358
2, APRIL 2013
Power Flow Control and Stability Improvement of
Connecting an Offshore Wind Farm to a One-Machine
Infinite-Bus System Using a Static Synchronous
Series Compensator
Li Wang, Senior Member, IEEE, and Quang-Son Vo
Abstract—This paper presents the stability improvement and
power-flow control results of a DFIG-based offshore wind farm
(OWF) connected to a one-machine infinite-bus (OMIB) system
using a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). An oscilla-
tion damping controller (ODC) of the proposed SSSC is designed
by using modal control theory to render proper damping to the
dominant mode of the studied synchronous generator (SG). A
frequency-domain approach based on a linearized system model
using eigenvalue analysis is accomplished. A time-domain scheme
based on a nonlinear system model subject to a disturbance is also
performed. It can be concluded from the simulation results that
the proposed SSSC joined with the designed ODC can effectively
improve the stability of the studied OMIB system with an OWF
under various disturbances. The inherent low-frequency oscilla-
tions of the OMIB system can also be effectively suppressed by the
proposed control scheme.
Index Terms—Modal control theory, offshore wind farm (OWF),
one-machine infinite-bus (OMIB) system, oscillation damping con-
troller (ODC), stability, static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC).
I. INTRODUCTION
T HE low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) due to the devel-
opment of interconnection of large power systems have
been discussed and studied for over 45 years since the first
interconnected power systems of the Northwest, predominantly
hydro, and the interconnected Southwest, predominantly steam,
were connected together in October 1964 [1]. The spontaneous
LFOs exhibited a very low frequency of the order of several
cycles per minute. The oscillations would continue for a short
period and then vanished, or continue to increase, causing
system disjunction [2]. When more field operating experiences
have accumulated, power engineers are now convinced that
LFOs are owing to the lack of damping of mechanical mode of
Manuscript received February 13, 2012; revised September 13, 2012; ac-
cepted October 07, 2012. Date of publication November 29, 2012; date of cur-
rent version March 18, 2013. This work was supported by National Science of
Council (NSC) of Taiwan under Grant NSC 100-3113-P-006-014, Grant NSC
100-3113-E-006-013, and Grant NSC 100-ET-E-006-005-ET.
L. Wang is with the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Research
Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University,
Tainan City 70101, Taiwan (e-mail: liwang@mail.ncku.edu.tw).
Q.-S. Vo is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng
Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan (e-mail: vqson80@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSTE.2012.2225156
1949-3029/$31.00 © 2012 IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO.
the interconnected power systems. One of the simplest ways of
solving these problems is by means of supplementary control of
the excitation system to render the desired additional damping
[2]. Different damping control schemes have been extensively
presented to enhance the damping of the mechanical mode of
the synchronous generator (SG) of the studied power systems.
The power system stabilizer (PSS) of the excitation system,
the static VAR compensator (SVC) with the designed damping
controller, and the rectifier current regulator with the designed
damping controller of the line-commutated converter (LCC)
of the high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) link connected in
parallel with the ac line were applied to a well-known one-ma-
chine infinite-bus (OMIB) system to compare the damping
characteristics of both mechanical mode and exciter mode
[3]. Numerous damping control schemes for damping SG’s
oscillations will not be discussed in this paper.
FACTS devices have become more relevant due to the
inherent high-speed response of high-power power-electronics
converters (PECs) to effectively control power flow of power
systems. These FACTS devices can also effectively improve the
stability of power systems and can allow more efficient uses of
existing transmission lines [4], [5]. These FACTS devices based
on voltage-sourced converters (VSCs) provide a potentially
attractive solution to control power flow in modern electric net-
works. Such devices can be used for improving power transfer
limits, for congestion management in the network, for damping
oscillatory modes [6], etc. The static synchronous compensator
(STATCOM) is one of the shunt FACTS devices and it has
been used widely to provide smooth and rapid steady-state and
transient voltage control at the bus to which it is connected. The
static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), on the other
hand, is a series FACTS device and can be effectively used
for controlling the power flow [7]. In addition, an auxiliary
stabilizing signal can also be superimposed on its power flow
control function to enhance the damping of oscillations which
have occurred in power systems [8], [9].
For the applications of SSSC, the damping function of an
SSSC was proposed in [8] while the fundamental principles,
characteristics, and benefits of an SSSC were shown in [7] and
[10]. The simulations of a 24-step inverter-based SSSC using
the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) were carried
out in [10]. The modeling and control of a 48-step inverter-based
SSSC were discussed in [11]. The impacts of SSSC control
modes on small-signal stability and transient stability based on
