Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cloud Storagefinal
Cloud Storagefinal
Understanding Security
in Cloud Storage
$EVWUDFWSJ
7KH&ORXGSJ
6HFXULW\&RQFHUQVLQWKH&ORXGSJ
'DWD/HDNDJHSJ
&XVWRPHU,GHQWL¿FDWLRQSJ
'DWD6QRRSLQJSJ
.H\0DQDJHPHQW
3HUIRUPDQFHSJ
,QVLGH2SHQ3*3SJ
6HFXULW\LQWKH1DVXQL)LOHUSJ
)HDWXUHV SJ
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQSJ
'LVFXVVLRQSJ
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
Abstract
0DQ\EXVLQHVVHVWKDWFRXOGDOUHDG\EHEHQH¿WLQJIURPFORXGVWRUDJHDUHKROGLQJ
EDFNGXHWRVHFXULW\FRQFHUQV7KHFORXGRIIHUVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WRVLJQL¿FDQWO\
UHGXFHFRVWZKLOHSURYLGLQJUHOLDEOHRQGHPDQGVWRUDJH:KLOHQRHQYLURQPHQW
LVFRPSOHWHO\VHFXUHFORXGVWRUDJHGRHVQRWLQKHUHQWO\LQFUHDVHVHFXULW\ULVNVWR
\RXUEXVLQHVV0XFKRIWKHIHDUVWHPVIURPDODFNRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJDURXQGFORXG
VHFXULW\DQGVLPSO\SHRSOHV¶QDWXUDOUHDFWLRQWRDQ\QHZWHFKQRORJ\2XUDLPLV
WRLGHQWLI\WKHPDMRUULVNVDQGWRH[SORUHWKHVHFXULW\PRGHOVWKDWFDQEHXVHGWR
:HH[SORUHVHFXULW\LQ
PLWLJDWHWKHP
WKHFRQWH[WRIWKHGLIIHU
HQWW\SHVRIFORXGRIIHULQJV
:HH[SORUHVHFXULW\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIFORXGRIIHULQJVDYDLO
DYDLODEOH6RIWZDUHDVD
DEOH6RIWZDUHDVD6HUYLFHFORXGFRPSXWHDQGFORXGVWRUDJH'DWDHQFU\SWLRQ
6HUYLFHFORXGFRPSXWHDQG
DWUHVWZKHUHRQO\WKHXVHUFDQGHFU\SWWKHGDWDLVVLQJOHGRXWDVDXQLTXHFDSD
FORXGVWRUDJH'DWDHQFU\S
ELOLW\RIFORXGVWRUDJHZKLFKHQDEOHVDVXSHULRUVHFXULW\PRGHO7KH2SHQ3*3
WLRQDWUHVWZKHUHRQO\WKH
VHFXULW\VWDQGDUGLVGLVFXVVHGDWOHQJWKLQWKHFRQWH[WRIGDWDHQFU\SWLRQ
XVHUFDQGHFU\SWWKHGDWD
LVVLQJOHGRXWDVDXQLTXH
1DVXQLPDNHVWKH1DVXQL)LOHUDYLUWXDO1$6WKDWRIIHUVVHFXUHFRQQHFWLRQVWR
FDSDELOLW\RIFORXGVWRUDJH
PDMRUFORXGVWRUDJHSURYLGHUV:HDWWHPSWWRRIIHUDQHXWUDOYLHZRQDOORIWKH
ZKLFKHQDEOHVDVXSHULRU
VHFXULW\LVVXHVKRZHYHUZKHQEXLOGLQJRXUV\VWHPZHFKRVHDVSHFL¿FVHFXULW\
VHFXULW\PRGHO
PRGHOWKDWZHIHOWZDVWKHEHVW¿WIRUWKHSUREOHPVDWKDQG$WWKHKHDUWRI
1DVXQLVHFXULW\PRGHOLV2SHQ3*3:HRIIHUDQLQGHSWKGHVFULSWLRQRIRXU
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRI2SHQ3*3LQWKH1DVXQL)LOHU
The Cloud
&ORXGLVWKHQHZEODFN:LWKVRPXFKEX]]DURXQGFORXGLWLVKDUGWRGLVWLQJXLVK
WKHPHDQLQJIXODQGUHOHYDQWSDUWVWREXVLQHVVFXVWRPHUV&ORXGKDVEHFRPH
V\QRQ\PRXVZLWKDQ\WKLQJWKDWUXQVRQWKH:HE*HQHUDOO\VSHDNLQJIRUDQRIIHU
