.21. HEAT RELEASE DIAGRAM IN A COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE ‘Artisanal cate, th main combustion proces in dese engines he iat sealing Be pec combat Ps ah eee sey we eal pao the fo enon ces and # ion “eeepc, to per ever cnc ate Yo Sire etn seme cy dependng he operating coats sl LIT aga sen nt i fen ht era fre eo Sting ie ince uy ryan ces ely tot °c. in cel cankusion an apart part beote Fre detec bar he carpe nh ender tens 1 sane, tone ea CAtig cmnin Wh rt ee, gion ied ee in ne fane magn Sona peptindy teat oe Sse ‘heen over apis sn np Aube fer tn fe pad pal car Seabed Sl a In re o come the ate of thi ea release dingram quliaively the Senin of sal cements ofthe feted ay Becca he ‘ier of esto. At the moment of intion, some ofthe fet pte daring {he iention Sly pred wil be na vapor se and willbe med wt ‘pena in hy ie pesos che emai uf ‘tay tl be spurte from he nexesry ate abe eased. eee te teat lense comtibued by tis ct of he uel willbe esa toe ms a vey rap heat lease du oh tation of th prewinel et ot te charge and second rom he tne pat of the harps 1.24 pmeseL FUELS. Basil the isl engine can operate on any slid lige 0 sious hich sin bt ince im te sr unfree mar op el seme uring compression at timcpherc resem sation stoke Gal hel ein) For sts apr weve eet fel pa Be ‘shes ppd io wc it dnd cis The fon of whch cata est ea ee ove bed wwny the proces of ning cde, ne Reon “he flowing ae the rogue uae he deseo 1 mat ign realy ad a vey. 2 emus hive a cela amount of ting quest oper i he Pumps and var 3. I thu hve ow vison 50 ta can flow dough smal Hes tnd be rey stoma Creed ant tn 4 ead nt 1 ae 9 penne of on mater tt ihe 5 atoll have big oly tht ops in cld stating nd in being comple combustion, ; (6 The sh pot of the desl fel shold be higher o avid accident in Aang a rege the tne sumbc, more compete tte coast and Ne cee 4 Te Gist fue oul have lower slr contents, which means low sear and a Snr paclte cone nthe exh 9% Densiy of te fc soa te ger fo stan he higher eer 10. Waxing tendency of he fist shoul be lower because wax prcinitaon {hn enr ld caring dif and abquenly tp the eee 125, CETANE NUMMER, CETANE INDEX AND DIESEL: INDEX anion qual of sl fe i defied by Ws cetane number. Cane numer ifthe pocemge of etane hn mistire of cetae and hepa Som (vo ite a apsenety een) that fas te se eon weg iteme ote dopee of cack sh runon, a uel unde tx. “Cea, SSialeneciin orm exw Sceae (CHa) wit igh ition iy peti op aie le wih’ cetine sumer of 00 whereas ae ae rc bous a he ae wih coun sande ft ie ‘Ens Crue ar we a parlayed source Yor dese ic, Beene of the Fok propio of aan and wl proportion of aromatics ha hy contin ‘Aare Tngine asl in cee wunber Samira i tnd Sige cylinder vantte compression rio engine wit special oaing, acesoes, ‘Rpemen’s a insumenton Te engin the operating conitons ad tbe {Si eocedure ae ses hy ASTM mod. The Table 19 nes the ‘peraing cndions of te enn “Table 18. Opering conto: for in (Chto Temper toe {ake i emperce osc Injection ine 15° Bere Top Dead Comer ection Prose tos Mo es Sone gaa ae soe aE ene Sec ee ae sated Siri age ip iy aes SS haan nt pit ei eA fa ge oe oe Spyite cened ar pe peony rcs Se RN tas ttt teers a eae oe ear de tne ne ee Sinica sepa beanie Stgeteyemeattac Sater sahara ee cena aay wer aethe 10K, 50%, and 908 dilaton tenpentacs te Tyr Te Cea, "sspestivy. According to ASTM, 198, te an indes shee fy t= 482 + 00692 Cie 215) + 0131 tg ~260) 400523 Cp — 310) £2801 Beta “260 0.40 Bet 310) + 0.0089 ig 219 $0008 cp = Si0)+ 107 Bra Bt P8PS491 1, and D is the dens of deel at 15 de. €. Die inde is sed onthe fc that gto suiy i inked too ‘acton composton: smal paafins hive igh ion gece a nd sapiens hive low ignition quae. The ane pone Utes i oe lose temperate a which eqal sates ofthe fel a, Scihly iid nn. a colores ly gid just tocar ce {aust wit the APT gravy to give te el nice APT nants ye Fetoleum Intiation and’ dep APL. eared wth eae (Atopic gravy a 6-8) = 1315 1s mau of deny Be eee lair thn wa The dese inn given by Diese index = aniline point (> (APE Graiy/00) The esl Index depends comply wath net coy yn many ba ot al aes sit index is wally bet tan desl index aa indication of what {Be cstane number ofa fe! woud bei ted na CPR oe area {ey andi 8 ceraly mich less conly tnd tine comentgn eee A yale $0 or above freer etn odes! index an indication tat Sartuon and inition characterises of the fel are son Wee a les totally unacspaie nd values iow 45 ae Sia ta ce Ime ht cll ating of the engine wil be cul Don ec a smoke wil be generated andthe cagne wil Bevo te ‘Aster BS 2860 pre 1:1988 mi Cra nln lh a ne i npn Sts he wpe srs i iy ey er coro her eae el aig oe Site Gao ne ee "an SPARK IONITION ENGINES . invention cp te mii fel ah i pid he ep aap hem a tp en nb niin Safe in see oe supose i "ne mg ena Pena ie he [rntonly known af erbueor The formon of fe ar mature arf ary ttt nf om nm ee Shed cgcr en soma ne ale ‘ona 1 cn contnon egies ceric cy of te a ina st ao pete ma on ae ‘Sompessnn inition engine differen. In spark gion cae ‘Sten et of tc afer mn he cater © ed “ak an sete remem te epee o the fuel injected into the cylinder at the TRESSCUESUIE AE ey OF at py ae an npc Gaya ‘Shean sate, T ha componente eu tpl ne {eEfspny sem ree ni pump. el ier aed ater shown at = i e124 Fe ety aye ora pel enn Sy te t srg tt heft ne ae htop ged When eee feelers aed om ht cater ‘gn nil fal 17a copie “combusticn of hydrogen and carbon available in the feettakes pace in the presence of sir the products of combustion are carton ‘Sone, tr and eign. Te cane Tul for enaple Is repent ty ‘ge when eS wk uae, iss COy sn Hed Ar Gilg 125 Opnnnsb COse HO (oei2 + et v2 x BJ BNET 9A + 1H oF T14 4g of Cy + 400 bg of Op fF 1g of uel +3500 bg of oxygen — Fi 125, Un mine ng of gin ene “This oneke of fel (ote) requtes 3.509 ke of oxyen for complete ‘omtion of el As oxen ot tne i pre form sone od ‘cy 252% by weigh fs aval Jn a Hence, oquvakn anew of st ‘Sitepoding 103 30) ko oxygen con be Oadby the lowing, ‘35030252 = 1512 hg of sg of ote fl The a fl ra this cue in IS 21 an thi for Taos known a chemical core! oF Sichomerc air fel ratio for eta feel, However instal operation, AE {oo he egies nt socom Te combustion of fel fe St gle ‘Reap win cri ie ng of fe a swan ‘opesiton of flame The aio varies from G10 20:1, Hence ‘Sxtwctor should ippy ae fs rao within combo rane. fl ao lower tan 15134 w anown ao ch mitre wheres fel to ewe han ‘The mpi funtion ofthe eaburrwo vaporize ole ied fel sd suogly itt the engine liner at ait const r ‘itis ig adr shad be ch At he a cen em + The most mogercous el dsibton in the steam, This ites the wpply of mstar of wala sompontion to ave eine + Cont of macs and composition of he fe i intr spi to the ‘ine, which woul rear optimum opetion codon a spi ‘tym power, dingo minmun fel Consmpuen). + Reliable sting at any temperate * The possliy of changing the ajusment in accordance withthe se ofthe engine ‘Simplicity of maintenance and wp * Clone conto ofthe ped * Good acleration of te engine. ‘Tee air fuel uo rajurenent of the engine at. various operaiog ondtonsne shown i he Table 110. ‘Table 1.10 Ae fue requicement a dierent pering cndions SNe] Operating Condon ‘Air Fa rato eure 1 | Sanne wis 2. | ting ior 3 fewiing 16a w Te 4 | Rapid Acceleration asi 5._|Maxinum pover nie ba Basically the paenger cr caburs are of two Spe. Comsat vent tnd contnt depression ato know a varable ve). Eras of veer ‘ing contant vent (ao know at fied choke) sutton ae Fis UNO. Marti Om, Gyps Mart 809,100, Ze0 Peupt 309 xampes of vehicles using conan depression ye carburetor te: 501d Ambasadr care tefoe 1968 > Retin engine sedi Dolph ct ‘The exer har become more and me complied to mest the ‘roqutemeat of perfomance i tem f power uel estan, mon, cad ‘Supply of fos! tough caer rns in 2 bw of ar, fet vag topics and oid finn te ie afld shown te Fig. 120 ‘ia the ‘i orn cout heme bya the ‘Manfald wah the hp of colnet before ing torch silTene to diinsr Fe 1.26 Fow ofl, el apo dope ds i hint mand ‘action in ai el rato among the elindrs. Fath, carted engines do "0 spp a complete homapencoos ai fal mine and Rene ear ha ‘ai not wife among te cylinder: ANtugh the crural ie on arty of gain engine, tapas tha as tech i ihe evel of inprovenen Hence itt being replaced by gine od neon ‘sytem. Emision relatos demand the ae of Peconic Fac ikea (EEF in certain chases of cus i coin counts Two and hee whet ot teaine cacy round 100 to 20kce water to stake ele or fon seals ‘le, we cater now and wil tne for many tie year teclce Af ‘evelopment problems i very smal size feel pumps TRe ingen ine pefrmance by sing Injotionsysem ar Compared ocr ‘sem fo mart 600 ce egie Sawn i Tate 1 “able 1.1. improvement in engine perfomance by using injestion system ‘8 conpared to cabrio stm ara 400 ce coping) te ‘dling — = 100 rv we Inrovenet in CO emis be bis Ingrovemont in HC cosine os ae hlnder to inde von us in Bake power improvement . 