1

1 Which description of the cholera pathogen is correct?

A The bacterium prevents

the kidney from
absorbing water, so
water is secreted into the
small
intestine, causing
diarrhoea.
B The bacterium produces
a toxin that causes the
secretion of chloride
ions into the small
intestine, drawing in
water by osmosis.
C The virus prevents the kidney from absorbing water, so water is secreted into the small
intestine, causing diarrhoea.

D The virus produces a

toxin that causes the
secretion of chloride ions
into the small intestine,
drawing in water by
osmosis.

[1]

[Total: 1]

2 The diagram below shows a diagram of the alimentary canal.

N
P

(a) Use the letters on the diagram above to identify:

the colon, ...........................

the pancreas, ...........................

the stomach. ........................... [3]

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(b) State one function for each of these parts of the alimentary canal.

colon..................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

pancreas............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

stomach.............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(c) (i) On the diagram above draw a label line to show where bile is made.
Label it X. [1]

(ii) State the action that bile has on fats in the small intestine.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain how this action speeds up the digestion of fats.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 10]

3 Digestion food is absorbed as it passes along the small intestine.

Explain how this absorption takes place.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

4 The diagrams below show sections of a villus.

 3

The diagram on the left shows a longitudinal section of a villus.

The diagram on the right shows a cross-section of the same villus at V - W.

The diagrams are not drawn to the same scale.

V
W

microvilli
S
cell T

(a) (i) Name structures P, Q and R.

P .............................................................................................................................

Q.............................................................................................................................

R ............................................................................................................................. [3]

(ii) Cell T is an example of the cells that form the surface of the villi.

Explain why there are many microvilli on cell T.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(iii) Some of the cells on the surface of the villi secrete mucus for protection.

Suggest what the villi need to be protected against.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

5 Describe how food is moved along the small intestine.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

6 The surface area of food particles affects the rate of their breakdown.

A student carried out an experiment to investigate the rate of the break down of fat.

Two test-tubes were set up as shown in the table below.

Each test-tube contained the same volumes and concentrations of enzyme.

test-tube contents of test-tube time taken for break down of fat / min

E fat + enzyme + water 8

F fat + enzyme + bile 3

(a) (i) Suggest a reason for the difference in results recorded in the table above.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
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(ii) Another student carried out a similar experiment but also included a test-tube that
contained fat and water only.

Suggest a reason for this additional test-tube.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 3]

7 The enzyme lipase digests fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

Some students investigated how temperature affects the break down of fats in milk using lipase.

A pH indicator called bromothymol blue was used and the colour change was observed and recorded
every two minutes for a total time of 20 minutes.

The table below shows the colour changes of this indicator.

pH 6 7 8

colour yellow green blue

sodium lipase
carbonate,
milk and
indicator

cold wat er warm wat er hot wat er

Three beakers were labelled: cold, warm, and hot. One test-tube was placed in each of the labelled
beakers. Three drops of bromothymol blue indicator were put into each test-tube. 2cm
3
of sodium
carbonate solution was added to each test-tube and then 2cm
3
of milk was added to each test-tube.
Finally, one test-tube containing 3cm
3
of lipase was put into each of the three beakers. The
temperature in each beaker was measured and recorded.

The experiment was left for 5 minutes, as shown in the diagram above.

After 5 minutes, the lipase was poured from the test-tube labelled lipase in the cold beaker into
the other test-tube in the cold beaker.
 6

This process was repeated for the warm beaker and the hot beaker.

The mixtures were stirred and the colour of the bromothymol blue indicator in each test-tube was
recorded at 0 (start), 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 minutes.

The table below shows the students' results.