LQJWREHFRQVLGHUHGFORXGLWPXVWEHDYDLODEOHRYHUWKH,QWHUQHWDQGFDSDEOHRI
VXSSRUWLQJODUJHQXPEHUVRIXVHUVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ZLWKRXWVLJQL¿FDQWFKDQJHVWR
LWVDUFKLWHFWXUH
7KHFORXGSURPLVHVUDGLFDOVLPSOL¿FDWLRQVDQGFRVWVDYLQJVLQ,7/HYHUDJLQJWKHLU
WHFKQLFDOH[SHUWLVHDQGHFRQRPLHVRIVFDOHVHYHUDOWHFKQRORJ\SRZHUKRXVHV
LQFOXGLQJ$PD]RQ5DFNVSDFH*RRJOHDQG0LFURVRIWKDYHGHSOR\HGDZLGH
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
DUUD\RIFORXGRIIHULQJV<HWIRUDOOWKHSRWHQWLDOEHQH¿WVWKHUHDUHDOVRQHZULVNV
WKDWQHHGWREHXQGHUVWRRG,QRUGHUWRUHDFKWKHFORXGGDWDPRYHVRYHUSXEOLF
QHWZRUNVZKHUHLWQHHGVWREHSURWHFWHG&ORXGSURYLGHUVDFKLHYHHFRQRPLHVRI
VFDOHE\EXLOGLQJODUJHGDWDFHQWHUVDQGWKHQVKDULQJUHVRXUFHVDPRQJDOORIWKHLU
FXVWRPHUV%HFDXVHWKHFORXGLVDVKDUHGHQYLURQPHQWWKHSURYLGHUVQHHGWR
HQVXUHWKDWFXVWRPHUVDUHLGHQWL¿HGSURSHUO\DQGWKDWQRFXVWRPHUKDVWKHDELOLW\
WRVHHRUFKDQJHDQRWKHUFXVWRPHU¶VGDWD
<HWIRUDOOWKHSRWHQWLDO
:KHQLWFRPHVWRVHFXULW\LWLVXVHIXOWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHDPRQJWKHGLIIHUHQWFORXG
EHQH¿WVWKHUHDUHDOVRQHZ
V\VWHPV6RIWZDUHDVD6HUYLFHFORXGFRPSXWHDQGFORXGVWRUDJH(DFKV\VWHP
ULVNVWKDWQHHGWREHXQGHU
SRVHVLWVRZQVHWRIEHQH¿WVDQGVHFXULW\LVVXHV
VWRRG,QRUGHUWRUHDFKWKH
FORXGGDWDPRYHVRYHUSXEOLF
6RIWZDUHDVDVHUYLFH6DD6UHSUHVHQWHGE\DSSOLFDWLRQVOLNH6DOHVIRUFHFRP
QHWZRUNVZKHUHLWQHHGVWR
*RRJOH'RFV4XLFNERRNV2QOLQHDQGRWKHUVLQYROYHVIXOOVRIWZDUHDSSOLFDWLRQV
EHSURWHFWHG
WKDWUXQDVDVHUYLFHLQWKHFORXG7HQVRIWKRXVDQGVRIFRPSDQLHVVKDUHWKH
FRPPRQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHRI6DOHVIRUFHFRP7KHVHFRPSDQLHVPDLQWDLQFRQWURORI
VHQVLWLYHFXVWRPHULQIRUPDWLRQWKURXJKDFRPELQDWLRQRIVHFXUHFUHGHQWLDOVDQG
VHFXUHFRQQHFWLRQVWR6DOHVIRUFHFRP&RPSDQLHVWKDWXVH6DOHVIRUFHWROHUDWH
WKHULVNRIWKHLUGDWDQRWEHLQJHQFU\SWHGDWWKH6DOHVIRUFHFRPVHUYHUV7KLVLV
QRWDVDUHVXOWRIOD[VHFXULW\RQEHKDOI6DOHVIRUFHFRP%HFDXVH6DD6UXQVLQ
WKHFORXGWKHGDWDIURPFXVWRPHUVPXVWEHYLVLEOHWRWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVLQWKHFORXG
HLWKHUQRWHQFU\SWHGRUGHFU\SWDEOHE\WKH6DD6FRGH7KHPDLQEHQH¿WRI6DD6
LVWRUHGXFHWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIKDYLQJWRFRQ¿JXUHDQGPDLQWDLQVRIWZDUHLQKRXVH
7KHVXFFHVVRI6DOHVIRUFHFRPDQGRWKHUVGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWPDQ\FRPSDQLHV