WANG AND VO: POWER FLOW CONTROL AND STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF CONNECTING AN OWF TO AN OMIB SYSTEM
an OMIB system were examined in [12]. Currently, an SSSC has
been combined with a STATCOM to form a new FACTS device,
i.e., a unified power flow controller (UPFC), where the SSSC
and the STATCOM use the same dc-link capacitor [13]–[15].
The contribution of this paper is associated with the inclu-
sion of an oscillation damping controller (ODC) to the proposed
SSSC connected in series with one of two parallel transmission
lines of an SG-based power system with a DFIG-based offshore
wind farm (OWF). The ODC is designed by using modal con-
trol theory to exactly locate the mechanical mode of the SG on
the desired location on the complex plane. The goals of both
damping low-frequency oscillations of the SG and controlling
the power flow through the transmission lines can be simulta-
neously achieved by the proposed control scheme.
This paper presents both power-flow control and stability
improvement results of a DFIG-based OWF connected to
an OMIB system using an SSSC. This paper is organized as
follows. System configuration and mathematical models of the
studied OMIB system, the DFIG-based OWF, and the proposed
SSSC are introduced in Section II. Design procedure and results
for the ODC of the proposed SSSC using modal control theory
are described in Section III. Root-loci results of the dominant
mode of the OMIB system under different operation points are
plotted in Section IV. Comparative transient responses of the
studied system subject to a severe disturbance are studied in
Section V. Finally, specific important conclusions of this paper
are drawn in Section VI.
II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION AND MODELS
Fig. 1 shows the configuration of the studied system in this
paper. The SG with capacity of 4 555 MVA is connected to
an infinite bus through a 24/230-kV step-up transformer and
two parallel transmission lines (Line 34-1 and Line 34-2) [16].
The Line 34-2 contains the proposed SSSC located near Bus
#3 and the local load is connected to Bus #3. The aggregated
200-MW OWF containing 40 5-MW DFIG-based wind turbine
generators (WTGs) is connected to Bus #3 through a 33/150-kV
step-up transformer, a 150-kV HVAC line, and a 150/230-kV
step-up transformer. The aggregated 200-MW OWF is repre-
sented by a 200-MW DFIG connected to the low-voltage side of
the 33/150-kV transformer through an equivalent 0.69/33-kV
step-up transformer and a 33-kV infield cable. The equivalent
wind DFIG is driven by an equivalent wind turbine (WT)
through an equivalent gearbox (GB). The employed capacity
of the proposed SSSC is 134 MVA, and it is calculated by
taking 3 times (three-phase power) the multiplication of the
maximum current through Line 34-2 and the maximum voltage
injected by the SSSC. The employed mathematical models of
the studied system are described as below.
A. SG Model
The SG model used in this paper is the same as the one de-
veloped in [16]. This model takes into account the subtransient
effects and is established based on the following assumptions.
a) The model is established on the -axis reference frame
that is fixed on the rotor of the SG and is rotating with the
rotor speed.
359
Fig. 1. One-line diagram of the studied system.
b) The rotor has two windings on each axis, i.e., one field
winding and one damper winding on the -axis and two
damper windings on the -axis.
c) The transients of stator windings and the effects of speed
deviation in the stator-winding voltage equations are
properly neglected.
d) All quantities are in per unit (p.u.) except that time is in
seconds, rotor angle is in electrical radians, and base an-
gular frequency is in electrical radians per second.
For the complete - and -axis equivalent circuits and the
corresponding equations of an SG, refer to [16]. The IEEE
type ST1A excitation system model (fast static exciter) with an
automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and a power system stabi-
lizer (PSS) is employed in this paper [16]–[18]. A single-reheat
tandem-compound steam turbine model [16] is used in this
paper for the mechanical input torque of the SG while the speed
governor model for the steam turbine [16] is also utilized.
B. DFIG-Based OWF Model
Fig. 2 shows the fundamental configuration of a DFIG-based
WTG system. The stator windings of the wound-rotor induction
generator are directly connected to the grid while the rotor wind-
ings of the induction generator are fed to the same grid through
a rotor-side converter (RSC), a dc link, and a grid-side converter
(GSC). The per-unit - and -axis voltage–current equations of
an induction generator can be referred to [17], [18] and they can
be used for the electrical parts of the wind DFIG. The rotor of
the DFIG is mechanically coupled to the shaft of a WT through
a mechanical drive train system which consists of a high-speed
shaft, a gearbox (GB), and a low-speed shaft.
Fig. 3 shows the two-inertia reduced-order equivalent mass-
spring-damper model of the WT coupled to the rotor shaft of the
studied wind DFIG. The effect of the equivalent gearbox (GB)
between the WT and the rotor of the DFIG has been included in
this model [19]–[21].
Fig. 4 shows the control block diagram of the RSC of the
studied wind DFIG. The RSC controller is used to control the
electromagnetic torque of the DFIG to follow an optimal torque-
speed characteristic and to maintain the terminal voltage of the
DFIG at the reference value. This controller is similar to the one
360 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 2, APRIL 2013

