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Cells and Tissues
Cells and Tissues
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical College
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Body Tissues
• Tissues
– Groups of cells with similar structure and function
– Four primary types:
1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Apical surface
Basal Simple
surface
Apical surface
Basal
surface Stratified
(a) Classification based on number of cell layers
Classification of Epithelia
• Number of cell layers
– Simple—one layer
– Stratified—more than one layer
Apical surface
Basal Simple
surface
Apical surface
Basal
surface Stratified
(a) Classification based on number of cell layers
Classification of Epithelia
• Shape of cells
– Squamous
• Flattened, like fish scales
– Cuboidal
• Cube-shaped, like dice
– Columnar
• Column-like
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
(b) Classification based on cell shape
Figure 3.17c Classification and functions of epithelia.
Number of layers
One layer: simple epithelial More than one layer: stratified
Cell shape tissues epithelial tissues
Air sacs of
lungs
Nucleus of Nuclei of
squamous squamous
epithelial cell epithelial
cells
Basement
membrane Photomicrograph: Simple
(a) Diagram: Simple squamous squamous epithelium forming part
of the alveolar (air sac) walls (275×).
Simple Epithelia
• Simple cuboidal
– Single layer of cube-like cells
– Locations:
• Common in glands and their ducts
• Forms walls of kidney tubules
• Covers the surface of ovaries
– Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated
types propel mucus or reproductive cells
Nucleus of Simple
simple cuboidal
cuboidal epithelial
epithelial cells
cell
Basement
Basement
membrane
membrane
Connective
tissue
Mucus of a
Nucleus of goblet cell
simple columnar
epithelial cell
Simple
columnar
epithelial cells
Basement
Basement membrane
membrane
Photomicrograph: Simple columnar
epithelium of the small intestine (575×).
(c) Diagram: Simple columnar
Simple Epithelia
• Pseudostratified columnar
– All cells rest on a basement membrane
– Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification
– Location:
• Respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and known as
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
– Functions in absorption or secretion
Cilia
Pseudo-
Pseudo-
stratified
stratified
epithelial
epithelial layer
layer
Basement Basement
membrane membrane
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Pseudostratified
(d) Diagram: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lining the
(ciliated) columnar human trachea (560×).
Stratified Epithelia
• Stratified squamous
– Named for cells present at the free (apical)
surface, which are flattened
– Functions as a protective covering where friction
is common
– Locations—lining of the:
• Skin (outer portion)
• Mouth
• Esophagus
Nuclei
Stratified
squamous Stratified
epithelium squamous
epithelium
Basement Basement
membrane membrane
Photomicrograph: Connective
(e) Diagram: Stratified squamous Stratified squamous tissue
epithelium lining of the esophagus (140×).
Stratified Epithelia
• Stratified cuboidal—two layers of cuboidal
cells; functions in protection
• Stratified columnar—surface cells are
columnar, and cells underneath vary in size
and shape; functions in protection
• Stratified cuboidal and columnar
– Rare in human body
– Found mainly in ducts of large glands
Basement
membrane
Transi-
tional
epithelium
Transitional
Basement epithelium
membrane
Connective
tissue
Photomicrograph: Transitional epithelium lining of
(f) Diagram: Transitional the bladder, relaxed state (270×); surface rounded cells
flatten and elongate when the bladder fills with urine.
Glandular Epithelium
• Gland
– One or more cells responsible for secreting a
particular product
– Secretions contain protein molecules in an
aqueous (water-based) fluid
– Secretion is an active process
Bone cells
in lacunae
Central
canal
Lacunae
Lamella
Chondrocyte
(cartilage cell)
Chondrocyte
in lacuna
Lacunae
Matrix
Chondrocytes
in lacunae
Chondro-
cytes in
lacunae Collagen fiber
Collagen
fibers
(c) Diagram: Photomicrograph: Fibrocartilage of an
Fibrocartilage intervertebral disc (150×)
Connective Tissue Types
• Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)
– Main matrix element is collagen fiber
– Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers
– Locations:
• Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone
• Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints and are more
elastic than tendons
• Dermis—lower layers of the skin
Ligament
Tendon
Collagen
fibers
Collagen
fibers
Nuclei of
Nuclei of fibroblasts
fibroblasts
Mucosa
epithelium
Lamina Elastic
propria fibers
Collagen
fibers
Fibers of Fibroblast
matrix nuclei
Nuclei of
fibroblasts
Nuclei of
fat cells
Vacuole
containing
fat droplet
Nuclei of
fat cells
Vacuole
containing
fat droplet
(f) Diagram: Adipose Photomicrograph: Adipose tissue from the
subcutaneous layer beneath the skin (570×)
Connective Tissue Types
• Loose connective tissue types
– Reticular connective tissue
• Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular
cells (like fibroblasts)
• Locations:
– Forms stroma (internal framework) of organs, such as these
lymphoid organs:
» Lymph nodes
» Spleen
» Bone marrow
Spleen
Blood cells
in capillary
Neutrophil
(white blood
cell)
Monocyte
Red (white blood
blood cells cell)
(h) Diagram: Blood Photomicrograph: Smear of human
blood (1290×)
Muscle Tissue
• Function is to contract, or shorten, to produce
movement
• Three types:
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
Nuclei
Part of muscle
fiber
Intercalated
discs
Nucleus
Smooth
muscle cell
Nuclei
Brain
Nuclei of
Spinal supporting
cord cells
Nuclei of
supporting Cell body
cells of neuron
Cell body
of neuron Neuron
processes
Neuron
processes
Diagram: Nervous Photomicrograph: Neurons (320×)
tissue
Summary of Tissues
• Figure 3.22 summarizes the tissue types and
functions in the body