THE JOURNAL OF BUROPEAN ECONOMIC HISTORY [PUBLISHED EVERY FOUR MONTHS bye BANCO DI ROMA OMA don SEBQO=S. MAG ‘Reprinted by Schmidt Periodicals GmbH authorized by Banco di Roma. —_— ts ied Bost Jeo Foongots Benes, Ease Poitecaiqe Fé, Zach Eiie ne eirocea, Itt d Soin Exon, Univeriy of Px Strvuo 6 Coovet, Emin, Columbia Univers, New York CGrones Dims, Calg de Fase iurror Guan, Testis fr Okosomik Historie, Unverity of In A Guaren, Deparment of Hitry, Temple Universi, Phila de Hema Ketosnnen, Semi fr Sori and Wirschal: Gschie, Nites ‘eran Maras, Al Sole Cllge, Oxord [eine Renz Maar, Univesiy of Madd Js A. Vow Horr, Universiy of Loar Guanes Venuioen, Unvesiy of Ghent, Academia Beg. Rome Gucas Wrson, Jer Calege, Cambeige Serta ‘Jes A. Dats, Usivesy of Warwick ‘Aerono Dr Veron, Univesiy of Bai stem: at i ed had cone al eae Toe Hot ie ve SU 9a 1 rie sn virion mtr! pre eh Jen al Be eed Sel nat at cy tte eno of te Jan ot Bain nd icy eed ee ie Gort msde ie oe Sump Rc ae et i Nata te Th oper eho hs Jado rpc Bs of che may Be en The cabo fr en and Gir ae ben bane Eih, Lat ted a —— * THE JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN > ECONOMIC HISTORY Souone 5 Namen CONTENTS sence Babe Aaher constaia ©, Gineee Sygate es fect ele rena i s Pica torah How i oben oe fs 10 Toe Fo md PE Db vAndeew Po Trot fone, ees | cei hien Carica Tg, \ ah Cope Psi VIA Cy juan Denia Th s eset Em ara Ce ees Pad 79 a5 f CN ———the Middle Ages (Up. °* Nea ~ ic Development of 8°, Toxcss me eG “airlafe Thing 73 lm ithe tnd the Medd maitonce (Rede eistion 769 Seleency: Bretton ge) 7>9 ! Compeny, 1800-1833 774 lust Ae why, weil wt (Ted Ferdinndy” 776 78 wan Industrial Power, 6. Pounds) a muity in Seventeenth. : vel Sanaba} 4 7 inthe Later Middle zn) E Europe: Stabilization my, ond Healy in tbe rid War I Robert x le Asscuraions iq” Vi, vol. Le Font ‘ 789 clationary Marxism ; 794 Observations on Venetian Trade ; in the XIVih slay te Levant iyahu Athtor sey Jena i Hy 3 i een ee eee sn none andthe domo of aha ee Ee SSC thfurceni coy hse Se Srtasiene iim ye fees Sh ee ee 2 ee eee in which the King of Cyprus and the Holy See tried once again 10 arouse enthusiasm for a crusade, whereas the *trading nations” made great efforts to pursue their regulat commercial activites in ay uerac ose rare Soucek tes ere tea age cco ‘sot least, the archives of some Venetian companies make it possible Barer op oon earner Tage ee ee 7 joes a ie ged te le 430 Arp Satu, Vei Sra, Dl mie Camel nore, i, Ba 2, ola = A tees, 2, Fo Ton Cana, ae Dat, Doli ee. "rate AS, Ma, Comm mie, Bt, Gon, hs Sen be 180, Comm, ee olin -B Dal Beie a eee sabes rene SE rperemerrpnecei se acnuaee ns oan Sree ee ee ahi Ss Pr Qa re ee im "Lt mera «Pal Zach, cx dR Nomad so Ret Fi, amr eon et cl ILIV, Pe ‘A Sek tnd, dnd dai, Caio HATS ‘Fame Re eo tte de Ven cota Reman 1.1 Pos ot th, Rl wo p16, ER PS Linn dd cng et at oe 189613 Fe cali GB 390 ek by Par sac (Vee 165, Coe nym getorctey i Sera eatvtne Teena ihe aan Pecan ie eae ume cas 9 re eanbese eae ce ree eae ue Pe ere ae ea rae eee 1 ecjatr liesen a ee make pied awh in i re ee Sa el ae va Mt psc don mc Te se ean pes nico aia, te gt Sou In amr hoe ose BO tn ee Van oh ng me 3 rope, had to rely upon the intermediary ele of trading Souther Eso rie jcc 1 Ep nd Sa, Ya LD tt in Know Ler Ai, Sg eas tere ian over Seo EH te eat» t,t as ede amb bch Pee UP fate ns Do Chet te wt 1K TeSy, ayn a eve about 2000 Moslem erchasfory ren ute n Laaan orsign Ab Brin, Bacal Genuane pred 20 on, Bt a ote, ny fon Sy rn I ce and Cops full sila tle ay mee cla French sola who specialized in he Ferme Arjun colic fas expres the ew that Before fast of Feng bythe Genes, in 1373, ade betes eg eater bid He anges that in the pevod Gee and Ee sail co suply Cele with sir noted FSCS} Simpron’” But nace be wrote, many docuens Pree, easifcd which bed much Might on the Intense trade PEEASGE nd Epo the sade of the fourteenth ceatary Pee anal a rely 1 frequent journeys om Cand vat tad eo invests by sea lane inthe nde wh ae Gthee acs tle to journeys to Damier” and to SERS oP ecers dea with the export of wine from Crete 2 xanden bark woudl surely aot be 4 mistake 1 suppose ‘Rute quantize of soap and other ares shipped from Ve IE SGaE were dened for rexxport to Faypt. Vatous Face tad dyes were shipped frm Faypt, va Crete, 10 Venice” TE'Se Tete Tones of the 1340s there ae rletences to the Jepne of ginger and ammoriacal ak as wll a salflower.” RE tw Penis bd ee, oe Aart, Ma ia ant Tety 925) A, p10 Fae sae Sree tor tS tl eh, oma Fe Fae ete, rac as Wn of BS TF fe Ti Romane én au moyen te (Pts 1299, 32 2 Fal Tail, tls DON te ah ana Pr, se an ey Ames (Von ah 8,4, 22 DDL Za a Pr on DT Bho 72 Ba 2 Piel ache 4 (36), 7 (2 BA, 16 Co) 2 Op cep 3a" Bop ale a Ban, Op ae pale ta 1H), 76, 88, 10, 108 3 pom Barn st Cts Vee 9 ue from Aled, sou tis we ‘cote in these eters record of ce ann, Doieta® Slant and gn sabe fom Carr eee geen tins An was Eaypt. Cala Was ceuinly 4 peat eae Gi Siew dnc