Fig. 5. Control block diagram for the GSC of the wind DFIG.

Fig. 2. One line diagram of the DFIG-based wind turbine system.

Fig. 6. Fundamental configuration of an SSSC.

Fig. 3. Two-inertia reduced-order equivalent mass-spring-damper model of the

WT coupled to the rotor shaft of the studied wind DFIG.
C. SSSC Model
Fig. 6 shows the fundamental configuration of a typical
SSSC. The SSSC consists of a voltage-source inverter (VSI)
that converts a dc voltage into a three-phase ac voltage. Hence,
the equivalent components of an SSSC consist of a three-phase
voltage source with fundamental frequency, a series coupling
transformer, a dc capacitor, and a controller.
Under the synchronous reference frame, the - and -axis
components of the series injected voltage are expressed by, re-
spectively, [27]

(1)
(2)

Fig. 4. Control block diagram for the RSC of the wind DFIG.
where is the turns ratio of the coupling transformer, is
the dc capacitor voltage, is the phase angle of the injected
voltage, and is the inverter constant that relates the dc-side
in [22]–[24], where the reactive power is controlled instead of
voltage to the ac-side line-to-neutral voltage. For a 48-pulse in-
the terminal voltage of the DFIG.
verter, the constant is given by
Fig. 5 plots the control block diagram of the GSC of the
DFIG where the superscript denotes the variables in the
stator-voltage-oriented reference frame. This controller aims to (3)
maintain the dc-link voltage constant and control the reactive
power exchanged between the GSC and the grid. For minimum
converter rating as assumed in this paper, the GSC is controlled From the dc-side equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 7 and bal-
to operate at unity power factor and, hence, exchanges only ancing the power exchanged between the ac side and the dc side,
active power with the gird. In order to achieve the decoupled the dynamic equation of the dc capacitor can be expressed
control of active and reactive power flowing between the GSC by
and the grid, the stator-voltage-oriented synchronous reference
frame, with its -axis aligning the stator voltage vector is
adopted [22], [25]. (4)
WANG AND VO: POWER FLOW CONTROL AND STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF CONNECTING AN OWF TO AN OMIB SYSTEM 361

designed for the SSSC in Section III to achieve to stability im-

provement. Whenever the ODC is used, the subtraction of
and , instead of only , is multiplying by the current
magnitude to obtain required voltage magnitude .
From the block diagram of the SSSC controller shown in
Fig. 8 and the above descriptions, the following equations can
Fig. 7. Equivalent circuits of an SSSC at the: (a) ac side; (b) dc side. be written by introducing an intermediate variable

(5)
(6)
(7)

It should be noted that there is a similar control scheme known

as a quadrature voltage control scheme. In this case, the required
compensating voltage magnitude is directly specified in-
stead of multiplying the current magnitude by . For the
details of the quadrature voltage control scheme, refer to [30].
The employed parameters for the models of this paper are listed
in the Appendix.