KDYHWUDGHGVHFXULW\FRQFHUQVIRUWKHVKHHUXWLOLW\DQGFRVWVDYLQJVRIQRWKDYLQJ
WRUXQWKHLURZQVRIWZDUHLQKRXVH
&ORXGFRPSXWHDOORZVFXVWRPHUVWRUXQWKHLURZQDSSOLFDWLRQVLQWKHFORXG$PD
]RQ¶V(ODVWLF&RPSXWH&ORXGRU(&UHSUHVHQWVWKLVW\SHRIV\VWHP&XVWRPHUV
XSORDGWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGGDWDWRWKHFORXGZKHUHWKHYDVWFRPSXWHUHVRXUFHV
RI(&FDQEHDSSOLHGWRWKHGDWD9LUWXDOL]DWLRQSURYLGHVDSUDFWLFDOYHKLFOHWR
WUDQVIHUFRPSXWHHQYLURQPHQWVDQGVKDUHSK\VLFDOFRPSXWHUHVRXUFHVLQWKH
'DWDLQ6DOHVIRUFHFRPRUDQ\RWKHU6DD6PD\DFWXDOO\EHHQFU\SWHGDWVRPHSRLQWGXULQJLWVOLIH
F\FOH7KLVZRXOGSUHYHQWVDOHIRUFHFRPHPSOR\HHVIURPDFFLGHQWDOO\RUPDOLFLRXVO\WDNLQJFXVWRPHU
GDWDIURPVHUYHUVWKDWDUHQRWFXUUHQWO\LQXVH+RZHYHUIRU6DD6DSSOLFDWLRQVWRUXQWKH\VWLOO
QHHGWRKDYHWKHDELOLW\WRGHFU\SWWKHFXVWRPHUGDWD7KDWLVWKHNH\VPXVWUHPDLQZLWKWKH6DD6
SURYLGHU7KDWLVWKHFULWLFDOLVVXHWKDWZHDNHQVWKH6DD6VHFXULW\PRGHO:HDFWXDOO\UHYLHZHGWKH
6DOHIRUFHFRPVHFXULW\SROLFLHVKWWSZZZVDOHVIRUFHFRPDVVHWVSGIGDWDVKHHWVVHFXULW\SGIEXW
FRXOGQRW¿QGRXWLIWKH\HQFU\SWGDWDZKHQLWLVQRWLQXVH
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
FORXG7KLVDSSURDFKKDVEHHQXVHGVXFFHVVIXOO\E\¿QDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGWKH
OLIHVFLHQFHVWRVROYHKHDY\FRPSXWHPRGHOV,WLVH[SHQVLYHWRUXQGDWDFHQWHUV
IXOORIVHUYHUVUHDG\WRUXQFRPSOH[PDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHOV7KHLGHDRIVKDULQJD
FRPSXWHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHZLWKRWKHUFXVWRPHUVPDNHVJRRGHFRQRPLFVHQVH,QD
FRPSXWHFORXGWKHGDWDFDQEHDQRQ\PL]HGKRZHYHULWFDQQRWFXUUHQWO\EHHQ
FU\SWHG7KDWLVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRREIXVFDWHWKHGDWDLQVXFKDZD\WKDWLVGLI¿FXOW
IRUDQ\RQHWRVHHZKDWWKHGDWDPHDQVKRZHYHULQRUGHUWRKDYHDFRPSXWHULQ
WKHFORXGRSHUDWHRQDGDWDVHWZLWKWRGD\¶VWHFKQRORJ\WKHGDWDVHWPXVWEH
0RGHUQHQFU\SWLRQSURWHFWV YLVLEOHWRWKDWFRPSXWHULHQRWHQFU\SWHG
GDWDDWUHVWVRWKRURXJKO\WKDW
ZLWKSURSHUNH\PDQDJHPHQW &ORXGVWRUDJHDOORZVFXVWRPHUVWRPRYHWKHEXONRIWKHLUGDWDWRWKHFORXG
WKHUHLVQRVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHU 0LFURVRIW¶V:LQGRZV$]XUHVWRUDJHVHUYLFHVDQG$PD]RQ¶V6LPSOH6WRUDJH
HQFHEHWZHHQVWRULQJVHQVL 6HUYLFH6DUHJRRGH[DPSOHV7KHLQLWLDOVHUYLFHVLQYROYHGRQOLQHEDFNXSVDQG
WLYHGDWDLQ\RXUGDWDFHQWHU ¿OHDUFKLYLQJEXWWKHPRVWUHFHQWZDYHRIFORXGVWRUDJHJDWHZD\VKDVH[WHQGHG