rave eta ch win? Cage tk a Spy ‘Gleandsia via Crcte to Venice Most ofthe st sal Innes ‘AG hete dae fom the eas wen the pes pean ee ee ee alee ale Cada aN or and Eagan Si onthe oS in bec ere Hew ara Crocs tet cratead aw ard cea aaa cet a to tes J Sepeniet The bed oth neat eis Mise to te ebkone in Vane on fs fer op Sipe ee protbly tue forthe comer onc Bt “eo Gran the Meda New Ea Nol ws ol he yor Sek seer othe expr of ope: sl her aides fo Fn ae Te Alana On he oe had gi mate 2 Fa om Beat Api fx damn pe Fagan Cree ice, srl Kds of ops an San =n” ie Altre ceil gruel wore et Pa ery er 6.0 sp cero Expand Si 9 petod er TT che wort 100000 Honan® Bat be cs 20) 8B Sa ala aa oh Geb ae i. 2 Oper me a tain 2 OPE ume feng «Was OT ce Tan aS 2, ras De Ma an rie oa tn mn eee 2 A ctype 2 Sos Lae Hare L nn es 7ace inmay a Peters, aa ren Sa ee TS etn terreno od geen ELT ste nn roo Soham ems Se A iat on ae ecw ent, Ginn ood Baits Se Soe Sees wa deo ae ‘lb rend tt yea ahs So repre 4 epee = PRIS andy A diffi beginning Venice had aleeady applied to the Hol 1327 with the request for complete or partial abliion of prohibition of trade with the dominions of the sultan.” "On Nee ember 30, 1337, the Seoate caida motion to send a ape {he dspich of the gales leaves no doobe tht in. Venice, whose srealh derived from the trade with the Moslem Near East, there (fava lection averse to the cade “the group that favoured trade with Faypt, however, had the upper hand, and a the end of 1360 the Senate decided to apply 10 the Holy See with a request that the numberof galley allowed to visit Alexaneia should be increased” But although the Pope land meanwhile renounced the general prohibition of trade, the Venetian government soon became avare of the impossibility of cbusining ¢ complete abolition ofthe restrictions. At the same time the government of the Republic applied itself 10 msintaining fieadly relaions with the court of the sultan. In 1361, Nicolo CContarini went 36 ambassador to the sultan, had the old privileges confirmed, and obtained some additional concessions" In May 11361, thank to substantial payments, the Holy See granted licences for greater numberof galleys!" Tn that year, again six galleys (EPaeet, tcmori I, o. 19. Ne ae fears, mo 0, 8. Mat 1, 1 0s, 108, 100, 11, Stine I (© Port, Le comma, wo. 293, 26,2406, oe oe ots otra, data Ses i oe nn Fe oy Pa ie Oren ever ce ire ay seca fect 20 an pen te 1e Sa chet ma gah Srrice to Cyprus was suspended from 1560." The King of oe cron Samsatscmn tensor nero ee, oh rat i cae ws roe aaron eel a oo caenepaanmaaete aan tee gia ee be so eee ree ee ve eee nel pe eee “ei ad pte en ay one ee an ta ae eae te ne at eu dagen were ot pe Be ect, Th Bo acs hor eon ig we he gun Te cd ea ola wt ec end cline trade might be ois, Hore, te pepo wo we eu tne nd re oyun mio i Cato, or Pept 2" Mi ee a Ee tian authorities were 20 great wn Meee of Ein ticte we ox um sn condone SAE Ad ng fe 9 Oe TMS Cron De Venere tle wig At Se a he glngnais 13611963 we co es sed pointe tan for many year el BC NERY fen 382-1368, which mennead Vee, PEPE OS Soe crn Bats inthe Eaten Medicare ld Onde wer noc dood. The gree Ege, fa rie Aetredy 22 Vorsan gall, a agin 14 ae BOLT rn 1361360, aed leon 1364 the mic of th Manca utes poled much more than tat ofthe Roma nt cpp elon” The in Ocober 1363, th King of CyposSialy made he apelin be had been prepeing several years He tide Aloe Sin teem gros lc for Venti trade that Mato Corse ‘Fo a Doge lon 1965 1368 waa sls get Gnloret fee Tew op comercial iets with the Dok of Aus, the Gout Gir snd te Paci of Alla He alo made grett tors to sot the sland o bing about peer bere hi and it Gaisian enemies that Ventan tude should go on. or thi pauper fe had feoune wo the saves of Pattie Ban Venctan pusican who wae himself grea diplomas, He fad slready dstaguished himself by a mission to the Emperor of ” Constantinople” and in 1366, was sent together with Pitza Sor sano #0 the sutan™ The Arabic chronicler al-Malisi narrates that in March 1366 Christan ambassadors came pleading that thei nation ad nt participated in the cad on Alexandria, They asked for the liberation ofthe merchants who had been imprisoned in Alevandsia after King Peter's expedition and forthe restoration of thei goods. They also expresed the wish tha trade should be continued and finally asked thatthe Church ofthe Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which had been closed as a reprisal, should be re 2 de 6, > The mbar mestond te Yi enbo and Pete Srmon™ Whe ge Sos Fa aed Xing Gen eh pene ee Belin eovoP, west othe cero oo iemne ee Sent eet Vee mes ae ncn hee Soe eee evo, ire eee vei atone See orn a uae eect ee Ct ate ete eS, teeth epan ole pey y wet noses aires meee Le naragS oye ao ease Meee we ene oe ee re area eee we eee ee eee Soe eerste ees ae eee ete gee Te fa en eS td ay pelo ont Thor way Bos the Moses Alesana taped Cis sec or cy ir th hn salt dee many or en ve Vi a eye eet nT wih cer Vein 7 Sa Rca dE 6p nem