1.30, FUEL INJECTION S¥STEM Peefared Spe of fuel system for patenger coe apc Wey te Falowing advange over carb counter ‘enc een pone einen: by ah nde nM eine nce volumevicefiieny improvement > eer fet vaporization an ee Sac Om atonal wit roo > Enns canbe operated a re a ma > Ban sc fhe ean mh lo PO I ity of fi can be wid cas te ete ose intake manild can be eliminated completely uk ing in eb ‘ecient > Bock Sing in i Chr ab ee aa ee ne eam conte Oe Ser iy cost fel at a0 can ae mci a armen SOULS acn eeOBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS 1. The main erent of itl Combsion eine fs (a) aed Sd nl starting ote cgi (©) Combusio without earn snd coke dpe on the engine pas (6) Atcae of eesive wear and comes of te enpne f {@ Comics tnelySncbina erate ane 20teesl engiteshatanes ae mre vale compared to faltans cane TE te ons tition it D They hive a gh sl non pot (© They have pres endenty to hme {@ They we tne cap 2. The psc of eomai yon in pool impoves snk poprer ™ alrite ve (0 Came nombor (@ Pewen dattioncharcriscs 4 Te sat otros comin np red by Oise Lwri0-156 (40-508 30-15% 5. The ges mot wily wd at tote fae superior a compe (0 lig fic ees of (a) Bene atone properies (0 Boner pst cme {6 Las tonic components in combustion ptt: Us Ait swe 8 The_preence of Iydrctton emisons in Si. engine combustion we gona ; (0) Therma scompoin of iydocarbons (0) Mey ph comnts MeyPane questing net he ine wall (ed) Zones of ners, 1. quny of onder of mop fomed ding conbution depends 1G Concern of igen ad ony in th a fk mie (© Maxinan get tempers oe caine . "Reman le epee carina Lenin ic peionaat Noy resonant “Sno cedonimn Nowe af above 8. anton qty of ein fo xed eave (6) Sct grey (6) Cane numer {Geoaane namie 10, Ota mumbo of gxectne general avalabe a Indi i i he ane of {e 10w20 (@)20 040 (9.400 0 a0 099 (9.901095 11, Cote umber of isl fe peneally aval sn the range leis 5020 (920030 O00 er40 0 38 12. Mainly aldehyde ae formed when he ‘pv Ovidaton peace tates pase at ower tmp. ‘fy Ondaonfrocees tke los at Nera. {9 Rothe nine we ng pce (@) Artal mio er 15, Souris formed in diel engines at result of te dic ineraton of drain molcales whem hts (a) Brees fo Br shorge of oa “éy Homogencrar miata inthe cylinder (@ Low combeston temperate 14 The aoe of dis! fel ih igh sulphur cotets may rest i an Gree of te ctinder fice Yr Wear of piston ings {© ety pec Rate of pressure se 15. The base reiement for eutalihing = comparative scale of the ‘ognton trey Go amanda engine Gy A betot operating conditions (GLA Dadar method of meaearing he neni of etonation {A pir fsa rterenee Tole Aorta te sve 16 Te te-tyl lend aed in sal quiies to most spark igon rene fn (To bvng te octane number o saad vals(0) To ingrove the brake thermal efficiney (0 To improve the specie expe’ GAM ee ove 17 Chemical formats of tty fad i (aca, Ps Cato, Lorre cit (omen 18. Preignion i defined )Ieiton of hag fee passage ofthe spark \DrTanion of he care prior opasag ote spack “© Ignition ofthe end charge (@ anion ofthe charge nest the ink valve 19, Text tad may (@) Cause tovbleseme depois on cylinder wae (© Case woublesme deposits on spar-pugs ad ves (6) Promote spark plug and exhale secs (Aborted int the lang in vapor foes 20. enon uli of de fil mens in er of (Gah wt compen a {© Power and etc Gnenp, Mor igton sey 21 Te knocking tendency in Spat ein ei sven fl wi (@) Enhance by reduct a 0% ho-an an 20% mbeptae wil ave Nore inter Gy Os nner 2 (exam {@ Coane samber 30 (6 Nowe oft ove 23 For obtining matinem power fom spark gnion engin, he ue ‘nner shuld be =i () Stachiomewse br Shy cher an chimeric (© Shay tan han seco (@ May tench ren 24, Relative fo ae re (9) for minimum specie fee consunption ce tony of atk gation eine may Be joe aos et iota ate et 76 TS WT alwys Knock igh speed Ser eS new wt nw 27 line mast have #niavely Se on a aetna nae a ie aa mee So eer Ee fmenam swe (re ipnion (io High cone saber 30, Cetanesunbr of del fa sa measure of ‘abety eto ‘Sy get etl compeion ro ‘Steen emer (a Many fo easy nereased, the compression ratio of the a1. Pane x va of fe sence oem a Porras 2 ORE wansin pe see oan" e 3, Suu tiiency of x wall dened dec engi may bein he La TS 0 90% |b) 50 wo 75% whee aoe 1 se2P nu aig of eine * the knocting tendency MB ee chop wey Dborbat ay ee(2 Depends on intent o spk ay 238: The ene with which gotne vpn ale (@) Onan “by une number evant (Came mber 36ers fn sine Ltd gn Seine Tante beter ting fated 8 te noma ane vel am the tug eules = (Sts (0 Sting 27. Much et ht a See Sect answers wing the codes A. olay (0) ae with ich he fal gion 2B vconty 2 swith wich shad vopren Cee naner 6) i och sg ows ja pc wrote oA b © @h ae 2, asa is wally {We preety scohl and 90 percent vended gxoine \@) 0 percent ey! lcheland 30 percent aneaed petine (6) 10 percent ety lobo! and 30 perce uneadd gasoline (6,30 pevent ety alcohol and 80 percent unaded gsaie 39. The main disadvantages of wing real fr foe IC engi is (ahs posonoue “tp We heat ae i low (is conoaive (Watracts water an engine sta Gra ofthe above 40. Tha diesel engine, he dation between the tine of inaction and ine of ion led (Cy Peted ot igion (©) Baposon pei Yeraiy period (@ Burning pit 41 The Sef gion Temgertre S19 esl compar pt i Go titer Car Lomer (eo nec aces Pctaing 42, The fel which detonate wily in puck inion made (e) Thene (@ Benaone (6 ooeane | etepane (@ Aleta 4. ooking in 4 pl voice noiceble wile (ay aing ‘Us crsing (G Acssersng (a) Descesteating 44, Woh oe Is ving highest etn ing (o)Paains (@) Napihenes ies (@ Ostne 43 The baton ropes of desl i as compare opto is (interior Nib Superior ()Notaffcted Facing 46, Spee pray of deel las compared opto ghar Wey sh lover (@ Not atases (a Pct 47 The soe riement of vile wally Hnteases ding wee ver 3.00 10 25800 bn of ving, reguement pally Imes Py tore Ssctan) duet Ader Buildup of depots onthe combustion chamber walt {@) Wear and ee of engine cylinder (3 Wear and tear of engine valves @ None othe above «45 The nines ed fr enancing the ctane rating f ese i i (a) an pry! eae “en Peary amt te (S Pimay bernie (a) Oxyt nee Sao ie sone «9 Synceasing te ceane rating o dies ote apparent atvaton ery cane (@)Inrenes Neyo change (@ Pctnes 50, ptf urd ina isl engine, hen {Engine opt wil be ees (BEng ccincy wil be eee WeyEnsne may bok severe \G There wont be my fect, 1 ho-ctne har cee abe of @o @) 30 x40 (@ 0 52. fies in oer of inrosng Hoock tendency ina spargnton Gravois nape, pain Mo) Napon, prin, aromatic (©) Putin amas, mpones (G Paris, apheresismein ego pe op met cet nt oil oes 1 et ig ei 1 Sheh seine ine Sn tn er ig ny orca eperett oe (Sai ety Sot tn an ee ss namo te a 2h gt tne Shem spec wae (@ mhspane and recone ee Te to same es comin te et et icity tira ecto ogee oe SLs ees Codes: * (Ge) Both Aand Rare ean Ris the comet explanation ofA (by Both ad Rare tre bat Ret comeeeapannton of A (0) Aisin tut Ri ine (Ais fae tor is oe 56, Aserton A: Seif enon temperate of he end charge mst be higher to preven haackng of the ST engine “ ‘Reason: Higher compression Tao incees the tempers of el mire ere fae 57. Asserion A: Alt injection system finds wide api moter $emon ery 70 itn of li att he sr inecton tne fa as spc Soe eg” SE ‘Reason R: Anon he fr can nese highest competion 4, [20 at whch an Seine can be eprted witout ech 2 Bs tel tien off ie an kr Reason Re The shane efficiency of ga rine phe compared ‘ow raped wl give = progresively sich mnt the a Speed I incremed Reason RAs he preseue dferece ove the et of «inp aban frcree,he maf pata dachrges a grea fat ha oes he ne 61, ter: SL sais ie oe en, uk [eaton R As the eine peed increase, Nae velo Iccases (62, Aueton A Avery high compression tae favre fr 3 Cl engine, ia ‘Seder stain ier mechanical efficiens weitou ooking ‘eavom R: The dey peed in Cl engines aflecs ete of poate ris 62. For St engine, rings 3000p th induction proces Ite (Gy More tan 03 seindeB) Las thn O02 seconds (64. The mistre demansed by an ing engine Is (a)Rich (by bean (6 Stehiomeane (a) Diet wo preset (5. Magen percha compress ave an otal lens (adisaic ‘ielency smectic eficeny) i be range of Gayoso os by Os 0 068 (9.078 09 (6. The clan mmber of diesel wd in nda fo atomative application (Below 30 (oy Berween 0 ad 90 (O Bewcen 0 ae 60 (67. Gaseous fol used with pele prods for dal ft operon (Goal odo dtc! engine: because (an Power output of auch engines are comparable to neat diesel (b) Swiching back fom dust fe 0 diesel operation conveniently tchieved (e Higher eomresion rai eget bur the gaseous Fee (68, Plec injection n dsl engine rdnces rill (a) Noe (@) Smate (Gone of ivorsn a) All of he above (line Blanks wih spore word (io obtain masinur power for quick aecleration and 16 negate us aby weight wo Tp of(dT maximum torus ofthe commer veces stout percent geste han tor athe peaking soe, ‘in Te comburton chart conan it based pon eo tao Incase of ochiomeremistares (Sinica engin ena mh pk ag (0) nthe constrain of combustion chats the fel sen 0 Be ‘ ‘snd creping resus tn prasad ‘i conprenion sate eng nthe ange fer barand a= (oun The period betwen the Hart of nacton and srt finn, called ‘nt aeons for high speed enn. (it) The Co-eticentofcompeesibty of os he oder 70 IndanteHf he following stents ae tr (T) ole (F) - Power decrmines whether an engite can ve a vehicle Hou uote wine true Series how ih theca propreses over the ssc, v (iyi Se Capcom) eh engine wer o be doubled bo Torque and mean effone reser would nen doublet} (iy nan Senge the peak temperature of the yee almost ave a the mean gs tempera. vl (jy Caution of he str re indies tat epider gas ae Bod rato of beat beats ofthe high temperate: (0) The presse an temperate af he exh pases tthe en f te ihe woke do var with ange nad ct (0) Complete sepotzation ‘of foe ally does not occur in the ‘Sauron teore the fel oor ino the adsense] (oun When te choke sytem of the cart i nopration the supply tai 6 the mining chamber decreed, hercy increasing the Scum the doce et "1 (tin Compare tote compresion ition engine, sei fst consump oven Scar gut gota put had an ingens (is Pomer determines how quel the car progresses tough the hose ‘Sad or ler ebstces whereas torgue deemines whet he engine ‘ine the car over te obstacles oi (The tse of ethanal a am aol fal ative improves ait hay by teducing HC apd CO emiione oT » ‘evolaion athe four seoke ejeles. However wo ste cyte een ower cuts per nit dipced ‘Smear ese han tc he power ‘Suagest why this penal vantage pot Ar re EE ce ween ‘ete combustion of the fuel does not take Le erie ee a ieee ene See ea insane ara Sees = a Rati eos Sree "Tas the _sfe is 0 preferred parameter as it is indicative of the actual power Pee wren ae See rmrmampmnnsnmacoet a 75. Wich one othe falowing evens would reduce the volume Speci fel consumption(@) Inet valve losing afer oto dea centr (2 Inet ale losing beloe ttre den emer (6 Inlet ave opening before top Seat cect (@ Exhait valve closing ae op dea cen 76, As compared to ait samiard te, natal working, the effect of Sam ei a (e) crease maximum pessre and maximum temperate (b Rede maximum pressure and sania emer (6) lcrease maximum pressure and decree mam temperate (@ Decrease maximum presre sa focus maximum onperee 77 Consider te following manure \incesig the compres fata 2 Increasing the ina tempore 3 Inteatng the length ode eto of he lng 4 Inteasing the eogie sped he measure near to Teakce the fndeney to knockin CX engines woul inde (otra anda (2 ans COu3 and (2, 34nd ‘7%. Match List I with List and select the ret answers wing the codes batt st (Operation condition) oprotimatehifoe ratio) ‘ng ee Di. Cot sat aon Codes: @A BR cD OA B © 6 OA BoC Db nn 79. General, in Bosch type fel injection pump, the quantity of felis ‘nested decreed wth change loud to change (a) Timing of se of fact neton (0) Timing if end of el incon (6) Ineton pressure of al (0 Neh a ow of ah 80.1 the approximate average mean prestires dig induction compres ‘on power and exist stoke of trl comustion cept ae ‘apy 15 ENim? iow sim, 200 KN above mate 1000 [Nie ahove atmos and 20 KN shove aimosphe tan ‘estat em efecve psa fo Nn? ons ws wo (a mas Match Lis 1 Perfomance Curves Iblled A. B, Cand in i. 2.fr 4 conan speed diesel engine) with Lit it esfomane parncies) tnd selec the ort aver wing the Coes given teow We Tas tet eet 2: Brake specific fuel consumption 3. Brake ermal efcieny j@A BR cp os B © Db a Bb 6 Db an fos 7 f Pe {2 Which one ofthe following quaties i sisumed conan fr intra ‘ombuston engine while stating etn power by exreplaon ‘hough Wits ine (@) Brake thermal efficiency (2) Indicted heal effihency (Proton power (a) Notume eftceney 53. Match Lit Twith List Ifa cet the cet ane Uing the coves ven teow the Ite unt en {Gye operating bewcen (Characteristics) Sued temperate lis) nd compres tioB.Joule or Brayton ecto 2. ‘ficieney "depends upon volume omreston rato © On ete 1 Etncy depends pon peur no B.D ste 4 lens) Sepende "ony pon tem peru nts 5, Bictency depends upon specific heats @A Bo oc D Sof 3 8 OA B CD fe o2 1 os oA B cD @A B CD 14, Mach List I wit Lis I and let the coret answer wing the coder ust Litt ‘A Precombution camber 1 Compression Swi Bi Turolent chamber 2 Mates ne ave Open cinta tateg Sp enne 5: Mchamber @A Bo cD sof S$ 3 A B CD PoP S28 @A Bo cD fos rs @s Bo cD 45, Conder he lowing statements conpareg IC. Engines and gx ‘tines 1, Gat tines ace simple, compact nd tight in weight 2 Camp expansion of working ebsance i possible in IC. Engines 2. There lei te design of ferent components of ae abit ‘Stren poses take place in ifleret components 4 hen low pa fos can Be Burning bins Of these tomes (@){,2and 3 we conest (1.3 and 4 are comect (9.2.3. 