RULQWKHFORXG WKHXVHRIWKHFORXGWRDOOW\SHVRIVWRUDJH'DWDJURZWKFRQWLQXHVWREHDPDMRU
VRXUFHRISDLQDQGFRVWWREXVLQHVVHVDQGFORXGVWRUDJHRIIHUVXQOLPLWHGRQ
GHPDQGUHOLDEOHVWRUDJHDWDIUDFWLRQRIWKHFRVWRIWUDGLWLRQDOVWRUDJH
&ORXGVWRUDJHLVLQPDQ\ZD\VPRUHEDVLFWKDQ6DD6RUFORXGFRPSXWHEHFDXVH
WKHSURYLGHU¶VPDLQUHVSRQVLELOLW\LVWRVWRUHWKHGDWDXQFKDQJHG7KLVEULQJV
FORXGVWRUDJHFORVHUWRDWUDGLWLRQDOXWLOLW\PRGHOOLNHHOHFWULFLW\RUWKH,QWHUQHW
ZKHUHWKHSURYLGHUGRHVQRWQHHGYLVLELOLW\LQWRWKHVSHFL¿FXVHRILWVVHUYLFH7KLV
LVDOVRJRRGIRUVHFXULW\DVLWDOORZVIRUDVWULFWHUVHFXULW\PRGHO8QOLNH6DD6RU
FORXGFRPSXWHFORXGVWRUDJHDOORZVWKHGDWDWREHHQFU\SWHGDWUHVWLHDWWKH
FORXGSURYLGHU¶VVHUYHUVLQVXFKDZD\ZKHUHWKHFORXGSURYLGHUGRHVQRWKDYH
WKHDELOLW\WRUHDGLW6HFXULW\FUHGHQWLDOVDQGDVHFXUHFRQQHFWLRQWRWKHFORXG
DUHVWLOOQHFHVVDU\EXWWKHDGGLWLRQRIWKLVIRUPRIGDWDHQFU\SWLRQDWUHVWGUD
PDWLFDOO\LQFUHDVHVWKHOHYHORIVHFXULW\8QOLNH6DD6DQGFORXGFRPSXWHZKHUH
FXVWRPHUGDWDQHHGVWREHYLVLEOHWRWKHFORXGLQRUGHUWRGHOLYHUIXQFWLRQDOLW\
VWRUDJHLVHVVHQWLDOO\SDVVLYH'DWDFDQEHFRPSOHWHO\RSDTXHWRWKHSURYLGHU
0RGHUQHQFU\SWLRQSURWHFWVGDWDDWUHVWVRWKRURXJKO\WKDWZLWKSURSHUNH\PDQ
DJHPHQWWKHUHLVQRVLJQL¿FDQWGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQVWRULQJVHQVLWLYHGDWDLQ\RXU
GDWDFHQWHURULQWKHFORXG
,QRUGHUWRXQGHUVWDQGEHWWHUKRZHQFU\SWLRQSURWHFWVGDWDLQWKHFORXGLWLV
KHOSIXOWRUHYLHZWKHWRSVHFXULW\FRQFHUQVWKDWFXVWRPHUVKDYHZKHQFRQVLGHULQJ
FORXGVWRUDJH
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
$UPHGZLWKWKHNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIFORXGRIIHULQJV²6DD6
FRPSXWHDQGVWRUDJH²ZHFDQQRZH[DPLQHWKHPDMRUFRQFHUQVWKDWDUHNHHSLQJ
EXVLQHVVHVIURPSXWWLQJVHQVLWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQLQWKHFORXG
'DWD/HDNDJH
0DQ\EXVLQHVVHVWKDWZRXOGEHQH¿WVLJQL¿FDQWO\IURPXVLQJWKHFORXGDUH
:LWKFORXGVWRUDJHDOOGDWD KROGLQJEDFNEHFDXVHRIGDWDOHDNDJHIHDUV7KHFORXGLVDPXOWLWHQDQWHQYLURQ
DQGPHWDGDWDVKRXOGEH PHQWZKHUHUHVRXUFHVDUHVKDUHG,WLVDOVRDQRXWVLGHSDUW\ZLWKWKHSRWHQWLDO
HQFU\SWHGDWWKHHGJHEHIRUH WRDFFHVVDFXVWRPHU¶VGDWD6KDULQJKDUGZDUHDQGSODFLQJGDWDLQWKHKDQGVRI
LWOHDYHV\RXUGDWDFHQWHU7KH DYHQGRUVHHPLQWXLWLYHO\WREHULVN\:KHWKHUDFFLGHQWDORUGXHWRDPDOLFLRXV
XVHURIWKHVWRUDJHV\VWHP KDFNHUDWWDFNGDWDOHDNDJHZRXOGEHDPDMRUVHFXULW\YLRODWLRQ