See sta dat Si sn cherie se ig bl ae ch a Se Pe ed elem ale a te ee itthe Vacs ba ws ih = 8 Sian A ee a EN kat ol we S Dp ere oe a : se 1 ey om eh aie ‘nate 2dea te a a et tet EERE sia text Francesco Benbo as ambassador (athe SEM wus axcompaied by Domenico Michiel, who had been RSM jasce wick him tothe court of Constantinople in 1362" Tale thee ambassadors fall in the mediation, although they Tuned the coure of Famagusta cgether with Egyptian envoys iSer timber was seat tothe sultan co make sure tha ade Ric cominied, Thi ambsssdoe, Pleo Guimani, bad iste hos eo ak che sultan to release the Venetian merchants who had een impeisond in Sia" Despite all these dliffcalies, in chat year che Venetian merchants invested a very great sum of moncy In ehe trade wth Egypt, Trade with the Greek couniries and the ‘egions around the Black Seu wat steadily ecinng, as i catty ome out the aumbers of galleys of the “Romania line and the seals of their auctions. Whereas until 1543 the convoy of Romania galleys aumbered 8.10 ships, after that it consisted of only 25. The results of the auctions of the Romania galleys ia 1365 yielded 245 pounds of gross against 691 pounds for the Alexandria galleys; and in 1367, the sums paid for the Roma and Alexandria alleys were 150 and 615 pounds, respectively” Consequently, the Senate decided in 1367 10 send co Alexandria an addivonal big galley ("de cata”) to ttansport the merchandise Ihe Kain fe Hove Tp 36 2 Dip Vn Leen 7, f, 1234; ares, Lb Commewar =o ad 2a Gets as, Ls Ramune wou etn te es he epee pt opines eee say Shcctoyta catatome Seeeeee: pee sett a3? EEEEEEEEE a 4 5 tein due ool vanes ous ere en reves ve 0eens ae Soe eee Se ee ee ee eee Se Soe eon scan aa ae ee ee cer eneee are Se le one nees Sa awe Ce ee Tete mee se ee cee oe omer a rt ae ad cca ge oer oa soca 4) The boom inthe Leventne trade atthe end ofthe XIV eh century The alliance of Venice and Genos proved to be a gat failure ‘The wo Republic made «naval demonstration before the port of Alesspdeia in December 1369, but did ot embark on military esis. At the beginning of May 1370, there were tumours in Venice that the Genoese had decided to resume trade with Egypt and 10 send a consl ro Alesandria. Following ths, the Venetian Senate cated 2 motion to do the same; however, the Venetian ‘consul had not left Alexandria at all, the decision refered tothe He iy of Cs Te» 393,924 Sk I,» 5 we ae pp jan consul 8 Damascus, who hid gone io Cyn” PA, the cee ana emcee ato iene anes ened a Ten wo icrad Cpen, Tee uae co ete ie cae ei ae ak, oe re ee eS ont ee ee ere ee eee fae we oe ee eae ene oe reer ae oe Serene eee < ees 1 ees ae TE cee eee ee Ta aed wake Sons ee tl cen Fa ok Po a 2 See cen way pd et eto ome it pr ee wel chosen ac ae ee seh en nf i Crd er, se fone en ne na Reo _corroati woh Sea aciaeeceer ete atti mnve dee de Che PP se Se : aa on e—=e aa Go fecal mle sae spider serene rein eri ee semen ee ee oe acs ince exloccs in Grezce tha dey shoe chee eee See es eee ae eee eel SO Oe 8 ae eee eae muy Sd Be ere ee set 4 OS ae ae Pp aenmpeteriet trait | Seer aeons Soe econ oo el ce oe aie oe Gregory XI granted Venice a licence for 24 galleys and 10 cogs, and in October 1374, he allowed them to send two galleys from Crete tothe dominions of the sultan, within three years” So in 1374 and in 1375, wo galleys commuted thre times a year frm Cece to Beit" Tn order to collet the merchandise brought by these galleys to Crete other galleys were sent there from Venice, both in 1374 and in 1373." 1 Tam, Rar I. I See Lon Site Uae cole ere nol Mederany (Blgs 1938), 051 so om fe te and Hiss, Fry of Cy Mh 4a ray Mt a a J ng oe — oo ge ee i S355, Giovannt Bubasgo wet ‘he Moser etic a i tes Ea dee at smbemader tte une p vpas insted 10 protest apn the exurians aad, He vih Sian Unig promi ot age ana See Seager ed Nien ren Pee elie cee ee en ee ee eee lw ee eee Poorer ors come rer sit See en Se es eee ea ed eee eae ee see areca ieee us Nn indo oe eee ea Ve ee Verun ast oe roe 2 sock re a do mee: nal ed Vea Oa a be oreo aah Te, Se we te Lahn aly Gov Baby ome CSiane” ec be med 22k Tum comin mmtocees ese fo San he ein es = Se 1 leaked ae omen ‘ait aS fe ayo go co Damascus 25 Giovanni Babarigo, from Solis Cetised permission 10 appoint & ea as Pee governor of Damacus wold ase flee Poaaane epee: a ei an eames secs grat enero eae ‘and Moslems was to be judesd isan att bv ene 1 a 9.4 3snemo or by the bib, (4 Mamluk offer 0 bound Sirti ro ys ed 2 Se inion of Giovanas Basbaigo bad Been comple ni iepromiee wee not kept In 1376, the Sete ee ee ad Alrandria co ty to obtain the dismissal of FEAT Sitter ofthe own, who had prejudiced the Venetian Be Air etal probably, recived. Promises thatthe eo more cxorions, bat Ibm ANAM was not dissed rr Sine year the Mari offic once agua extorted certain Sf money trom the Venetians in Damascus; the consul, the RRL Gr Bubarge, and several merchants wote imprisoned, nd FESS hoy had bought were sequestered" So the