‫ﺃﻧـــﻭﺍﻉ ﺇﻧﻘﺳـــــﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳــــــــــــــــــﺔ‬

‫‪Mitosis and Meiosis‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻧـــﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴــــﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻧـــﻭﺍﻉ ﺇﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳــــﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Meiosis‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﺍﻟــ ‪Mitosis‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪(I) Meiosis‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﺯﺍﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪Meiosis (I‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻟـﻠـ ‪ Germ Cells‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺑﻳﺽ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻣﻳﺗﺎﺕ )‪ :Gametes‬ﺍﻟﺑﻭﻳﺿﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻭﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺧﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺻﻑ‬
‫)‪ (Haploid number‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻭ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺟﻧﺳﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫‪. (Somatic Cells‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪Mitosis‬‬

‫)‪ ) Mitosis (II‬ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ(‪:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻟﻠﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﺩﻳﺔ ‪.Somatic Cells‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻳﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺧﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ) ‪(Diploid number‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺍﺭﺛﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
 ‫• ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﺪﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺯﻱ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ‬
‫‪Mitosis‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬

‫ﻧﻣﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺿﺎﻋﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺇﻧﻔﺻﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪5‬‬
 Diploid
And
Haploid
Cells

6
 Mitosis ‫ﺍﻟـ‬
Cytokinesis (5-1)
+
Cytokinesis
=
M Phase

7
 ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻟـ ‪: Mitosis‬‬
‫‪(1) Prophase‬‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Prophase‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺿﺎﻋﻔﺔ ) ﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻡ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‬

‫ﺗﺗﻛﺛﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫‪( 2 Sister Chromatids‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺓ ‪Mitotic Spindle‬‬

‫ﻳﺗﺻﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻧﺗﺭﻭﺳﻭﻣﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺫﻳﻥ ﺑﺩءﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﻣﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ‬
‫‪(2) Prometaphase‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫‪Mitosis‬‬
‫)‪ (2‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Prometaphase‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺗﺟﺯﺃ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻁﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﻝ ﻗﻁﺏ )ﻁﺭﻑ( ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪ Centrosome‬ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‬
‫) ﻛﻝ ﺳﻧﺗﺭﻭﺳﻭﻡ ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ‪ 2‬ﺳﻧﺗﺭﻳﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺿﺎﻋﻑ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛﺭ‬
‫)ﻓﻲ ‪ (Interphase‬ﻗﺑﻝ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺇﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪(2) Prometaphase‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ ‪:Mitosis‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Prometaphase‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﺗﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪Microtubules‬‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫) ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ(‬
‫ﻭﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺑﺩﺃ ﻳﺗﻛﺛﻑ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪(2) Prometaphase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫‪: Mitosis‬‬
‫‪ . 2‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Prometaphase‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺩﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺃﻡ ‪Sister‬‬
‫) ‪ ( Chromatids‬ﻟﻪ ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺗﺭﻭﻣﻳﺭ‬
‫‪ ,Kinetocher‬ﺑﺭﻭﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺑﻲ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﺗﺣﺩ ﻣﻊ‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺭﻭﺗﻳﻭﺑﻳﻭﻟﺯ ﻣﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ‪Kinetocher‬‬
‫‪ Microtubules‬ﺗﺭﺗﺑﻁ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻧﺗﺭﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺑﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻓﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺧﻠﻑ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬
 Kinetocher
And
Kinetocher
Microtubules

12
Figure 18-24 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
 ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫‪(3) Metaphase‬‬ ‫)‪Metaphase (3‬‬
‫• ﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺗﺭﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺭﻛﺯ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻗﻁﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺗﺭﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺑﻳﻥ ﻭﻳﺩﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻟـ ‪Metaphase‬‬
‫‪ ، Plate‬ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺗﺧﻳﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟـ‬
‫‪ Spindles Poles‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻁﺑﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ‬
‫‪(4) Anaphase‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Anaphase (4‬‬
‫ﺃﻗﺻﺭ ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﺻﻝ ﻟﻠـ ‪Sister‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ Chromatids‬ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻝ ﻛﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻳﺩ ﻳﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻡ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺣﺭﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻘﺳﻣﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪Kinetocher‬‬ ‫ﻹﻧﻛﻣﺎﺵ‬
‫‪. Microtubules‬‬
‫ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺗﻁﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺑﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﻛﻝ ﻗﻁﺏ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻳﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻣﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪‬ﻣﺭﺍﺣﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫‪(5) Telophase‬‬ ‫)‪ (5‬ﺍﻟـ ‪Telophase‬‬
‫) ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ (‬
‫ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻭﻱ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻝ ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺭﻭﻣﻭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻭﺍﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺩ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺗﻭﺯﻱ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻟـ ‪ Cytokinesis‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺧﺗﻧﺎﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫” ‪“ Cleavage Furrow‬‬
‫ﻟﻳﻘﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺗﻭﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫ﺑﻧﻭﺍﺗﻳﻥ ‪.‬‬
 ‫‪Cytokinesis‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺗﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻲ‬
‫• ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟـ ‪Cytokinesis‬‬
‫ﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺣﻳﻭﺍﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺗﻭﺑﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻧﻘﺳﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻗﺳﻣﻳﻥ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ‬
‫”‪ “Contractile Ring‬ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻟﻳﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻛﺗﻳﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻭﺳﻳﻥ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ “ﺇﺧﺗﻧﺎﻕ”‬
‫” ‪ “Cleavage Furrow‬ﺛﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻘﺳﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻠﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺗﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﺑﻧﻭﺍﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪16‬‬
= ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺧﻠﻳﺔ‬
Interphase + M Phase

17
Figure 18-2 Essential Cell Biology (© Garland Science 2010)
18