4 ae const 1.2 and 4 ae comet 14. Wisc ofthe flowing factors incre detonation i the Senge 1 tncrensl oprk advance 2. Neca seed 5. Inteased at fel ato beyond sociometc sent 4. Inteased conpresion rao Select the covet anewer sing the coder gio Blow Cote (o) 1 ands (2anas (1 Zand « (atand § 187, Which one ofthe following carves shown in Fig 3 proper represen thos of presareiflrentals (rans) vloiy af a Cratsy at Be ! | } — 4 8. Match List Wid Lint I and sles he comes amie wing he caer (Eiements ofa complete carbraor) (Rich mise resremen) [A lang stem 1 To compenate or ston of 28 Eco atm 2 Forse soning@A Bo cD ror 3 8 OA b © Dd ros fF 8 oA B Cb 2 3 4 7 Oe B & Db oor oy 8 1. Mach Uist with Li ad select he caret ante ing te codes = re totam) — Oma sit 1. Carburetor eng Grantee diaion 2. Madang wolaity 3: Tilend wou Codes @A Bo oc oe be oA Bb € 2 3 f we be ie 0, es seta eine pes he dt eke or deeming be (@)Pson dianett, length of adhe and clic vale of fek (@ Piston dee, see fuel consis, an soi val of fc (6 Piston dst, length of sooke and speed fron (@ Speci el consumption speed of ron and tet 91, Fertil mtmoe Cc fr cml of easing ine ‘red mach Li i i ads con see ae 1 eigen dc 2 Groen en cet bike neste tl common i es neg coe Senn ean ee a kc Ma Boe on bos @a be foro 92. Conse he following stems The performance of Sl engine cn be improved by lnreasing the conrenon io 1 Tack of higher ectane number can be employed a higher compression of thee semen (@) Bodh ad are we (iste bes se (0) Tis fae bu I ee 93. Which ‘one of the following diagrams presents Ono cycle on ‘Sper Cnty (9) lane ie oe (Ales to cota Rav pce ad fet pss ea ‘cioncy of ga peel sn the rer {@ Drow ee, Dun eee and Ono cele (ow ace, Deal le and Dual cyte (©) Bust eee, Ono jel and Diesel ele (a Dato Ono nd Dil ele Correct answer using he codes given below the columns (6) Bath a seoie cetdagem . SS rs © wa nc oe be oh ae frog ws be 9%, For dtl engines, th etd of governing pone i (Ge) uaty governing ‘@) Quanity governing (© Rit and ticgoversing (All of he above ‘97. The torque dele by a egies maxi (a) At mancmum speed 0 th ogi (0) Ath ape wher volume effeny ie mains (c) At minimum posible speed of a engine (a) Atte spd where engine utp main 98, Will's line method is employed to determine (Gy henna tien a) Meshal ficiency (6) Womens ficiency (a) Relative yee eency 99, Duron of crank angle diving which int vale remains open foe 3 ‘Spel ional ontuon ene operating at 300 revnis (a) 180 depres, (Gy Less han 180 depees, (e220 depres (360 degree tones Spugaion 1) eget mal Ot dc at str be (a) Am iantion problem) Oversiching of mixture (0 ako el (G)Att of te above 101, Ate spark discharge, sama Ylume of fel mitre in he Zon a ‘he spark gap thet © 3 temperate 8 gh a (ay tn “@) 10000 {1.0000 {None ofthe sve 102, The average Mame speed in ee combustion chamber of SI. engine (som (01020 we (0.2030 (a) 30-0 mis 103, The tl daraton of combustion a spark ignition engine i (3010 Wwea (8) somo worca (O)abe toon (a) too wo 180A 104, To tz the eat gnested in he cembston process wth maximum tisency, he prt shold be accompli (a) Mach before TOC (by Much afer TOC (8 Coe wo Tc {2 Nowe ofthe above 105, Prema a! the end of compression in four stoke SI. engine may reach (01 03 Mea os wassera (9.05008 MPs (090015 Neo 106, Presure ahe end f compression stoke i four stoke Cl. engine my rch (10 20 MPs 2000 25 MPs 38055 Mr (600 40 MPa 107 nthe isl engine, he fs i injected int the engine yids (a) Atte coo the power stoke (i) A he oping ofthe power ake (6) tthe bepinning of he compression sok (Gh Near etn of be competion sate 108, Which oe ofthe following coset,46 OBIEETIVE REVIEW IN LC ENGINE & AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING (0) Te dn eine a rte ae cnt ow © Bee power en ee a Cn pat by (0 Tht en fa ee compris eo hn he pt ‘ignition engine a (oT eine cngrne td! vp ine omreon 109. The sie ofan engin eylndr refered on cms fits (@) Diameter and bore (0) Bore and woke (6 Bor and wave dumeter__(d) Duplacomen ant efiiency "10. A person wing his ca at very Tean mir fora longtime. which component ofthe engine wil be every assed Bae Poop G ineerave (@ tama whe 1, Morn oe LC. egie eeu are (2 San pve ne omar {2 Pamping be power 112, Oreo the mje cacs otto sean can 8 (2) Very high speed (©) Paton tings (@)Stching of exhas valve 113. The sie of Inte valve i Si engine @ Fal tothe ech wae (@ Lager tant ext valve {© Sia than he ext ae {2 Does ot depend ote pe egg 114. Chenin agi ie (@) Creed the being te scion stake (©) Greed wt he en ort ston sake {© Crened during comtuston (@ Creed wars te cad of th competion se 1S Ife sree removed from te igen 1 esr seme removed tom he pie ma pr enon cope, (@ Lee ey nate (© Pocwsine to Novae 16. I a pack inition cgi retig te spar ining wil {@ laos inking enemy () Rede kolngeeney (©) Not have any aft (te eae the engine ue 17. Knocking ina pt eis noceabte wile @ Santee “o> ting (6 Acelring (@ Crasing 8. The factor wich preventing the ne of isl engine ia alin (@) Less power 19 wei aio") Engine sprton ina Sea (e) Smoky exhaust (All of he above 119, Smoke fom diel engine may aft ple Death hough (Gn itwaon ofthe oe membranes (@) lon of be pry act (6 neon othe ot (Al ofthe above 120, The major probiem of esl engines is (@) Sioke tnt ost 8) Cron douse {© exon mosorice (Ores of sizogen 121, Sibmby ls in desl engines ae sompared wo pel engines are (ey Hieber @ tower (© Same (Foti 122, The inporot ext emission rom »gslie engine a (Caen mocose {@) Unbur hyteatons { Niropen nies ad panicles (@ Alot be above 123, The eau eisns fom a guolite engine may vary with (G@) Aft alo “Spa imingr of engine (6 npc operating condone (2) Allo he above 124, The formation of pcchemica smog scribe ote flowing rection (Gy tdecarbons tne ode + supe > Photochemical soe (Oy Hydrocarbon» ie onde ¥ water» Photochem! sog {OjHndcarton + COs Sunil > Phasetema smog {@ thatecubon 160 5 CO, Phucchemis! soe 125, Hydecrtonemsdons fom a pak gion engine will be maxima (ating ) Acceering (6 Deere o Csing 126, For edoing te hysocarton emis, the sure 16 volume rato of ‘Smuison camber fan cone sould Be (Redon (@)Iereet {ey Suns to volume to ha 9 effect on HC emisions (Gone ofthe abe 127, Sure wo volume aio of combution chamber can be chang by (© Seater ra othe spacement (Oat ote stow 128, The maifcatonvich may ep in cleaer exaust iv9, (Use of misma valve ver {6) Us of maximum pone spark advance {Use of coting arangement In thea sream fo ec fet vp ‘mia crest ae ai in I. nine {0) NOs otsoved to be minimum (6) CO is obearved to be masini {HC is observed tote maximum "Sealed ing orice stem” adopted in many American uiomodve {ay To minis crankcase bow by loses {by To mde evapornive loner 0) To minimse te ervice efeer” {8 Nowe ofthe atone Limos of catalytic converse {9 Raine fab end compan in {6 Prowre low and ne problems (0 Alef the above “The factor asi wide option of fel injection sem in poling Comparative nigh cmt) Higher pei fel consumption tare che vations (2 Inset emisont ‘Advancing sack ning may ea io (Gy Reduction of NO concentration (2) Increase n NO concentration (6) Decrease In peak cele pes (@ Decreme in engine ote The meng te mite’ mes (6 creasing ai een {e)Ineeasing inlet ale Jot ameter (@ increasing pero! ‘Wate voltage a the secondary ternal ofthe ition coll? (a) 6 vat “fy 1 vote {0 1.000 vote (6 20000 vote Daring the comtion in St engines, the peste inthe liner may treat in ba) oro 0 Oso (30 (0) Ove 0 (0 Te (Foe 1, The cams of four stoke Intern combuson engine runing a 1500 ceva il tn at (a) 1500 revimin (0) 3000 renin {150 revmin (a) Nove of te ove ‘The magneto in an aomobile tsi (ey Traaermer (HAC reertoe (© DC. gemraor (a) Magneto creat ‘Most ofthe igh speed CL enpnes operate on larDiaat ce (0) Ono eyce (0 Dual exle (a) Comoe cyte “Tne exhaust valve of fourstroke LC. engine emais open for neriy (ica (by 10rca tonrca (a) Nog a he above “The most popular Fring ere nese of for Stoke fur yn in ine rea - ised (rsa (izes “Te level 0 pool nthe oat chamber sould be (G) Above the het of he sen, (Same ae he tof he vet (Nove of te above Ina diac engne, fe is ignited by (a) Using low pus (2) Using 2 Sar la (6) Vine of he temperate of he compressed ae (a Aninjctor “The main fonction of he dese foc pomp 0 (G) Pump th fol om te injctonpamp 10 Be injector (0) Pap the ful fom fe! ak ina te ecto pam {e) Pam theo ito the main pally (G Send tc the fc rom he neti the ak “Te ste fel inetion timing can be aust i ce fe injection pomp of deel engine y atin GoBatery wave “Poston of he rack (6 Tapet clearance {Peston ofthe pump canst Foote cance ofthe cverved erence Between the aoa and fe (Gy Leatage and incomplete combustion (2) Propessive brs snd beat ses(Time tones (a) Esha one (0) Allo the shove (@) Loar of work duet pat movement ding comttion| (t) Low of work duet eat ann (6) Loss of work de wo leakage sc0 piston rings (@ Lass due wo nig ine rogue for he combusion 149 The far whch egos for mang ifecce Swen ‘ce and fl ir gee (@) Apparent tine