Venetian chic decided again fo send an ambassador cote sultan. Twas Tetropmed in he Senate to discontinue trade with Syria, pending Bo cEtcment of the confit" The ambassador was to ak for the ‘lene of the Venetians and the dsnisal ofa Moslem official (a ida inspect). Further, be had instructions to ask dhe sltan ret ece the King of Litle Armenia who was sill detained in Cai 20° This mission ton was apparently a patil sucess as 2 dispatch Gf the Senate tothe consul in Damascus dated July 1377, testifies that he was fee!" However, merchandise bough (or imported) by the Venetians remained under sequestration. But the Venetian teaders had also given rise to protests from the Mamluk autoritis. Some of them fled from Damascus leaving debts and taking with them merchandise which had noc been paid for. Consequently, in 1 Ree CD Toes ‘hse fa ‘ane woe Suh sn Kl ‘ari wt svn cos Aleem el a red prt new on wa at Ci = oe et adoer were chosen at they i Oe ag ‘eal tla vo neh a Naas ova etn Be ee Sa cr eg wie the ba ee sea ed eee bon Te cnc tom tn ec es aot eel Treen ee is Sk ee eet ee sa a Ge te Voli delle aoe a sie Sai te tade es Yee a ae i ee jock area eee seme deh bythe Sat Newvie we we i eran fc os ya, fm 78 M,N bd A and cod os se races Te ae te lsd sn Be al wpe i od ba made wh Gen, gma et Sy ook mer eae ee wh FE Numi a 3H, Bale Ql vcs a toro Cao TSS tebe bw hn lee so ay ere pen nie ie ewe nD agen a of oe ey fe, rk 0 tn 3 he me cok Apt et aie ped in 1377, from extortion by the Se ae ers 7, fem the ae a a igh cats tm ae Hose iE ate cee, Te ee ans oe eer vente ce eee ne as errr Dicer tne aoeEe i hg at he Maem Near Ea et ao cman tne aR 8 See Cel ould ey tly Po der ermrgber oie plod aie Hes er ee at comule i Aleandsia and in Dames, rs Se 2 oneal in Dat “fae sass of the Venetian diplomacy cannot have been very gen eT he niin ofthe Alenia galleys had ode ty Fe a Cana whether not continue on the Eyeing, = SSEO The aprcbeion, however, may have ben the cone == = Debery geacuroe ofthe Genoese, who ad in that year eet on maitary actives against she dominions of the sultan Fah lee she port of Alacra without permission, whereupon he Eorpean merehats inthe town had been arrested in reprise ‘ Met ‘Teceupon the Genoese stacked Beirut” Whatever the reason a a aoe inuy have been, the Venetian galley line to Alexandria did not on 4 Fea anon in 1984 or 1385, and there were misgivings as tothe spice os > ee eer Lab in Danureus in 1984, 20 that che Beieut galleys had to be “i Z ee me ssbsidzed™ ‘So the grest boom of Venetian trade in the Moslem Near Eat began only in the later 80's of the fourteenth century. The xonomy of Venice had indeed recovered very Soon from the great Tower that had resulted from the war of Chioggia, and endeavours to foster its seaborne trade were mainly direced towards the [Moslem Neat East. As ealy as 1383 the auction of the Beirut and “Alerandea galleys had been a great sucess, whereas that of the “Flanders galleys bad yielded eelatvely much less In 1384, orders hhad been given to build new galleys for the voyages to Romania and to Syria In that year Venice succeeded in considerably sak ren oie ln pect AD Salde TIM, p. 76 (cering to the Genoese), -Dieuhart, Nushot anni, peer c te nats = eae one ar a mt Ps Soeneurmenene a et eens ee Thott 5 ey el eel td iae epoch ene wth ie Mon Nes Et foe Scie no coe Te wll peer es ere manly big ones, Uke thote which saieg. (2 Funders MF gear ied BO Be ee ee Se —— path Alan loys aged we Me Nese mote epenine meas Lg wits Shy tan ad ed nd at fhe Ronn ating ane ‘exandtria and Beirut were incsmgushy none e ene? S Romania roue. The Cpr contin ny lang ese AE Sra ation fy fastest Se peur in the tade of the Repub wit be ex =e Whe oly Se to ake for inne hoes hi shad poss {5 be ampopible to obtain, they were ty to cb een fy Be ends eee ig oars snes 138 ame oon tae Vea ol ee a eee eeen oe, ST ET pene a Soha ben toon 7 et ned etn oe Lo nee mo 3 ae i com ta dy 7 2cue re ‘ eae Ns Span comm which the Wenn par Sip eg Se pr Sn Sa ateascanes Seeeeetrcen a easretane oe eens Se nee Pa taery nd baliy rode (ond ton expenses tha sles) bras a pou bead of the Veron tale be Loves, ¢ rw Sorta of egy ws enabled." The cos were bg cen ‘renege of 900800 ts, nd a med pr, of 20-90 archers cok od sited w the Now Boe pos on flrs dome" ‘Thev were private warned shpat thee fnew for travel hal te ppd by the suchen an the fright sar wer Fs by— hb ye vind tad 1 de had eed + peak The See cate cil aos aa inant te os of Soe Ee veg SEG inthe trade with the Moslem Levant." There is mich SRE EBeet ther could be quoted to suppor this fact Bat this Ine Side aloo pooves, om the other ind, that the Venetians Nee ee mea hee ca ee the 5 Beit ile of te Vere 33004000 the 2-Bat plow oe Gena ooeaey a rier, he entimated the expat of sage (lal theese the other Southern European «trading nations » dd not how soa pefetence The spice tade indeed became the fountain Fread of Veneuan wealth From Damavoot,Venetine cee is televant