PXVWEHLQFRQWURORIQRWRQO\
WKHGDWDEXWDOVRWKHNH\V :KLOHGDWDOHDNDJHUHPDLQVDQXQVROYHGLVVXHLQ6DD6DQGFORXGFRPSXWHHQ
XVHGWRVHFXUHWKDWGDWD FU\SWLRQRIIHUVDVHQVLEOHVWUDWHJ\WRHQVXUHGDWDRSDFLW\LQFORXGVWRUDJH'DWD
)URPDVHFXULW\SHUVSHFWLYH VKRXOGEHHQFU\SWHGIURPWKHVWDUWVRWKDWWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIWKHFORXGVWRUDJH
WKLVDSSURDFKLVHVVHQWLDOO\ SURYLGHUEHLQJVRPHKRZFRPSURPLVHGSRVHVQRDGGLWLRQDOULVNWRWKHHQFU\SWHG
HTXLYDOHQWWRNHHSLQJ GDWD:LWKFORXGVWRUDJHDOOGDWDDQGPHWDGDWDVKRXOGEHHQFU\SWHGDWWKHHGJH
\RXUGDWDVHFXUHGDW EHIRUHLWOHDYHV\RXUGDWDFHQWHU7KHXVHURIWKHVWRUDJHV\VWHPPXVWEHLQ
\RXUSUHPLVHV FRQWURORIQRWRQO\WKHGDWDEXWDOVRWKHNH\VXVHGWRVHFXUHWKDWGDWD)URPD
VHFXULW\SHUVSHFWLYHWKLVDSSURDFKLVHVVHQWLDOO\HTXLYDOHQWWRNHHSLQJ\RXUGDWD
VHFXUHGDW\RXUSUHPLVHV,WLVQHYHUDFFHSWDEOHWRHQFU\SWGDWDDWDQLQWHUPHGL
DU\VLWHEHIRUHWUDQVPLVVLRQWRWKHFORXGDVWKLVDOORZVWKHLQWHUPHGLDU\VLWHWR
UHDGWKHGDWD)XUWKHUPRUHDQ\HQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHPXVWQRWUHO\RQVHFUHF\
RWKHUWKDQWKHDFWXDONH\REVFXULW\RUWUXVW
&XVWRPHU,GHQWL¿FDWLRQ
&ORXGFUHGHQWLDOVLGHQWLI\FXVWRPHUVWRWKHFORXGSURYLGHUV7KLVLGHQWL¿FDWLRQLV
DNH\OLQHRIGHIHQVHIRUWKH6DD6DQGFORXGFRPSXWHRIIHULQJV,QFORXGVWRUDJH
HYHQWKHHQFU\SWHGGDWDFDQEHYXOQHUDEOHLI\RXU¿OHVDUHSRROHGLQZLWKWKRVHRI
DQRWKHUFXVWRPHU$FFHVVWRDJLYHQSRRORIVWRUDJHLVEDVHGRQFUHGHQWLDOVDQG
LI\RXDUHOXPSHGWRJHWKHUZLWKDQRWKHUVHWRIFXVWRPHUVDQGVKDUHWKHVDPH
FUHGHQWLDOVWKHUHLVDULVNWKDWRQHRIWKHPFRXOGREWDLQWKRVHFUHGHQWLDOVDQG
DFFHVV\RXUGDWD7KH\ZRXOGQRWEHDEOHWRGHFLSKHULWDVVXPLQJLWLVHQFU\SWHG
EXWWKH\FRXOGGHOHWHDGGWRRURWKHUZLVHWDPSHUZLWKWKH¿OHV%\VHFXULQJ\RXU
RZQXQLTXHFUHGHQWLDOVKRZHYHU\RXU¿OHVZLOOEHVHSDUDWH1RRQHHOVHZLOOEH
DEOHWRORJLQWR\RXUDFFRXQWDQGGHOHWH\RXUGDWD
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
'DWD6QRRSLQJ
$OOFRPPHUFLDOFORXGRIIHULQJVUHO\RQ66/WRSURYLGHVHFXUHFRQQHFWLRQVWR
WKHLUVHUYLFHV7KLVLVOHVVRIDQLVVXHZKHQWKHGDWDLVDOUHDG\HQFU\SWHGEXW
ZKHQGDWDPXVWUHPDLQYLVLEOHWRWKHSURYLGHU¶VVHUYHUVLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDW
DVHFXUHFRQQHFWLRQEHXVHGLQRUGHUWRDYRLGQHWZRUNVQRRSLQJRUWKHDELOLW\
RIDPDOLFLRXVDWWDFNHUWRLQWHUFHSWWKHGDWDLQWUDQVLWRYHUWKHSXEOLFQHWZRUN
6WULFWO\VSHDNLQJHQFU\SWHG¿OHVGRQRWQHHGWREHVHQWRYHUDVHFXUHOLQH±WKLV
DPRXQWVWRGRXEOHHQFU\SWLRQ%XWLWLVEHVWWRDVVXPHWKHZRUVWDQGJXDUG