lest (2) Exh How dows last (6) Apparent teat oer (a) Leakage 150, Higher octane mune of SI caine fs, means that tefl hs (higher eating vale) igh Bash pol {0 Lower volay (Longe gion ay ISI, Which ofthe following factors woul neste the pouty of kao 1 Long igmtion dy off 2 Low signin temp. uel 5. Low olay ot feck Stic the corm ener aang the coder given below Code (oy. 2 ands Opt Olin bE 12. Match tt with it i respec of SI engines and select he comsst answer y ing the cor given below the es Let em ‘A Highest ust compresion ao gable mixtre B Does, 2 Rock rating fF Liming mixure sreneth 3 Demon Delay peed 4 Chin of chemical ection in ‘combustion chamber Cade j@A Bo cop OA B cD oA b © 6 MA BoC D x 4 sg 159. A pas engine has «swept volume of 300 ce and clearance volume af 25, te volume efficiency ant mechanical efficiency is 8% ad Som repecvely. What te volun of the mite take a pe sok Owe (hy 2szce aot @ mote 154 Stach it wth Lt and ste cores ane wing be ees ‘ua Lise CCneraing mode ofS mgne) Arp iru rai) wai Bs moa 301 -eeovers 8 oa ob 185, Te case shown inte ven gue i characters fd engine ‘What doer the yaxis mest (a) Btceney (8) Speci el corumption (Airtel nto (Poet commotion te 156. The caect equens ofthe decreasing order of bake thermal fiery (dy eke Cheng 4 eke St engine 2 sks SL engine (Gy ode St cop, 4 stoke Cl ensaes, 2 stoke St engine {6)4 ake Ct engne 2 sks ST mp # wre St nie {G3 sie Sten # eS cp 4 lene 17, Keeping he pranie const, bake power of esl en Tincened by (Dec he emit te(6 ecresng he pres of ina ar omatod et satinain ot doued power f «meine St (Gro et (©) Prony brake west (©) Moring et (Ht balance tnt 139, Which ne of e lowing engine wit ave heaviest hy whee! (a) a0 12 foe sok pool onine rnning at 1500 rp {© GOH two ote foo engine running a 1300 rm {40 HF two ote dese expe runing 750 rm {@ 40H fou stoke dese! engine runing 750 rm 160, Lis iver the ifr em eae o smiaston we Li Ties the cacone ofthe sven tht follow, Mach Un Yh Lit Wand ‘Slt coat tnver eng he cos ven blow te ts ‘ua pa A Assan 1. Poedo sack 1, Abeonnal sombuston 4 Beomemic @aA 8 cD pk TF 8 oe bB © Db po oy 4 @s Bb cD 161. Consider the flowing erent Knock nthe SI engine can be reduced by 1 Sopercharng 2 Reading the spark 3. Using fel of og sight chin ste 4 Incresng the engine speed Of hese statements (ay 1 and? we comect_ (6) 2nd 3a comet. (22. 3andtae comect —(Q) Pan & ae comet, 162, Camidr te flowing statements ‘he injector nozte of « Cl engine $6 required to inject fuel at = ‘iin high pressure I oder 1. Be abe to fj fl Ina chamber of high reste a he end ofthe 2 Inet he fila igh veloc t faite somisaion 2. Em hat the pensation i ot gh (fhe above satements (int ad we comet (0) and 3 are coment (O2and bare comet (d)2and Sa comet 163, Use of somponiing jet in a ewfburetor supper almost comtant ‘srown fp atl speeds teeuse (a) The jt mea sama varied depending on he ston (@) The ow fom te main ts dered to Be compensating jet wih (ey he ameter othe jt constant and the discharge cote i (ay The aw produced et he tic ead i he ha cher 164, Inte coment of perfomance evaluation of LC engine. tach List 1 sid Lint Wand set the conectanewer ing he odes given below a) se «Parameter (Eupment for measurement) 1 Bomb calsimeter 2) Becta! achomete 3 Hysuledymamometer 2 me lonaton Stor [A Brake power 1. gine peed loi ae of fe staat emisions obs aan: wh bb S$ 165, nthe content of engine fuel dives, match List 1 with List and tse ‘ust (Fuel characterises) Aas) ‘A.Gombstionmprovers 1. Ay nate 1 Cetne improves 2 Scone Ant foamans 4 Toe eat nnOA 8 ©» os 2 2 og @e 8 6 Bb hot FD 168. Atow abe a tae ster sy (G) Stating in cold weater sified (0) Increased tendency towards the generation of smoke (Higher ae o pressure re (a) Increased rate yarn emsions (0 All ofthe above 167. IF te extn numeri higher than ht for he neton system tina (@) Power wil be at (© Ea ignition (efor proper mixing) (©) Higher stoke and byron emone (Alot the atove '68, Fucls having high etme numbers perfoms best whe (@) The noni advanced (6) The inact ede 6) Compresion rat of the engin is Sry high (@ Sect pesie higher ‘Alcohol fis ve the dislvange as compen ignition fc eae (@) They tae ow octane number (6) Miphextave mamtcr (6) Low ctae mtr (Ail et egied is higher 170.1 metal were to be substi eniely for dsl i (@) Emission wl nerese (©) ce km wil be ower (6) Tankvalume rege 215 times (None of he shove, 171, LPG (LgueiaPevlevn Gas) i considered be {0 Compressed Natural Gas (ENO) ere (@) LPG ha hips etane ating (© 1 an be sed in ud Tom at atmospheric temperate (6) has per Ret vase (0 Wi vata sundance 172 LPG i mainly (a) Propane wt butane (6) Mebane with pope (e) Metane wih bane (4) Pope with hydrogen 17, Alef rio fora gus bine engine ofthe order of @ior ist (20:1 toeot (9.60:1 174 intra combustion engines. the ft conumgtion wlinctese ifthe exhaust bck peste) (Gy Decesed (2 trast (Kept contant (a) Depends on ter facto {@)None of the above compression gnton engine spe chang neem the Enon teeny (6) Decrnee the nockng tendon {e) No effect on knocking (@ Knocking ir aflected by oer tacts 196. Me ato of bake power output the fel energy inp i clled 177. Wich of the opravon im our sche cle pel capine conic {rom 3 tetoe bot dead cre to 10 afer top dead cese ms, (a) Section 1b) Compression (9 Expanion (oem 178. To develop high vlae forte epark plug of Si engine (@) Duet entail enon eo insta (6) Corbrctor i iatatlec (4) Batey i isle 179, Mtge developed to sie spr a the park pg i athe enge of 190, Sind fring rer for si eyner pel engine i 11, For pel engiey, meth of governing employed iz (@) Guay govering ") Quay governing {@)Mic and miss governing (2) None of te above 182, The orga developed by engine i maximum at (Gy Masi speed of engine (@) Atma. volumes lcecy speed of engine (e) At min sped of engine (Attn, power ed engne 183, More testi ed or mal-ylindr spark enon engine to determine (Thema! efficiency (©) Mechanical effin {) Molomare ffieery (2 Relative eficeney 8 ea The gap showing hema ficiency we percentage rated load for LC tacit (A Band ses fl conn ve percentage load GiR) a shown: choose the cect combinationTem a . = a Henote © xo | |) Heat cotng wae | 30 | _30 30 0 Heat exhaust 5 | 30 | 30 Heat usccounied 5 | 0 188, Pewol commercially avalable in India or Indian peng care a twas (98 0 100 (900% 0050 19, Duin of crnk-angle during wich inlet valve rmine open for & ‘pel imeaal combostion engine eprating at 200 pn maybe (@) 180 degrees (@) 160 depees Fe (0) 230 aepece (0270 sepees war 39 190, During the combustion in LC engines the res in the ylnder may oc an Increase to Gn ba) 15, Fig. shows te graph ffs al rao ema specifi fel consumption 0 @ 100 fees engine (e200 (a) none of above wal os 191, In twostoke cycle engine, he 4 processes we completed in 20 many we oo {evolaosof te crn shat (0 Ove to (0 Tree (a Pow 192, Very high sped engines ae generally (Spa ipnton pes {@) Compression ignition engines {Oss engines, (0 Stam enies 193, Therma efficeny of wo suoke pel engine as compare otha of four smoke pel engie forthe same Ouse fed and se Smet ao Moe tes (6) Same a ong as compression ato i same Pet Fea (Same a longa ont same 16, Fig. 2 shows he seat trae characteristics of «spk ignition engine 194. Advantage claimed forthe cloned rss cooling system eat ‘full rote opce (ey There i es keto of boing over wa oo (0) Contngcipacity ofthe Sytem aed we ‘oo (6) Fol vaportasion and dart ae improved fy. 187. Heat ance of god inna combustion engin is given (a Ait ote atone "176 OBIECTIVE REVIEW IN LC: ENGINE & AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING 198. Ma icy of pul nie sme. 196, The i ol a ina pil engin i one eben ° compared ta diesel eine 198 Dual ye tema i resteresseceal odes eee forthe sme "99 As eam vlume ince, the volume. ffciecy of 4 sane i msi cng rein ceo eye nn IC engi a @) 234 oie. : Oise ass 201. The tie of with nce pene