ia this content to quote a letter of Belttamo Ploretnes ‘oe (ce Bertanda) Mignanel: of Sina (lived 1370-1453), who, as Catalan es os {young man, ime to Damascus and engaged in commescl activ Catalan elle wo + fies here He aio travelled in other counties of the Nett East he even visited India. He learat Arabic ‘From Alenandsa Venetian export to Fama 350.» Catlin alles 1 im > Vaio pacers te ac emer om the Fae i eis rad not yet obtained the overwhelming supremacy they enored in = the fiftcenth century. Secondly, be dale Ceci ee Vee tnd, fone ca believe hit ind served as interpreter to the ambassadors ofthe Duke of Mi ‘sho came in 139410 the Mamluk sultan, and late he fulfilled the ame tak at the Counel of Constance in 1416, when delegates of the Coptic Church appeared there. When he was in Constance he rote two Latin works: Ascensus Bucoc, history of Stan Bark (1382-199), he founder of the dynasty of the Cicasin | the Levan eden Marks and Ruina Damasc, the story of the conquest of arb a to the chants of eee the Syrian capital by Tamerlane in 1401” So he was undoub Trughe mily spe, whee a ccly a get expert inthe pola and economic condone ofthe a regh bck om he west eine Te [Near East atthe end ofthe fourteenth century, and in view of the | tach ore heteropeens Tha fc Gn greatness of Francesco Datini, a true commercial genius, itis not smock by ocr eight ice, ve ef Surprising tear that Migranli contacted him The Dain ee ce ia Bent 9 Ne Toms locas and te other (2 - from Aleand ei eee rs 1), oe oo tale ae hee are eee archives contain a very interesting ltr written in Damascus, on August 2 1395, by Migoaneli to the Datiai firm in Bareclona™ eine ane se 6 ws Anbia VI 99), 3:24, ssa £2 Pedy Bars, Molec Ma een 19H TV, pL eet ‘Day ihe. Aecdg tt Moe Ele Cah, he | te fad Pat Ine calla is th he oly ete of gael whch Tae, de fs i Ue bated by Ms Dos 7 6160 socks of cote ™ (coding tier reper 10 pov ecg sed an naga Toe oF ates eo 10 tp ue oem dwn py sa acs, whch hive been preserved fr t pat of ele de dod nos the whale ofthe years 1400 and 1404, 1299 light onthe shares dat the various Southern tg em Big cscs hain hee wt Leva thee of Poem trading cent sens that in thre years Antonello de yee the on nary in Alani, so that merchants of aye pits ka tei as ecg SEAM, Counting the merchant who lived yes (eaciag he patrons ofthe ship, dng nubs have been found 4 in Alecandia in they servants etc.), the follow. 1 gor ito syng htt at tes numbers are nt ees SS tity sty dnt ci al ead ok iim a Alcoa nh yn we Lod re who did not apply to the not Re corel picture, ta isthe poporions ce va de in tha pero, emerges cesly neh at ba py oe ” om ora ‘ne lo tc Th eae Sep egw om as on ie omen rey Lee i cual are ee oom these data That his contsan ni ‘ovata act diawn op by Aston de yes eo by ‘WO tranypor of thelr methandie to acdee Fett overy inate marek eo ship ft “These statistics (with all she reservations appli w em clusions denwn from documents aot denen up for this pte frowever, should not mislead us. The role which the Ventas ied on the Levantine markets must Bae been very point vy a the end ofthe foutenth ete. Tiss supped whe ous of coins dating fom ths pid, which hve bre di revered by Danish archaeologists. Two grest coin hosts found in Hossth dating fom the st yeas ofthe foueznth eta costin a epee rani gost ei fe eS ee ‘importance of Venetian currency Venier (1382-1400): The area to Syran maces inch pvd i ho smn by we When the Mamlsk governor ok Syn, Neri, decided in 1412 €0ape re der a hl he ie cn, toi wer inde! gly ested on the Levante marie ‘as a qumismatist has recently cae aresralaet : ‘ge dar te Min oe he Scien et etc ee gia (SCL Ou it Sr faa Moe he Eee ives nA Je Behr we tee men os dees ie cee ee £1) The eel of prices om Ortentl markets A sketch of the major phenomene of Leventine teade in the fourcenth century would be incomplete without drawing ancu’s t2 the high pes on Onna makes, This ws inde sry feaure ofthe commercial exchanges between Southern Europe od se Moslem Near East in tht period, for comparison of price, both of Oriental products and of European articles impored by the Westen merchants, inthe second half of the fourecath ary throughout the filftcenth centuries points tom great differen The pepper price are very characteristic of this phenom: non, as it was the most important ofthe spies, at least se Ine the quantity of the shipments to Europe is concerned, The follow ing able gives daca quoted elsewhere ™ plus certain addtional dave 1S). Bootes motey pl sc, «Namie Qe ag SB ois TN 2 a id ws a Fee Len te bi hice ode lke Sea het 9a a aan ei ove ke 1 git Sit wo i t,o «oer Jou of Mie Ea Sete» be tt tr mln, 4 Ld Bde re mei a reer pb t,t) Mag ge E Rew oa 1) I» 53; mc te Ree Ea eh | eet, ne a, 18 i Ser Se re ee ol tea ge mage . eehich hs come down ere: for pic he et hal of the Touch etry sent iin ta wey cp In 14 pects I but it seems thatthe average pice of porn Ale “order eangog between 100 aod 160 nay nt he