III. DESIGN OF AN ODC FOR SSSC USING MODAL

CONTROL THEORY
Fig. 8. Control block diagram of an SSSC as a power flow controller.
This section describes the design procedure and the results
of the ODC of the proposed SSSC. The aim of the ODC for the
The SSSC may be operated under capacitive mode or inductive SSSC is to achieve stability improvement of the studied OMIB
mode to increase or decrease the power flow through transmis- system under disturbance conditions. The nonlinear system
sion line, respectively. In this paper, only the capacitive mode equations developed in Section II can be linearized around a
of the SSSC is used. The control block diagram of the reactance selected nominal operating point to acquire a set of linearized
scheme-based controller [10], [28]–[30] for an SSSC in capac- system equations in the matrix form of [3]
itive mode is shown in Fig. 8. This control scheme can be de-
scribed as follows. (8)
The phase-locked loop (PLL) shown in Fig. 8 is used to deter-
(9)
mine the reference angle , which is phase-locked to phase of
the voltage at Bus #3.The - and -axis components of the line
current are calculated in a synchronous reference frame using where is the state vector, is the output vector, is the
the reference angle of the PLL. The magnitude of the line cur- external or the compensated input vector, is the disturbance
rent and its relative angle with respect to the PLL angle input vector while , and are all constant matrices of
are then calculated. The phase angle of the line current is cal- appropriate dimensions. The state vector can be divided into
culated by adding the relative angle and the PLL angle . The several substate vectors such as - (electric system of
required magnitude of the SSSC’s compensating voltage SG), - (electromechanical system of SG), -
is determined by multiplying the current magnitude by the de- (excitation system of SG), - (PSS of SG), -
sired compensating reactance . (turbine of SG), - (governor of SG), -
The phase angle of the required voltage is either (electric system of OWF), - (control system of OWF),
in an inductive mode or in a capacitive mode. Since - (dc link of OWF), - (mechanical system
only the capacitive mode is used in this paper, the SSSC uses of OWF), and - (electromechanical system of OWF).
a fixed dc-to-ac gain across the VSI. The required dc When the proposed SSSC is added to the studied system, a
capacitor voltage is, hence, determined from required new substate vector - results. To design the ODC of
compensating voltage magnitude . The actual dc capacitor the SSSC, in (8) and in (9) can be properly ignored by
voltage is then compared to its required value and setting .
the error between them is passed through a PI controller which The second and the third columns of Table I list the calculated
produces an angle that is then added to the angle to ac- eigenvalues of the studied OMIB system plus the OWF system
quire the final angle of the VSI. In Fig. 8, the desired com- without and with the proposed SSSC (compensating 50% of the
pensating reactance is directly specified to achieve the transmission line reactance) under the selected nominal oper-
power flow control goal. Fig. 8 also shows an auxiliary signal ating conditions of p.u., p.u. (SG on
(or damping signal) that comes from an ODC that will be 2220 MVA base), p.u., m/s (wind DFIG-
362
TABLE I
EIGENVALUES (rad/s) [DAMPING RATIO/FREQUENCY (Hz)]
OF THE STUDIED SYSTEM WITHOUT SSSC, WITH SSSC,
AND WITH SSSC AND THE DESIGNED ODC
Fig. 9. Control block diagram of the employed SSSC including the designed
PI ODC.
based OWF), and p.u., respectively. Comparing the
eigenvalue results of these two columns listed in Table I, the
complex-conjugated eigenvalues refer to the mechanical
mode of the SG and it dominants the stability characteristics
of the low-frequency oscillations of the OMIB system. When
the SSSC is included in the system, both damping ratio and
frequency have been increased. We can also observe that other
modes are nearly fixed on the complex plane regardless of the
addition of the SSSC. Hence, the ODC of the SSSC needs to be
properly designed to render adequate damping to the mechan-
ical mode of the SG.
The control block diagram of the equivalent reactance of the
SSSC including the PI ODC is shown in Fig. 9. It consists of
a washout block and a PI controller. The input signal of the
ODC is the active-power deviation through Line 34-2,
where the SSSC is inserted. The output signal of the ODC is
the damping signal (or auxiliary signal) that is added to
the reference reactance as the desired value using by the
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 2, APRIL 2013
steady-state power flow control loop of the SSSC. Hence, the
output signal in (9) is and the input signal in (8)
and (9) is . The transfer function of the proposed
PI ODC of the SSSC in domain is given by
(10)
where is the time constant of the washout block while
and are the proportional gain and the integral gain
of the ODC, respectively. Taking the Laplace transformation
of (8)–(9), an algebraic equation of the closed-loop system
containing the PI ODC of the SSSC can be acquired [31]. The
design results of the PI ODC of the SSSC are given as below.
Prespecified Eigenvalues
Parameters of the Designed PI ODC
The system eigenvalues of the studied OMIB plus the DFIG-
based OWF system containing the SSSC and the designed PI
ODC are listed in the fourth column of Table I. When the de-
signed ODC of the SSSC is added to the studied system, a new
substate vector - results are shown in Table I. It can
be clearly observed that have been exactly located on the
desired locations on the complex plane. It is also seen that the
damping ratio of the mechanical mode of the SG has been in-
creased from 0.042 to 0.142 but the frequency is kept at 1.37 Hz.