DJDLQVWDQ\PHDVXUHRIVQRRSLQJRIHYHQFORXGVSHFL¿FPHWDGDWDE\RQO\VHQG
.H\PDQDJHPHQWVKRXOG
LQJDQGUHWULHYLQJGDWDRYHUDVHFXUHOLQH%RWKGDWDDQGPHWDGDWDVKRXOGEH
EHVRVLPSOHWKDWXVHUV
FRPSOHWHO\RSDTXHRQWKHZLUHDQGLQWKHFORXG1RWKLQJ±QRWHYHQ¿OHQDPHV
DUHQRWHYHQDZDUHRILW
RUWLPHVWDPSV±VKRXOGEHGHFLSKHUDEOHRQFHLWOHDYHV\RXUSUHPLVHV
(QFU\SWLRQVKRXOGEH
DXWRPDWLF7KHUHVKRXOG
«DQGDIHZPRUHFRQVLGHUDWLRQVWKDWPDNHWKHV\VWHPXVDEOH
EHQRZD\WRWXUQLWRII
.H\0DQDJHPHQW
&U\SWRJUDSK\LVDGRXEOHHGJHGVZRUG6WURQJHQFU\SWLRQZLOOSUHYHQWDQ\RQH
IURPEHLQJDEOHWRVHH\RXUGDWDLQFOXGLQJ\RXUVHOILI\RXUNH\VDUHLQDQ\ZD\
ORVWRUFRUUXSWHG3URSHUNH\PDQDJHPHQWLVFULWLFDO,I\RXERWFKLWWKHUHLVDULVN
WKDWXVHUVZLOOQRWZDQWWRDFWLYDWHWKHFU\SWRJUDSK\ZKLFKWKHQFRPSURPLVHVVH
FXULW\.H\PDQDJHPHQWVKRXOGEHVRVLPSOHWKDWXVHUVDUHQRWHYHQDZDUHRILW
(QFU\SWLRQVKRXOGEHDXWRPDWLF7KHUHVKRXOGEHQRZD\WRWXUQLWRII,IWKHUHLV
QRLQVHFXUHPRGHWKHQWKHUHLVQRFKDQFHRIVRPHRQHDFFLGHQWDOO\VHQGLQJXQ
HQFU\SWHGYXOQHUDEOHGDWDWRWKHFORXG.H\VVKRXOGDOVREHVHFXUHO\HVFURZHG
VRWKDWQRRQHFDQREWDLQWKDWNH\WRDFFHVV\RXUGDWD,GHDOO\\RXZRXOGHVFURZ
WKLVNH\\RXUVHOIEXW1DVXQLDOVRRIIHUVFXVWRPHUVVHFXUHNH\HVFURZ
3HUIRUPDQFH
$VWURQJVHFXULW\VWUDWHJ\LVDQHFHVVLW\EXWLWVKRXOGQRWVHULRXVO\LPSDFWSHUIRU
PDQFH(QFU\SWLRQRIGDWDEHLQJVHQWWRWKHFORXGDQGGHFU\SWLRQRI¿OHVFDOOHG
EDFNIURPWKHFORXGVKRXOGKDSSHQZLWKOLWWOHRUQRLPSDFWRQWKHXVHUH[SHUL
HQFH,GHDOO\LWVKRXOGDOOKDSSHQZLWKRXWWKHXVHUQRWLFLQJDWKLQJ
'DWDHQFU\SWLRQDWUHVWZKHUHRQO\WKHXVHUKDVWKHDELOLW\WRGHFU\SWPDNHV
FORXGVWRUDJHVLJQL¿FDQWO\PRUHVHFXUHWKDQRWKHUW\SHVRIFORXGRIIHULQJV$IXOO
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH2SHQ3*3VWDQGDUGDOORZVIRUPD[LPXPSUDFWLFDOVHFXULW\
RIGDWDWKURXJKDZHOOXQGHUVWRRGFRPELQDWLRQRIHQFU\SWLRQSURJUDPVDQGNH\
PDQDJHPHQW
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
Inside OpenPGP
:KLOHWKHFORXGLVDQHZLGHDVHFXULW\LVKDUGO\DQHZWKLQJDQGLWKDVPDGHWKH
FRPPHUFLDO,QWHUQHWSRVVLEOH7KHVHFXULW\FRPPXQLW\KDVEHHQZRUNLQJIRUGH
FDGHVRQWKHHQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHVWKDWDUHLQXVHWRGD\(QFU\SWLRQLVDVDQFLHQW
DVZDURUPDWKHPDWLFVDQGELOOLRQVRIEDQNWUDQVDFWLRQVDUHSHUIRUPHGGDLO\RYHU
FU\SWRJUDSKLFSURWRFROVOLNHWKH6HFXUH6RFNHW/D\HU66/
)URPWKHRQVHWRIWKH,QWHUQHWWKHVHFXULW\FRPPXQLW\XQGHUVWRRGWKDWDSXEOLF