gee 3 ae " tea ‘han in the Fatimid period” In the SR le eee name BP ATES carer Feove 5060 dicts din 149 hc prs. Shih Sl err ag ek eee eee ees EP of he fic cy «iu ted gogo tpt 12 dint and eco o he ray pe hen lower, ranging between 8 ard 10 dinars” In the send and Suh Sar ofthe cet ceery when te pres lat thd de Si roe 1072 Gime ows mae Bera Bega te cna fell 1416 Shen wd ed we 03 doen ty Alda te tol a th vat ay peso eh, Mera gage ov 1020 seed and en pls or ow, 8 du, i Se “be teen cenny 11 ds ee Pike cen, 810 doa a re he psf hve we sin 3 pepper and Mera pes pes Whee inh nl bl te eee yin Alan, 10 mann of ves te ese eS area rel mde Veni DP ae dV fem nae fee NR i a el 1 He pr ads, Sow ssSa a leon alee plainer he for 15 dts, ccainaly for 3, But in the second decile we (css coy he me ume oe tha 3 Sota oa ae ae te toed ie aa a Ro NS, w Beers ee STE eae teem ton De Se ee Ts ince iit fal by repr in eran leer tenn Hep in he mie oe Min Intame of he et ne dene pn in ‘lends ve vey pst, Varia oct 2 dopa 11 B47, <8 dhs XV che a eae ot Ape chee gu Bana oe eo eng cml cece mine wan” Te a ne inh ie yar sim ste mae el ae Oneal de ™ and sige 00" The sts oe ee tha teri enough mero for B alee he et cet cae and they ne bone tat Oy he eae ae TF 38, Se iso ag © 8 ee ite et tein of Feeay 2, 18; Mach 36 i pat 9 6 JT te mete tera n-th te se of ‘Sram ace Bayon wich wo tn ce waren Pat ‘ee whee ney, Fea bs the impor of sie, which ha Boe tg pau fone ey hn alc ‘he fourteenth cea. Oe cil i ape that potion cot piso ie in Indah sen very chat he tine of he Back Day a supply of the Near Esser mates was stfisen aches ths suppoition cannot povide a ata etgouiog uke enomenon peer the sty of many cine nd pila here emerges a fact that induces st lok for an an face ‘Ths is the price level of European gus on Onenal neg Comparing the dita for the second hall ofthe fount and the fipeenth centuries ope becomes aware of ued thar ser smile to that ofthe pices ofthe mos portant sis Ios JR of the fourteenth entry they were much more expense tan in the fiteenh eeatury. Whi, enor, he date shi hve See Red eo uta tiny fd non ann Fe? te Coot op ses s : _ a a aaacome dow to vs fom the fourteenth entry af ot SF eee ince dea The loving bey ates sya selvae dita i he fe able (VIID consis date about the prices (about 40 Tula yards) ofeach of the thee kinds of chch», made of Srath wool («i S. Manco») The newt ale caste ste pics ofthe cathe cheap woollen stall of ree Perettng anal di fonego FICE OF PANNE FENTECO IN asascys MEME The flloving ble conti dats abou + ery cheap the ses, of hich get quania wer export he Near tee PRICE OF SEAGE ny paNascus Te ‘re sttiking resemblince the te pce a ot ad nn pst st SS Ep col 2 tn tes Soe Sa con an ich, Ava ke eons in wh nyt gu ce ee he [ie becurver of thet pes wold mnie Greeny, we mice Me we Repeat ee eS iach ae Netromenca, brought sbont the downward seid ie ae net ele aes eee ed ee ae ee ie erator tee ee ee re ie ee ernie tomes ee eo eco eee oa Naveed oad Tere runes area ee Ah eee oie eas ats Te ee al ir ee rin De ea Ea caya bal Fe ODO dae, een i roca thy ne bse 2 to et dn an he ot eh co te may en cee te co ad pce Se hoa win pi oon nen re he oe ta kw te he oe aL Nea Same» seh ie Le ome ne aie se Bat lt 39% Seah da ara, ate re Eel on comme enee ea sa ver sll o European merchants. "The economic ded? tet of he Ne Et in ht pend wa al the eae Tetcad shown by the curves of the pricet of European Peppers tei eid eee ere a fourteenth century Egypt and Syria were still rich countries. 2) The great change tn the Leventne trade Cae the Base New Ea oe she es ope the of ce orev omy tin the sien polog Seat change many gle tt weve of test ope igor fom Euope te New En in he ped of eset solange ly amar rolein th ates Middle AgessOtioacceea them sd inhi pod ecm the supe oth of Er txpr fo the New Eat The chatcetoftradeth he oes tne coma Te gen acl which th Mose ruler of he New as for tinker tod ion jor ncenive fot te exe a commer! relaons withthe South Europea camino Te Nose res encriged the Taian ‘mecaat Resa fe trade wih their dominos, Because the later pele! te ith toe aces tat wee inden forthe epee ok oe sat fees, The epic ndeiatng ofthe Pssna opp ie Expt government with och war hati, dept te ons srohsion by the Church, jx one example of he seine of the Souther European merchants Certain wets between Pie sed the rulers of Espen the iwslth erry tnt nics conetng she import of irom, tinker, and pich™ Thee Tat esl i in 37 we 281 A Sn, Heder toc Vek Ue Mace 1S, 1454, 148 4 fiche HER om the senso aoa timber and ton Ep, dog te we EE Bean ‘he Ayyubid. Marino Sanado the Eder tt Fis ant Se hla guetta ageinst the bad Christians who supplied ine Mea Simiaae: timber, pitch, and slaves" ‘plied the Moslems with ioe, eis siete year sin th fen cnt ed ge ‘European trade with Egypt and Syria. The change nurs tmse ae ey ie ha Se ny ney fom id of ene ay vc gh ne Ven pling sp [Set tue, eer te ct sn Eat tie ees ere. See and no tt acl tke gs i a 6 plo ep