From the eigenvalue results listed in the fourth column of Table I
and the three parameters of the designed PI ODC, it can be
concluded that the design results are appropriate to the studied
system. Steady-state analysis of the mechanical mode under dif-
ferent operating conditions using the root-loci scheme as well as
time-domain simulations using the developed nonlinear model
subject to a severe disturbance condition will be performed in
Sections IV and V, respectively.
IV. STEADY-STATE ROOT-LOCI ANALYSIS
This section presents the root-loci analyzed results of the me-
chanical mode of the OMIB plus the OWF system when the
operating conditions are widely varied. The simulated output
active power of the SG is increased from 0.5 to 1.0 p.u.,
the terminal voltage of the SG is increased from 0.95 to
1.1 p.u., the output power factor of the SG (PF) is increased
from 0.5 lagging to 0.96 lagging, and the wind speed
of the DFIG-based OWF is increased from 4 m/s (cut-in wind
speed) to 24 m/s (cut-out wind speed). Fig. 10 plots the com-
parative root-loci results for the mechanical mode of the studied
OMIB system without SSSC, with SSSC, and with both SSSC
and ODC under the selected operating conditions. The root-loci
results shown in Fig. 10 are analyzed as follows.
a) Fig. 10(a) shows the comparative root-loci results of the
mechanical mode under different values of . It is found
that the root loci of the mechanical mode move towards
WANG AND VO: POWER FLOW CONTROL AND STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF CONNECTING AN OWF TO AN OMIB SYSTEM
Fig. 10. Comparative root-loci results for the mechanical mode under different
values of: (a) , (b) , (c) PF, and (d) . SSSC joined with the designed ODC. It is clearly observed from
the imaginary axis of the complex plane for all three cases.
When SSSC and ODC are both in service, the mechan-
ical mode can be maintained stable and nearly fixed on
the complex plane. However, the mechanical mode has
widely varied and can be pushed towards the imaginary
axis when is increased.
b) Fig. 10(b) illustrates the root-loci characteristics of the
mechanical mode under different values of . It is seen
that mechanical mode moves away from the imaginary
axis of the complex plane for all three cases when in-
creases. However, the mechanical mode can have the best
damping performance when the proposed SSSC and the
designed ODC are both in service. The root loci of the
mechanical mode locate close to the imaginary axis of the
complex plane when is low and the system is with and
without the proposed SSSC.
c) Fig. 10(c) plots the root-loci outcomes of the mechanical
mode under different values of PF. It is discovered that
363
mechanical mode, again, moves away from the imaginary
axis of the complex plane for all three cases when PF in-
creases. The mechanical mode may have the best damping
characteristics when the proposed SSSC and the designed
ODC are both included in the system. The root loci of the
mechanical mode are close to the imaginary axis of the
complex plane when PF is low and the system is with and
without the proposed SSSC.
d) Fig. 10(d) shows the root-loci plots of the mechanical
mode under different values of . It is discovered that
mechanical mode is approximately fixed on the complex
plane regardless the variations of . This is due to the
fact that the capacity of the DFIG-based OWF is quite
small and it is about 1/10 of the capacity of the SG. Again,
the mechanical mode may have the best damping charac-
teristics when the proposed SSSC and the designed ODC
are both included in the system.
V. TIME-DOMAIN SIMULATIONS
This section employs the nonlinear system model devel-
oped in Section II to compare and demonstrate the damping
characteristics contributed by the proposed SSSC joined with
the designed ODC under three cases (Case 1, Case 2, and
Case 3). A three-phase short-circuit fault is suddenly applied
to the infinite bus at s while the duration of the ap-
plied fault lasts for six cycles (0.1 s) in Case 1 and 0.7 s in
Case 2, respectively. Case 3 employs a sudden trip of the OWF
and wind-speed change on the OWF to demonstrate that the
low-frequency oscillations of the SG can be excited by the
DFIG-based OWF. The operating conditions of the studied
system prior the severe disturbance are properly selected the
same as the ones of Table I.
A. Case 1
Fig. 11 plots the comparative transient responses of the
studied system without the SSSC, with the SSSC, and with the
the comparative transient simulation results that all transient
responses of the studied system, i.e., Figs. 11(a)–(g) for the SG,
Figs. 11(l)–(m) for the DFIG-based OWF, Figs. 11(h)–(j) for the
two transmission lines, etc., with the proposed SSSC joined with
the designed PI ODC have the shortest time to quickly recover to
the original steady-state operating conditions in three responses.
When the fault occurs, large amplitudes on all quantities shown
in Fig. 11 can be clearly found and the quantities of the system
without the SSSC demonstrate the largest amplitudes in three
responses. It also shows that the proposed SSSC joined with the
designed ODC can simultaneously supply the proper amount
of reactive power to the line of the studied system and offer
better damping characteristics to the mechanical mode of the
SG in order to quickly damp out the low-frequency oscillations
of the SG. Voltage responses of the studied system shown in
Fig. 11(a), (n), and (o) can also be effectively improved by the
proposed SSSC with the designed ODC. The voltage across the
transmission-line side of the series coupling transformer shown
in Fig. 11(o) rises as high as 1.6 p.u. when the SSSC is with
the designed ODC during the faulted interval. However, this
364 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 2, APRIL 2013