Temperatures times and colours

0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 - blue, 8 - blue, 10 - blue, 12 - blue,
ice and water = 4,
14 - blue, 16 - blue, 18 - blue, 20 - blue
0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 -
room temp = 21,
blue, 8 - green, 10 - blue, 12 -
green,
14 - green, 16 - yellow, 18 -
yellow, 20 - yellow
0 - blue, 2 - blue, 4 - blue, 6 -
hot water = 50,
green, 8 - green, 10 - green /
yellow,
14 - yellow, 16 - yellow, 18 -
yellow, 20 - yellow
 7

(a) Complete the table below to records the students' results.

colour of indicator
cold warm hot
time / min
........... °C ........... °C ........... °C

[3]

(b) (i) Sodium carbonate solution has a pH of 8. Suggest why sodium carbonate solution was
added to the milk in this investigation.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]
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(ii) State why the two test-tubes in each of the labelled containers were left for 5 minutes
before mixing their contents.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(iii) Explain why the colour of the bromothymol blue indicator changed during the
investigation.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(iv) Predict the colour that you would observe if the experiment had been repeated using
water at 80°C.

Explain your answer.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(v) Suggest a result that may be anomalous. Give a reason for your answer.

anomalous result....................................................................................................

reason....................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(c) State two variables that have been controlled in this investigation.

For each of these variables, describe how it has been controlled.

1 variable...........................................................................................................................

how it has been controlled.................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 variable...........................................................................................................................

how it has been controlled.................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]
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(d) Suggest two ways to modify this investigation to find the optimum (best) temperature for the
enzyme lipase to break down the fats in milk.

1.........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2.........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 17]

8 Explain how a woman’s dietary needs will change when she is pregnant.

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.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]
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9 During digestion enzymes act on different types of food to produce simpler substances that can be
absorbed.

Complete the table below by inserting the missing information.

enzyme acting on the food simpler substances produced

food type
type

protein protease

amylase

fatty acids and glycerol

[5]

[Total: 5]

10 Describe the importance of teeth in the digestion of food.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]
 11

11 In a medical investigation the number of villi in four

people was compared. The results given in the
table below show the average number of villi
present in 1cm
2
of ileum wall.
2
wall.
2
person
average number of villi
per cm

P 4200

Q 4500

R 3500

S 3200

Calculate the difference in the number of villi between person P and person S.

2 [1]
difference = ....................................................... per cm

[Total: 1]

12 In a medical investigation the number of villi in four

people was compared. The results given in the
table below show the average number of villi
present in 1cm
2
of ileum wall.
2
wall.
2
person
average number of villi
per cm

P 4200

Q 4500

R 3500

S 3200

Further investigations showed that person Q could absorb digested food more rapidly than the
other people.

Use the information in the table to explain this result.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
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13 Explain why food has to be digested.

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..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

14 Describe how dental (tooth) decay is caused.

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..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]

15 The table below contains information about the digestion of the three main types of food.

Fill in the spaces to complete the table.

food type enzyme involved in digestion products of digestion

starch simple sugars

fat

protein protease

[4]

[Total: 4]
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16 Which components make up most of the dry mass of a balanced diet?

A calcium compounds, carbohydrates and fats

B carbohydrates, fats and proteins

C fats, proteins and vitamins

D proteins, vitamins and calcium compounds

[1]

[Total: 1]

17 The table below states three methods of caring for the teeth to prevent dental decay.

Complete the table by describing why each method is effective.

method of caring
description of why the method is effective
for the teeth

brushing

rinsing the mouth

after eating

not eating sweet

foods between
meals

[3]

[Total: 3]
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18 Sometimes teeth develop dental decay.

Describe how dental decay develops.

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..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

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.................................................................................................................................................. [4]

[Total: 4]

19 The table below lists the names of three enzymes found in the alimentary canal.

Complete the table by writing in the names of the substrate and one end-product for each enzyme.

Choose your answers from the list.

amino acids cellulose fat fatty acids

glucose glycerol maltose protein

starch vitamins

name of
substrate one end-product
enzyme

amylase

lipase

protease

[6]
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[Total: 6]

20 Describe two reasons why solid food is chewed before it is swallowed.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]