fen el sh aot tatopet moe wae Se rea pee Mle NS oe dk SESS Go nd ane rn ra sinh psn cn een Se ean ow he ext oe eh» “Alexandra was turned down hat peo he wa lee of the Mamas ms aot yet ins, and from sme to time tempts were mad by the gpm ee Mento Dull new ships, Mab nares hac he wa et cxandtia by Peter 1, King of Cypms, the Ma Fede oc a wea od er fa ele siggy ein ot eps ano en Sera rage SHEL 44 i D812 eS 6 TO gn ce Ge we Ze Hei 9,418 =co bald 200 pew wat and transport ships and tae (Pater and ron wes furntied™ Withinva yeu he cae ead Syn prone mre wat sie reba Manila were ot conpleely inactive in taal ware iq PE mod, nol scaly stacked Chen tape Cony Baopan ess oa tl badly bape edleres! oa ly Deke ate Suny by argc ean, up 10 the ad ofthe face cnr A soul c,d opis Alen 401 cat stops fae Sf oa MOO op ieeeTe? ‘of Zara." Emanuel Pls, writing in 1420, alo refers to the impor Gf ine rem Sn, ve Rd Also Acsvding hae autor the nis of Rhodes ad orien the ees tne before ™ renal apes om the pce ns ope the agents of Francesco Datini in Damascus in 1379, 1386) and 13962" ye ca a a ae eee ay bod th Mo war nd te commer ste at Fe Manis 1 alia can sag aa ree le Crete vy en, ad nde sopecnion of rl cat neste te ee Peabo es Tore Sat (10) (Lain 198, Pf a BSOAS 39.715 Sa ee cere i ae Nea Sees wore, Tote pc gate th Dec sce of 0 hy Venta, poses 6 or DD ome 23 dnc 1S Bae end tae Api 19 tumwe oT E100 sip was fine ™ Twenty yeas le, when the Gano? whip Een ome hg oa ually onopae’ by te Boeke © Se Medica og he end of the fourth eat ay MP een eet cenity Sat toon fe, De nse sip om Aoi us de Mt andi a a ee nyt ‘Sate an Anconian sip forte see wf Aeon 3 no To {9990 4 Chan ship wat ned Ree a ‘on of i meni ca a Shp wat dred by Mons br snag yt Nome 1409" Genoese sd alin hips rpc cee ‘lan counts to Auta he plots ee Tha Khali 1400), om of te aos ged Rabe Mle Ages, ste explicate Nation seh ney bow 1 bul hips™ Thin ter ft at in the Neat Em desened ee, Chena nots doc nt figae inthe pce evn opm he oh fitcenth cenrry in Aland ad Dota fr he Vr fie Antonie Zane sn Lesa Dain An em eng on in an Alen pce Int of Gir’ Uso aro hte from an er pel, dy ee il a fis Merchant Grde Ic goes ethos png it rin gues Uf these aries were sll ppl bom Suber Europe oe Seat Bae ports. Ptigs Coot mec ames ee Mi poberecees™, The Venetian Sate 105 hace ie SEE cece FR Ta ly of imei vm rere” See ania EER gw Or at Se ee gamer ae mforbes the sl font the sbjets ofthe san of Cag Bet some documents Bar witness 1 he expo of iron wy sd Syria thoughout the flesh conta. Both Venenae cer Southern European merchants were engaged in tis haga Bocthe decline athe expos ofthese artiles Fay and Syne, ave been vey great The conclusions that K.Spranl sn from the Merchant Guides ae convincing "” school stagnation of the Near Ease resulted in the decline of once flourishing indoswics. The industal pros, imported from Europe were better or cheaper, and sometines Ye, both advantages. The sup industry was one of thee ts deee was ali the consequence of the decease in olive proves, a iment by che growing import of lve oil fom several Southern Europea ounce, Is was also an outcome af the rapacious meihort ot “Mamluk fiscality, such as the compulsory purchase of oil sacl (orodace) by the goverment which was sed as « means of lesjag faxes, These compulsory purchases (alle “tath”)nutned the inh silts. Finally there was the rise of production costs Owing io propesive depopulation, the cost of labour had risen marke The vse in the price of soup, as of other industrial product, ws considerable ™ But whatever may have been the reason, there can be no doube that soap production in the Neat East declined areatly in the later Middle Ages. There ensued the import of considerable quantities of soap from Southern Europe, ae 4 large snamber of documents indicate; the soap figures on the waits of freight fixed by the Venetian authorities in the middle of ‘the 28 Pe Baste Le commer esa VE (oe 8 27 Da Breas im Miter (Ster 168) 2 deine he is jf Parma o dans ESC 1972p. siliSee alg Shun Es cee fr Soe eel Moh) « pg oe nent ty Osan nen, Acer de adhe ela cro THe mrt, Beth, 36, Pas 1570), 387 ft esl p91 te Sea ame ot Vert expr fem the Ne Ea ace wh 9 hon 2 Sali 07 ad ype elton de ri dane Poche Orient. 2 bee Gronae, JESHO 10 eh ph rtd for Vente XV" sin “Su Ve wre Spied by the ae a pet ER sadn and Dm pen mle ‘he Ht of price in Aldea ar ate et in hi Mesa Gud nae! wn fe eo Pera and Tripoli wher inthe lene Nave gscee , Alenia fe 14221404, thae coh Bed we Venetian and Nespolian soap so te ke a oF cop 9 Alana by Wei ae we and 10 Sia from Cys" voall caps js preserve In the cher Bip Dun, res cet Se Thea is very nus, Teds hc 148 ‘an de aia ps Pa Mei ve ae Calo Cotta som mr Sebaan Rane = Terao Mil ith rae Bere Berto os : me So we Tear that individual Venti mers ened to Ale andra 150-200 sacks of soup, Se eo ange intoes ete Re hhad become very expensive, the methods of prodaction in be Neat [East were not changed by the sch feu leds eho ovned the faces they red pon thi owe 1 se eg ec by compulsion. Othe ier ads mpevesies: ma ic Bhenomenon of the economic ie of thee counts in 4) 44 1819 Te TMi 2) a 8) a 2G HOLL Oe am nn ener 2 me o egy, fb, 10; Hus 3. 