ince ‘obec Groene {2 Speci eat osc may decrease of ene 202 The seca aa oh inca nenperate (oes (Boos, {9 Noctec ° {Speci eat ito sr may deseo icese 203. The specie rato of CO, gus camped oe (a Riper ‘o)Lawe (© bye {2 ey te ihe rower pending on tnperre 204. Wit ince in emprtr th specie atte gan (case ders (ONocfftoftmp, Win eee o decrease 205, The een hal engin operine ale at men at lon ry tego ht ea a * roticd matimam tgs dese (©) Produced maimam bse power te by wo {9 Podaced maximum ele roars Soest (2 Nowe of tube “es 206 A silo engin proces “25 ip and dvr 10 bp. he fp and ‘chanical ein oe eng ove? OPP (235 a 008 (to mason (9 Soantson ( 3s md som 27 Th spe in compen rat ene many by (@) Rov incessng weigh ofthe engine (6) Rapiy increasing fos snsengton of he engine (6) Ans etna guaty of be present ay fuels (@ Alot te shove 208. The speed of he wo Soke cycle engine mst Be hep owe han our (e)Excensve tester (0) Escsive wear ane tear (6) Break down of cat shaft (Bren down of he ation 200, Inset cyte anaes (ay Working medium issued ob perfect gs (0 Speci heats re sumed to be constant (0) Heat supped reed ttncouly (No ea ln asd fort cle (@)Allofthe above 210. In te eel aay (@) Working meum issued ote st (0) Vales of specific at ar vale (6) Heat is spied or jected instantaneously (No tea tone rasan for dt ole (0 allot te above otal cyte (@) The working median depends up the SI ce CT modes (0) Hea maybe sep or rected tantly (e) Speci ene ae mt constant (No beat lot srs the bounds (6) Allof be above 212 tata cycle ays (Gy All vations of fir cyles (8) Beng in th flet of t lone (e) Bring i the eet spark timing sd poprensive baring {Bring inthe fer exaust How ow ad ave ting (@) All the sbove 213, Ata given compression ao mot effin yee i @ Dial eyete “Die oeie (6 waste (Anns eee 214. Ata given compression let efficient cei (@ Danteyete (by Diet yee Gow gee (a) Aiknsn eet 215.1 e pce compen ange (agi 516 105 an ‘ngies 12 20, mort ficient ele Dea ode (@) Diese yee Gow see (a) Akins eee216 28 ‘The cet elation for clelaing “Indicated Mean Etfectve Press™ (ser) Network of te Network ofeyte (© Pate apacement ©” Glawance volume of ent fo Newark ofercle Network ofexle (0 Tale tens Sek ne (@ DMEPrime (0) Paton Spacementhine (Indeed net worsine _—_(@) Heat supplied yr eeetine ‘Rae ejinder 2 sroke-ycle deel engine slivers 200 4 bake ‘over while baring 100 of fl per Bow Indicated power i250, WT st of the emi (02 kg facts power) 03 ke fete power be (0,04 kg. ueeake power. (2) 0.3 ky felrake power A ‘The heag vale of fol increases (Ae Se egrion Todos sams cation some te (Ae he proportion of hydrogen sloms to exon atoms in the (0 Ror a con a sn lt on Den (a) None of he above ‘he dterence btwcen the two Feng vales namely Hight Heaing ‘ile (HV) and Lower Heating Vas (HV) ofthe fal, (6) HI incoes te energy made sve by condensing the wee ‘pour wile LHV doe bt ° J (© LA lcd the energy me avalible by condcsing the water ‘apna wile HHV oct not (6 Both HH and LET icles the eneey of water vapour {None ofthe above Computing engine performance (Ge) HV Cipher ea aoe sed © Lav (lower ton vate) ed (@ Any one can be wed {@ alot stove ‘Ocinatily LY is sed in computing engine perormance bese (In engines, te exhaust pas at ger temperate tanta which (0) Imenginen, the exhaust pt Vapour content (Presence of water be 90 effect on esting aloe (None af he above 223. Gin ratings te expel in ts of symbol sch as 1115, wich mene “ay Maer octane number 15 and esearch octane number is 145 {@) Gomme mumber iw ean A ai IS bat with» ch AE ‘aos 8. (e Perfomance er with ean A rie 15 ut with ch A (a Ai be sve 124 Isnt deta o sep ald psn in te eplinder beans {o) Wiens tcone dsb Spot on ne aver {8 Bogin sarin may bese let {© lm decree engine vole eficency {@ ie water of fom te inde walle 225. The Cl engin ful compared to ein wd in St engine has (Gh nger ion ag () Lame cai vale ( Heaver and more viscous (Allo he above 226, For ecune fn chemical comet ce sociometie AF eto on mas cee io ors Gia @isie 227, Weare a mering device 0 (el wet mpeg inn ()Aorim te oot, Omit megeneuly with eae (Gator be ave 228 Te et per mate crepoding 0 maimum power up i (@) sockeneeie “tea han sochionete {ner than sochiomeic (Now of he save 229, The bat seanny mare carping 10 minimum pl om bee @ Sectimesic (0) Leaner ha tiomeic {OR ton scion (Nowe of above 230, Under ting coditon, te engine eqs ach mite brease (a) Less mts fart mistre sappd 0 enne {0 Engine coger wer ater ewe? 231. Don igh power operon the enn oer # ch mica as eh {Gy rove best power {6 ven oven of eta valve ree {© tae snomon (@ allot ese282 Swchiometic or chemical cect see! mint (oisa0 “nr @)901, 0 648 (oss for enaene Cis spat ignition engines, such a iccrat ‘o generate hgh potential eed by te park 236, Spark plugs are uly cli as. or ‘ie cave operating temperate cage we asa shor heat tater ombation chamber sr compared 298. The mar far afer depending oo Path and smal ae exposed the Bo pgs ing the opm spar sting yp et ot (@ Engin spat cs (0 Alea eo Aira sve 29. Monto te engines rege ssh muon made we inte ing tage “ ae 240. Spark plus may be a major source of 24. The soa ingratiating Taine sedi (6) Combustor chan poner (Resin as (©) Overeating of spark pg, exhaust valve and carton puicle {0 Rap fame popegnon VN acon pricy (None ofthe tore 243 Detonation in 8.1L engines cours eto (9) Aston ed charge 1) Overeating of rk pe exhaust valve and te (6 Rap fame propagation ~so (None ofthe there 244 The sei acon ed 0 redoe the psi of (@) Lowering te Somes nt rae (©) lcrening thei temperate of mite (6) Advancing sph tiie (0 Using heal cr sil mise 25, To rede he posiy of eta, combostin chamber shuld ave {@) Low swfce to vole rao paresly where end huge (© rogenive inceae in he mass of be char buned towards the ‘ce Inreing the dace for he fame tel {2 Deceit tae forthe amet evel . 26, In dr to apie be Ta wate pron of the chars ‘xed conten th (These met eh 0 eine rie (©) Charge old vein for 4 eine aout f tine A 5 igsttn eperne vl (6 Te dtinte at of tie shuld be toa compare 0 Teach tine tytn wal (Aiko te stove 27. increasing SL ene speed in most cases (@) aces enemy to done (0) Decrees he eadecyto Ooms {6 Does alfet deonaton oN tome (oon i sad nn we ee ru (@) Combustible mixare i lcaled in anaes ner the nd portion (© Hage moe & maine death canta (cP ssid oer he sk ok ; 249, Typical het bono a eieaing internal combustion ngie| ‘Cooling Radon & eshaust” Uschlwork Unaccorted tom oe ‘as ioe 2m woe 155 = 3m m8 08 = 10% a8 oa rae 240. The principal aniee solution employe wo gevent the fezing of Ge ty a opt hs (@) histone Stee nd wae (2 Selo wr de eet2, as (e) The bang plat of slaton is decreased (0) tling prt of slain wna (None ofthe ove ‘The mechanical efcency ofan engin is terween o socom @e030m (rosoe (@s030% Mors test and Wilan's ine metod is to measie (ottn (by Brake thermal eceny (ome (a) Bogie que {) Wilan’s ne meta i applicable {Ct engines oly (0) Sl enines only (6) Bow Stand Cl engines (d) Nowe of he shove (8) Mowse wat agplcable {Ct engines oly (4 St caines only (6) Bom Stand Cl engines (d) Nose ofthe above ‘Most saonary sel engines we (2) Conn spot (0) Variable speed (0 onto octet {) Constant el consumption Inte piven fie the ine OA reese (a tip Ot (6) Mechanical efcieny. (a) Power lst (@) Fuel compton at sr lend) Fast consumption a fl oad (Fea comumption at load”) None of he shove ‘The engine bp and i i ltd by @pene oe Gp = neon (= bone nee 2 tno a tn ST yaa ae ican ane SR at on Sie eae SG SESS St tt Sip hee 2 i eae 3 coe 1 ne a eng ome nt a moe Ein ipsn men Dae a Sry scimeraner Riese a Samant ny sconce tn Sime oacte gern ne Sime errors opinah re nemernaran errr Soiree Savane emia Hite nhiana maser ten coe Sol umap arama fo Cov Acdopeed mast") An overated engine {0 Nepar ck (@) Adetacie pak poe 264, Paton lpi cased by (@) adequate (2) Worn liner salle (6 Wor ptm (@ Baceeve pti