Fig. 11. Transient responses of the studied system subject to a three-phase short-circuit fault at the infinite bus: (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) , (e) , (f) ,
(g) , (h) , (i) , (j) , (k) , (l) , (m) , (n) , and (o) .

transient high voltage decays faster than the one of the system
with the SSSC but without the ODC.
B. Case 2
Fig. 12 illustrates the comparative transient responses of the
studied system with the SSSC and with the SSSC joined with
the designed ODC. It is obviously observed from the compar-
ative transient simulation results that all transient responses of
the studied system with the proposed SSSC joined with the de-
signed PI ODC are stable and quickly return back to their corre-
sponding steady-state values in 5 s. On the other hand, all tran-
sient responses of the studied system with the SSSC but without
WANG AND VO: POWER FLOW CONTROL AND STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF CONNECTING AN OWF TO AN OMIB SYSTEM 365

Fig. 12. Transient responses of the studied system subject to a three-phase short-circuit fault at the infinite bus under Case 2: (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
(e) , (f) , (g) , (h) , (i) , (j) , (k) , (l) , (m) , (n) , and (o) .

the designed PI ODC are unstable while all the responses di- ODC of the proposed SSSC can effectively stabilize the studied
verge to unacceptable values in 1.1 s. It shows the designed system under an unstable scenario.
366 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 2, APRIL 2013

Fig. 13. Transient responses of the studied system when the DFIG-based OWF is suddenly tripped under Case 3: (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) , (e) , (f) ,
(g) , (h) , (i) , (j) , (k) , (l) , (m) , (n) , and (o) .