1A, Mth 16, sons Soa A ver bee a on duc, tht ees eF SE RES WP aw Gre PET sm Eg os utes TN SST rt nou mc ieee -ae tenn el a et my ig and elsewhere. The decline of the Near Eastern paper indusis 9? ee second lf ofthe fourteenth and inthe iftenth eneary il, pee Seren ge ee {factories of Fabeiano and those who imitated them in other 1 = So European peper wit imparted into the Ness Eagan? 7208 ee eee ee sega lng before the end ofthe fourteenth century ‘the of the woeldfamoos Faypian linen industry in Tina hoa fees ESET een © Te ee SASTGLT ci at ea of de Cont ie alvas used the preteie™ Tt seems that abi ween pee a Eee ck ge, i DE, ae Ses a ee Cece is & ect ete ees Spee ive a eee Sao ie Baa Sie eee Binet eee Seti Be a eee ae ee Peers eee ck eraceal eee eer omnes Ptaiiercehan tag apne ipa etpietee ioe erect a ores whe pal cman bd oe ae foe ieee These insoatos wee eb fe eget St ea Donal be mona Puce tate in Europe from the clveath century ons ee ba teat Soop ws pane ie Soa massive import of Eanopean tates iam de ean steady Began in the three ee tee Nea Ea ad ‘rots at i Aan 120 ea he Han sultan, Babar collet 95,000 parc f dey Yoreaee Venetian stuffs and other™ A’ ay beween Gonna Sel Kal, 125, cna! duc cee Si amie, lk sla wen ds Cnet, teen of Reims? The impr of Emepa ae Se at eee ene ee te flies de wie Maze, Racehee tp in Gena beat ‘we o ingore Fee ote, clan af Chloe sar Mae, oS io be ed ado he fours cory ‘Many tes ptt npr eee eee es the Newt Eat. Tie Geo tpt io Te emporium of Persia using the ron ofthe Uke, coding 10 SeRGH dene f 1252, 830 end DIG? Re cn win ered to ya a tein lhe ote ey sare els Venn Neséat Ge ed soe, oe i prin re, nL Se nung ee ne iy aero de oth a cma ae pent ae au ee ae insiar Nan od ey saber ele een eee ae 2 tacaDe Sn, oo 6 2 Vina Tort €.Aan (Ronee 13409. 2 sou eer dM rE Ban Reva Pa 1 i 1, Mats, Apt,» 384; On te ego ie (apis) oom Ven te Exp se i Ma 34,2 a 192 nd w Si Ma 3 ft (a B80 the dpe of he Ben pls W aed Im rt ie ae fe the Inigo Germ Een ae 98 2 Slat Tp 70,798 ane. Smerae 0 Sic, Chromatic wate 1, 2 fe lim te Ta ith abana sn Vote Tk M14, Dy, Neck esas 33, Toe Kah Sabb tom bc ao, MS. Pate 199,60 wee Hel 0 9000 a6 gone Seema eee aan eee ere ah of Buon, Pupca ha ts hep ong blr in he a bee Bysbetndl the cna dee te ny dbshat a fcc Sane etn cen sve pea kane ea ee eee eect ind meson em el one ney Se geek eects ee eae bed lng neaiiaandat ames ee (eis a peace eae er aa teeta aeteamaeeoncieoaee rat ceoee eaetinesd cee ah Soe ee a alee ees ip he pf bya aa es Se ocean batt ecleii Odie iS bec in198 te ade 14002 pe ree ere ig: all oe epee sho Te dg se itoe or ae Ge ding es pl decom Te a fon ma Have ut of crap Woolen de ee 2c em Pes sant preterit ise veee rie ricer leap, Se ACT ee a wo a a in eee A le a te ties Peace 3 i EeeFe parr eee artes eee ees ce 2S eee ee eee foe eee aoe ee See Bete ee ee a en ee sees esd nly the ening of he fects cane See ee Sone ace eee Sec aa eee Situ ee sage ee ese Pee rcparurmpremtn cee mer er Soe eee sence ee oct Ester, very Oren 4 be ge, 3th rept of hagas ede i mid che J te yr reno ie ey The ¢ Gia ag (St ci nd ao 100 sd 80 dt 36 Sse 9D, an erie,» 39, 20 ede at 2 2 Fa etn wa red tt hs tie wun led ae «vil a Sn a me eg Ey at eae Aig Teme sta, & er, so dan tte dep Teun ol oe Sean ee Ord a inSain eh 9 SSL Choving att 8 Cs coe wk ee oil by Sg aFak, ou ee boginning of the fitenth ceman e(USEE cm trina te oy nl tao the kind of cloth exped ge wlume of ale Ea Se St acy tn et tle eR le ne alleys going to Negropoote were oder ode ot 26 ei meer ct ete ae Rak i we ona be te eee ee BPRS Maaehs Pence rece, Flemish cloth.” In 1384, ere oren ee eS Boca es We Bae es eee are i ee Seer ee Se a ee ee Peep rene aria ‘pakeea cateercarat ae eae iperernee ee eee nae eee. ee uaa ea oee oe en: eee Se pee serene Se ea kee ne ees a Com Sees gam leet htm pe ye use won vn ede ond aia Eres Ban ementeae a See ‘Whereas in the period of the craks, the Neat Este counts had impor fom Europe tinker, 00, pith, and the tenth catuy, they Bought om the’ South Euro ‘The Genoese and the L ‘Herchoses ouinky ole oll, cheip and Abed age eee te ie Lower Danube So eye Sees eae the Xi and iy oa a nang Smamin Gira Tealian merchants, ad in prt the Venetian Genoese 1d wisited the northern shores of th Hack Se um th tal ofthe XIII century, We ind ta there were in meas ic the ely of Kiev in 1247, ae well i the ea bewers be Cy tnd the Black Sea Thee tade ca the arte shores only ly Taegan to expand, however ter they ha oii emis fo the Tartat Khans to ers elnies a ifr: ae ang the Total and the mouth of the Danae. This wis te oii ofthe colony in the ancient city of Tendo in Ces, whch fo en tea ete Ramen aes ena Si a gc lpe ee bee sTaa cn ln a a i we Scene te iene on in Pate sommes peasants ss