serene G)Atetthe above NOTE: Piston spi ule low, el ie sound. i eam he pc {octng tsk dor ne ina acu oly hen the nin (Soot lene Whe occur ander ail pers Sones, are invesipains Samael as If the rel ofthe cmgresion et show that compression i low, the pe woetle may be {@) Lesage past the piston rings (2) Lesage ps the alee (G Leakage past epider ead gush (Alte stove can & 1G) Cac convener (shoal came (aust recor (a) Pontive ca case veslaton{ \ t 257.1 exis (oitean © Chemica corer 258 The pally bared pout the pong ae (a) We sms 55s vey high aon monoxide Bich (2) None of te shove Ge inal mitre a esape past umes Baw 240. Te plane frm by ane gc dane ‘oreo. 270, Te ton ate nap aS {9 read Cocca” (ect HC ein sheen amen Bence sss Semaeat seme noms ces 2 Re la eo (@)7 wee ach cher fc mane ne® soieteee Gheionrsetrci Shaina miner penis oeps okie ree nfo amin engins i ty fom the bearings. cylinders and pistons |#8es of combustion ftom Howing by the pion Power rue to overcome the tion rick im wil generat range fom @ 2012 a2 wis ©.02 @ 012 (0 2002 io 0012 275 Te ction cation fo thi ln wil gency ane fm (ara, ‘@) O12 wrio © 0012 010 cae: 2 ers coy See en (eee eens an nia te gi or Aen So ee SS a eee 0 eee aaa (o Toe tempers which a wil cnn © baw ae the ESmeraires ae oe © come ed ender sts condoms, * ee rae enero oRerencastamiremere ee oe ee rec aata nee =e eon tt dnt st econo aan Steere © cent vpn em nce mre oes ee eat anoaas agen Seno see Ce BEE cee on itt a eee Satie Gite ee | Bate cee = eee Ba eas ieee arnt Gist ema en 2 Gee pony of conan S beeen ‘ian syaem oF ed to carburation system of SIpa: (Incr ting loses (©) Provider homogeneous mice i al he eyindes {0 Rodos endoney of Hnocking {@ Provides oneraly excellent derbtion of fel oe cinders 28S Supercarging in CL engine limited by te {@ Deionaton ofthe fs! {@) Weigh of te supercharge {e) Cost ofthe supercharger {Power maguire to ve the supercharge 286, Sopercaring in SI ean sind bythe {@) Deionaton ofthe fs (0) Weight of te spechrgee {0 Cont ofthe supercharger {Power requ to ve the supercharger 287, The exhaust as emperatr f CL engine as compared tS. engine a the same load (o Hier © Lowe {0 Same {@) Depends on operating conitions 288. The Cl engine i inherently moe difiealt to start tan the ST engine Pinay det (@) Poor combustion characteristic f diel ue (0) Heavier engine components, {0 cree ating fl tie wo ree ge compen (Esco en the Cx engines 289, The CL engines vogue - Ag ormore engine weight pr hose power delivered wheren the Sl engine sully weighs about Xe per base power 200, Mot of te highspeed Cl. engines diver aproximatly te {or each evbie ic of piston Gplacement whereas thi ato for Sh. cane issn 21, The tendency ofthe Si cgi i oeepy cupat a of Cl engine 02. The Cl engine econciclthan the SLL engine frm the ‘tan pin offal consumpion 283. A par totle and at hing the Cl engine presents an even ‘orb lave fel contusion han he SI egie 24, Apr rat nating Lenin compton py 295, Chengie fel ae = fe hazard ice they ae lee ely form ‘neaposive mitre wes spi 296, Senge conte snl than & comparable CI engine. space forte sme 297, Chenin life is... as compared to ts coumerpart Sl engine due {ost wear and ea a ated opt 298, Lake cyl engine cant a higher nade ha he cyte ‘hae dost beter colingproblome 1299 general te rg capacity, slow spot dtl re pedominany of ‘phe he the gh see, lower Supat Cl engine end ovard ie See 200. The comtution duration of... engines longer as compare o| 301 tints iC engine i acd conieraty more by an engine vate by a change in inthe base Cl enin ir eee Hs amamed thatthe eat is added 203, Inthe acta highspeed Cl engine cele the hea aed approximately 304, The low spend Ci engine end towards constant. combustion 205, Besoin in Cl engine is nota pronounced fc a doce fee duc to" se minre and. overall yl tmp. 206, indicted Mean Eifecive Presure (MEP) and, Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP) is elated by (@) BMEP » IMEP > Mecha eficency (GQ BMEP = IMEP x Relate oe efoncy 207, As inden of compression ieeatneficeney of Oto ele Decrees (Remains same (0) Increases (Nove of te above 208 a cer © ene he lp ey (Dmrsacag “nr bona Be se 0. eam enpene mesBal td Ot se re Tope wit ete (©) Drea ee wl have igbr efficiency {6 Both te cytes wil have he same efclency {Such ype of comparison & mat possible 310, fhe compression ratio in Diese! Cele and Oo cyl is sme then {) Oto yee wil hve ther efincy (o)Dreel Spt wil havea higher efiency (6) Bow be eels wil have the same fcency(0 Such ype of compaiton is ot possibe 211 Te Caro eine purely» thes! eine snd cant be but (a) neds the engine 10 rm very ft (0K nwa te engine 1 rn vary slowly (6) 1 rears engine tora faster in int al ofthe cyte an slower in test half of te le (2) None of the above 312, Carot engine efficiency working between temp. Temp. of eat ‘ldion) and, (Temp. a eat ejectn) i ies by ons wnn1-B n b nek on-F 2318 Relative yee efiensy (ng) is dtined a he tof he Go Network ope © Ener net Brake power atl poet 314. The soperharing will improve the (@) Reve efceney ” () Mechanical efficiency (6) Ait sandadefcency (a) Wome tiieny 315. Ames of te combustion effet the engine eylinsrinespectve of {he jie dimensions and pect (@) Relive efficacy () Volume efficiency (6) Mean eiective pressure (4) Air sandr effieney 36. The eine hat works om al or mined eee noma (2) Oe engine (8) Diesel engine (0 Hybrid engine (a) None ofthe shove 37. Foe specie ep range he er of decreasing ein (@) Oud eye, Dal eye Desa see, Carae ie (8) Camot cyte, Oto cyte, Dual eee, Dis! ete (6) Carnot cyte Dual eye, On syle: Diesel ple (@ Camet ele Deel epee, Dal cyie ad Oe ople 318. For asgive compression rai, the ode of secre siony is (@) Oto cycle, Duel eee Dc eee, Cama le (6) Camot cyte. Des exces Delete, Oto pte (6) Corot este, Oto eye Deel eye: Dan yee (4 Oto cycle, Dual yc Deel ces Cama le (4) Hg peak presse bu with Yry Low eames presse 0, ma, 6 sm, (©) Low pak pressure and with very low mean efeive pressure (6) Beh pea pre and high ia eecine rosie {None ofthe above “The spread ofthe line throughout the combustion chamber in spark ‘anion engine depend on (a) The shape of the combustion chamber (8) Amount and ate Hf he arene (o)Pel a ao Ua All tte above Normally the peak reste in the cyte ocare (oartoe (@) Around 1" WDC (8 Around 12 aTDC (a) AN BDC (ah Vary bot (0) Very rough det canes of aso-gsiton (o ¥ery stow (a Very fast ‘Wen the compression nition engine wil rn very fast may happen an (Al the fut injected wil bar at constant presre (@) All the fel inci wil brn at constant Sone {e) Most ofthe fs will burma omsnt pes (Nove of the shove Wen he compestionniton engine wil rn very ow may happen (Al the ful injected wl bur at constant pest {Ae eis nt oct ee (Nove of the shove Im practice, the Cl emp ae ran at mere speeds ad in aul 50 ‘ied easel engine, apposh he oweyce (8) Cant cycle (0 Dil cycle (Dial combetion ele ‘The factor that cot tes ignition of end care inte (o) Temperate (Tine (©) Demy and burning te (4) All of he ove (0) 001 se ‘aos00t ce Seto depends 0 he(ey Fingonder (©) Engin sie (6 Engine ouput (Number of eying 1309, The diane between th crak pm ene ad he cee of rottion of the crank shaft sega oe (@) Cooesting ra leaih (6) Cinder bore (Crank sat ris (@ Stoke of te pon 330. The fring ode Is chosen sve (2) Uniform tre (8) Uniform charge dsvbution 6 cylinders (Proper beater among cytes (Alot te stove outing of ietr nove a C1 engines my ree in (@) Large ops, dipping (8) Pcl pases a lw pressure (© Incomplete combustion (Carbon deporte ade engine components Galo te above 192, Fel adve cam improve the efficacy of sel engines by 128 ase, 24s @ai08 383, Te olay pra in poz! engines depends on (@) Chemie naire of be ae! (©) Mixture suena (Go Tem, and pron of be combunibe mire Al of te stove 1384 Ty avoid detonation St engines (Ge intact ame aw ave! sould be short (@) The distance te