2SHQ3*3KDVVWRRGWKH QHWZRUNZRXOGUHTXLUHDUHWKLQNLQJRISUHYLRXVVHFXULW\PRGHOVLQRUGHUWRWKULYH
WHVWRIWLPHZKLOHEHLQJ DVDFLYLFDQGFRPPHUFLDOHQWLW\,Q3KLOLS=LPPHUPDQQFUHDWHG3UHWW\
FKDOOHQJHGE\WKHEHVW *RRG3ULYDF\3*3DFRPSXWHUSURJUDPGHVLJQHGWRHQVXUHFU\SWRJUDSKLF
PLQGVLQFU\SWRJUDSK\ SULYDF\DQGDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ7KHSURJUDPJDLQHGZLGHDGRSWLRQGXULQJWKHHDUO\
,QWHUQHWEHFDXVHLWRIIHUHGWKHFORVHVWWKLQJWRPLOLWDU\JUDGHVHFXULW\DQGWKH
VRXUFHFRGHZDVDYDLODEOHWRDQ\RQHWKDWZDQWHGWRXQGHUVWDQGDQGLPSURYH
LW7KHVHFXULW\FRPPXQLW\FRQFHQWUDWHGLWVHQHUJ\DURXQGLPSURYLQJWKLVRSHQ
ERRNVHFXULW\IUDPHZRUNDQGLQWKH,QWHUQHW(QJLQHHULQJ7DVN)RUFHWKH
WRSWHFKQLFDOERG\WKDWHVWDEOLVKHVWKHVWDQGDUGVWKDWUXQWKH,QWHUQHWFUHDWHG
WKH2SHQ3*3VWDQGDUG
2SHQ3*3LVQRWDFLSKHURUDVSHFL¿FHQFU\SWLRQDOJRULWKPUDWKHULWHVWDEOLVKHVD
IUDPHZRUNIRUKRZWRFRPELQHZLGHO\DYDLODEOHDOJRULWKPVLQWRDVHFXUHV\VWHP
7KHFXUUHQW2SHQ3*3GRFXPHQWSXEOLVKHGE\,(7)LVLQWKHIRUPRI5HTXHVW
IRU&RPPHQWRU5)&$Q5)&GRFXPHQWVWDQGVWRDQH[WHQGHGSHULRGRI
SHHUUHYLHZ2SHQ3*3KDVVWRRGWKHWHVWRIWLPHZKLOHEHLQJFKDOOHQJHGE\WKH
EHVWPLQGVLQFU\SWRJUDSK\7KHUHDUHPDQ\LPSOHPHQWDWLRQVRIWKH2SHQ3*3
VWDQGDUG7KH)UHH6RIWZDUH)RXQGDWLRQGHYHORSHGLWVRZQLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ
XQGHUWKHDXVSLFHVRIWKH*18SURMHFW*QX3*,WLVKDUGWRRYHUVWUHVVWKHLP
SRUWDQFHRIQRWRQO\KDYLQJWKHVHFXULW\VWDQGDUGEHRSHQEXWDOVRKDYLQJDFFHVV
WRWKHVRXUFHFRGHRIWKHVRIWZDUHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KLVDOORZVIRUDQH[WHQVLYH
DQGWKRURXJKUHYLHZSURFHVV:KHQLWFRPHVWRVHFXULW\WKHVHFXULW\\RXGRQ¶W
NQRZLVDOZD\VZRUVHWKDQWKHVHFXULW\\RXNQRZ$VWDQGDUGDOVRPHDQVWKDW
GDWDHQFU\SWHGZLWKRQHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVWDQGDUGFDQEHGHFU\SWHGZLWK
DQRWKHULPSOHPHQWDWLRQWKHUHE\SURWHFWLQJWKHORQJHYLW\RIGDWDDFFHVV
3UHWW\*RRG3ULYDF\LVDUHIHUHQFHWR³5DOSK¶V3UHWW\*RRG*URFHU\´LQ*DUULVRQ.HLOORU¶V/DNH
:REHJRQ6RXUFHKWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL3UHWW\B*RRGB3ULYDF\
KWWSWRROVLHWIRUJKWPOUIF)XOOGLVFORVXUH'DYLG6KDZZKRLVDFRDXWKRURI5)&LV
DQHPSOR\HHRI1DVXQL+HLVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHVHFXULW\DUFKLWHFWXUHRIWKH1DVXQLSURGXFWV
DQGVHUYLFHV
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
'$7$ 72&/28'
$(6
6<00(75,&(1&5<37,21
(1&5<37,21
'$7$
$(6.(<
72&/28'
%,76