C. Case 3 the wind speed of the DFIG-based OWF changes. The varia-
tions of the wind speed take into account the base wind speed,
Fig. 13 shows the transient responses of the studied system noise wind speed, gust wind speed, and ramp wind speed while
when the DFIG-based OWF is suddenly tripped at s Fig. 14(o) shows the simulated wind speed . It is clearly
while Fig. 14 shows the dynamic responses of the system when observed from the time-domain responses shown in Figs. 13
WANG AND VO: POWER FLOW CONTROL AND STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF CONNECTING AN OWF TO AN OMIB SYSTEM 367

Fig. 14. Dynamic responses of the studied system when the DFIG-based OWF is subject to a wind-speed change under Case 3: (a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
(e) , (f) , (g) , (h) , (i) , (j) , (k) , (l) , (m) , (n) , and (o) .

and 14(a)–(n) that the low-frequency oscillations of the SG can
be excited when the disturbances are at the DFIG-based OWF.
Figs. 13 and 14 also show that the SSSC combined with the
designed ODC can effectively suppress the low-frequency os-
cillation in these two studied cases.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented the stability-improvement and
power-flow control results of an OMIB system with a
DFIG-based OWF using a static series compensator (SSSC).
368 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 2, APRIL 2013

The proposed SSSC has been properly connected in series with B. DFIG-Based OWF [23]
one of the two parallel lines to supply adequate reactive power.
a) Wind turbine (rated 5 MW)
A PI-type ODC has been designed for the proposed SSSC by
using a unified approach based on modal control theory to
assign the mechanical mode of the studied OMIB system on the
desired locations of the complex plane. Root-loci plots under
various operating conditions and time-domain simulations of
the studied OMIB system subject to a three-phase short-circuit
fault at the infinite bus have been systematically performed b) Generator (per unit) (rated 5 MW, 0.69 kV)
to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed SSSC joined
with the designed PI ODC on damping inherent low-frequency
oscillations of the studied OMIB system and improving system
stability under different operating conditions. It can be con-
cluded from the simulation results that the proposed SSSC c) Mass-spring-damper system
joined with the designed ODC has the ability to improve the
performance of the studied OMIB plus the DFIG-based OWF
system under different operating conditions. The designed
ODC of the proposed SSSC can also effectively stabilize the
studied system under an unstable scenario.
C. SSSC (Per Unit) [8] (Rated 134 MVA)

APPENDIX
SYSTEM PARAMETERS

A. SG and Its Subsystems [16]

a) Single SG (per unit) D. Network Impedances (Per Unit on 100 MVA Base)

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Li Wang (S’87–M’88–SM’05) received the Ph.D.
degree from the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan,
in June 1988.
He has been an associated professor and a pro-
fessor with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
in 1988 and 1995, respectively. He was a visiting
scholar with the School of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, from February 2000 to July 2000, and
the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State
University, Pullman, WA, from August 2003 to January 2004. He was a re-
search scholar of the Energy Systems Research Center (ESRC), the University
of Texas at Arlington (UTA), Arlington, TX, from July 2008 to January 2009.
At present, his research interests include power systems dynamics, power
system stability, ac machine analyses, and renewable energy.
Quang-Son Vo was born in Vietnam, on March
08, 1980. He received the B.E. degree in electrical
engineering from the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Danang University of Technology,
Vietnam, in July 2004, and the M.Sc. degree from
the Department of Electrical Engineering, National
Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, in July 2011.
His research interests include power system sta-
bility, FACTS, and wind power generation systems.