ame ast Wael should Be lone (0 Crlinder ameter sho be lager (Shape ot te combustion chamber soul be of ic t= 288. Te presence of recline exhaust products ike CO; in combustion (@ Retard he ate of bring (@ Lower th flame tempest 6) Redes the chances of atignton of end charge (Allo ta atone 226, Higher dhe wom eflency ofthe Steno, (a) Loser te tendency to track (Gr Greater the endncy to enock (6 Sma tiny fee engine apa nd King (a) None of he above 2337, abn ope atch a ea tlle the uel (@) Paton the exhust procs (e) Ress in depoiion af ead inthe cylinder (a) Aloft shove 53, In order approach the el Oto cycle, tbe Mame met ape in he (a) Quek t TDC 0 Qucky # BDC. (6 Siwy war TDG, (a Siowy sew BD 209 Mag ih Set 1. ens cmc eve in (a) Flame vel may be shorened (0) Charge meson ear the spark plug may be enced (e) End gc maybe coed (All ofthe above $40 Te pteal weskneses of S engines te (@) Gren chances af fame guesing (0) High cca ating fel requerment {e) Thoting oncoming charge (2 Low throu efcemsy an eavly high hydrcaons (0) Alor above 31 The said charge engines sims a overcoming the weaknesses of (2 Dual combustion cele (b) Diesel eee (0.000 Sete (Noe of be above 562, Fo a specifled compression rao and if rato the tendency 40 [ick a stated engine a compared to Oke cele engine il Be (ates “by More (6 Remain same (Nove of the ove 145, Diese engine Knock cies a the (End of combaston th) Midpoint of combustion {St ofcombuston (a) Any tine during combustion $44, Patol engine knock ows a he (a) End of comtastionb) Midi of combustion (6) Sant combustion (a) Any time during combustion 345, Diesel engine knock mlb sppresed by (a) Decresng the empreion ao (0) Ineresing thes inion emp. of at {6) Using lone sag chines ete praing (ah Decreasing the sition psare M6, aol engine tnck wl supra by (by Dasreing the Suton pene (a) Alle aboveGo Sawih @ seit Conic (All oe above ‘MB, Evaporative emisons may occur fom th, (ey Post ak 8) Cabarete {Reto of nt 349. Nii ide NO) armed by (2) Fame grncng {8 dlowty and e piston aes (©) Chena earioe te Vet of he ame fot @) All of the above * fon 350, The NO maton ao inh engin cline wil depend co (a) Combustion temperature " a (© Oops coment {© Retain tne (2 Tiago eel intone (Ate be stove 251. AEA gel end he plants fom an Ono eae nrc with (@)eereae in pston dolce (©) Decrease i piston dpacenent (6) Sane pon dplacenen at ow spect (a) None ath she GAIL te shove @ waos 20.40% oan am i RE aren oss emi ‘oxidanvsmog formation are * a ae ae pln iia i icra reat Senden seuees soos Barer i nt on Staccato (a) Any numberof fuels an be used 386, The knock phenomenon served inthe dual fl engine sof (a) Autoignition of ed arbe (@) Autoignition of ced plot ol (©) amo-iguion of il fst and pazous fe nthe vcny oft a Ren te sove 257.0 anf fe omnes cata forthe reson TPN fa Set cage e a ey remove wou 50 fh NOs ‘yoo erm min, Oe icon a be cay mate temic easy Gata be save sn Soa nes dil engine ie ied i compton eae ep bce ‘Sih Seer octane xan we (hue Sper coms ne eth {0 ert ng (Sime ts so, Sipted gnaw hay oer key (Bere ‘wicece Rem sme {8 Ate dove sen he ngs na he aie oer isesy $5 eseeee meme Ree ane Gait toe sot Sage ne oe pri be dese ming fe naming Mattison melee pelt me me (GMa oupee “> Rep seein (@ Deccelaration to iing 362. Larger va ovrap i svanageous paul a (Gy Low seat (8) Medio seeds {Boh speeds (@) Low cups 563, Hider ake mean eflsive pase, improved fel ony A (ittored serine ceactincr eofen cated (a) Ung hgtescomprenion rao (© Uang vara rae ting (0 Using sopercrte {2 Ung wo rte ce ae. Se option ef is flow indton and pumping Snes cn be pian (2 ig her compe so(Using superctrzer ( Uaing tw stoke cyte 145. One of he method of redoing NOx inthe exhast pi 0 (@) cen vale ovetap (Rede vale over CO Prevent vale oversp (Alf the above 6é,Inreasing the combustion chamber sea (@) Reducer he amore of HE nthe ext gas (©) Inereses the amount burned HE ine exh ps (6) Reduce the amount of NOx inthe exhaust pe (Reduces CO inte extn pae 367. By increasing the compen ‘muton temperate at this (a) Increses the acon of NOx forme (@) Redocer the amount of NOx farmed (6 imcrences the moat of HC formed (@) Decrees tbe amount of wate formed 368, Gaye conven maybe of (@) Onavane ope (0) Reding pe (e) Tere way cmt convener (@ Alo above ‘9, Can exhaust gs fom an engine canbe aban by {@) Consoling he sr fl mire (©) Conrolng the combasion process {0 Tren the exh (Alot te atove 370. To check spk gallon engine competion, the compression tester {angi screwed io @ Spat log toe ©) Estat mai ote (© Glow pug ole (a) Inake mails ote 4371 Ifthe ven i qugped with an evaporative emission contol system, ste may have t plete (@) Charcoal eater of an engine meen the (©) Canis ae tee (© Pare ave (a) Charcoal in he caine [372 Fo we. a fil for rod vices, stra ga has to be compressed 0 awe (20 be ©2000 (6200 br (o 300 bar 378 Naural gis (Gy Much ghee than ie (8) Mach heavier han aie (@ Having egal Gensity, a) Nowe of the above 374 nes of athe amma of eal ps wise 2-36 (023-89 (4-106 a x, om 0, LEG wil fom an fgnitabl mitre by volume with anything Between (115 ties is ove volume of a (0) 15-10 umes ts own volume of we (0.3. l0.imer ae oom solome ofa (0/4103 tines is own volume of (30-90 (90-100 (100 20 (@ 120-120 Because ofthe relatively low Mame speed of natal gina the pit ‘tipniion relive to te Seng wed for pslne has Yo be (ay Advanest (Reade (Rept sme (a) None of the shove High pressor fet pipes for delivering the fel Hom ineton pam ae commeniy of {ay cast ten ©) Comper (9 Beas (Md set ‘Te inside lame ff pipes esl engines coming ou tom fet pump ranging from (Teo 3mm 305mm (OSt0¢mm 800m ihe ofthe rds of 13 pm 200 Sum (93108 him (0.80 10m “Te quay of water in he fl for high see eel engines soak tow enced (aor om (300s ore “Te presence of water in dese uel cold (e) Damage the pumping element (8) Came coenon St metalic pare (6) Caan ping of came (2) Alot be above In cold weather fa diesel engine stars and rans fr peta 5 19 10 ‘ats sd then ale reason may be (Gy Wax ys cloned he fer (8) lee formation pie line (e) Al leakage ndtv pipe (a Noe of the above Fer poring var oration om he ston ile of iin ope(203.1 bat above aim, (6) 1-2 bar above aim. (©2-Staratove am” (4) 510 bar above com 2, The duration f injection a fal load mut not ened (5-10 dopey of canta esis (8) 1013 degrees of crankshaft ovelons (9 15-20 Sepees of crank revetone (4) 20-35 egress of canal eens 286. The main ncton of the fel nec (@) To cata et ject (6) Uniform mixing fmt ch (© Teint neti nsataneoly (Alot oe ove (0) ier (6) Same - (Depend on te operating sondions 388 In he pine pe ieee, the ea ofthe clearance hewesn the pine and the lei etal boca It tos (@) Sia he rte oF Hi of the hw ave i acer (©) Srl tert of it of te ned vale desea (6 Late, the combustion wl be sou (@ Lange, eminaon of injton aerated 389, The tperatue of nasi ip may note aoe jue are (ose (o sare 2390 Indic injection engines the typeof nto ed @ Pine ope (6) Pitas pe (OMe ype (@ None ofthe above 31, The ates ofthe nazsle les sould be (@) Pareto he external sri nthe nore tip (©) Perpendicular fo the exeral sac othe hee ip (© Inclined a ote excmal ace ote ne op son Non tt toe 72 na four valve clad head the Innit i insert the cane of ‘he oo ofthe combustion chante (@ Veeicaly (@) Horizonaty (6) Inline (Atay lctton and at ny angle 398 In a wo ale cylinder head he nets needle ear he {et oe conen cami (0 vee (Horizontally (6 Atay Tain nd ay angle be >t Nee Mt ns ej td mpd i pe BS ese Sige ma os ei . PET atm 0) a ae Silence Oke 2a ee eee rosea Sere ore eae eects ae Nox eee ae 2 ct epee ee anal Pe dered Oe ecm ies See eer cat ate Oe areata Genre = eter OS tn 3 Sones nt ie a 0 Sir ge ta ints nara ies te ene So nen cape Some re wo gene nee ‘An ngs tin camion ee set oe ae pa © avery of lI cpio eawiee 40. oe ett ene ve po ir monster SEES pe On eT cpm ‘acters (Bua pressure (At any presare