56$
5$1'20 $(66(66,21 (1&5<37,21 $6<00(75,&
.(< (1&5<37,21
+<%5,'&5<372*5$3+<
2SHQ3*3K\EULGHQFU\SWLRQWRWKHFORXG
2SHQ3*3FRPELQHVV\PPHWULFDQGDV\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHVWRIRUP
DVHFXULW\PRGHOWKDWQRWRQO\SURWHFWVWKHGDWDEXWGRHVVRLQDZD\WKDWLV
SUDFWLFDODQGGRHVQRWFRPSURPLVHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHV\VWHP6\PPHWULF
HQFU\SWLRQZKHUHWKHVDPHNH\LVXVHGWRHQFU\SWDQGGHFU\SWWHQGVWREHIDVW
DWHQFU\SWLQJORWVRIGDWD7KH$GYDQFHG(QFU\SWLRQ6WDQGDUG$(6LVD
V\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHXVHGE\WKH86JRYHUQPHQW7KHLQGLFDWHV
WKHVL]HRIWKHNH\LQELWV2SHQ3*3XVHVV\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQOLNH$(6WR
HQFU\SWGDWDDQGDV\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQOLNH56$5LYHVW6KDPLU$GOHPDQWR
HQFU\SWWKHNH\VXVHGE\$(6$V\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQVLPSOL¿HVNH\PDQ
DJHPHQWEXWLVJHQHUDOO\PXFKVORZHUWKDQV\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQ7KLVK\EULG
DSSURDFK²XVLQJWKHIDVWV\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQWRHQFU\SWGDWDDQGWKHVORZHU
DV\PPHWULFHQFU\SWLRQRQO\WRHQFU\SWWKHFRPSDUDWLYHO\VPDOONH\V²DOORZV
GDWDWREHHQFU\SWHGHI¿FLHQWO\DQGDYHU\KLJKOHYHORIJUDQXODULW\(YHU\GDWD
SDFNHWLQWKHFORXGFDQEHSURWHFWHGVHSDUDWHO\ZLWKLWVRZQV\PPHWULFNH\DQG
WKRVHNH\VFDQEHPDQDJHGWRJHWKHUWKURXJKWKHLUFRPELQHGDV\PPHWULFNH\
7KLVDOORZVDSUDFWLFDOOHYHORIFRQWURODQGJUDQXODULW\RINH\VDQGHQFU\SWHG
REMHFWV7KHDV\PPHWULFNH\VFDQEHPDLQWDLQHGE\WKHXVHULQDNH\ULQJWKDW
EHFRPHVWKHVLQJOHSRLQWRIDFFHVVFRQWUROWRWKHZKROHV\VWHP
KWWSHQZLNLSHGLDRUJZLNL$HV
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
1DVXQLDGGUHVVHVVHFXULW\
E\UHO\LQJRQWKH2SHQ
3*3HQFU\SWLRQIUDPHZRUN
DFTXLULQJXQLTXHFORXG
FUHGHQWLDOVIRUHDFKRILWV
FXVWRPHUVDQGHQVXULQJ
WKDWDOOGDWDLVFRPSOHWHO\
RSDTXHRQWKHZLUHDQG
LQWKHFORXG
(QFU\SWLRQDQGGHFU\SWLRQRI¿OHV
2SHQ3*3DOVRVSHFL¿HVVHYHUDOLPSRUWDQWGHWDLOVLQFOXGLQJSURSHUVDOWLQJ
FLSKHUPRGHVDQGRWKHU¿QHSRLQWV2SHQ3*3FDOOVIRUDYDULDQWRIFLSKHU
IHHGEDFN&)%PRGHWKDWDYRLGVWKHGUDZEDFNVRIOHVVVHFXUHWHFKQLTXHV
VXFKDV(&%:LWK&)%DVHDFKQHZEORFNRIGDWDLVHQFU\SWHGSDUWRIWKH
SUHYLRXVEORFNLVZRUNHGLQWRLW7KLVZD\WKHUHLVIHHGEDFNIURPWKHYHU\¿UVW
EORFNWKURXJKWRWKHODVW,I\RXFKDQJHDE\WHHDUO\RQWKDWFKDQJHSURSDJDWHV
WKURXJKWKHHQWLUHV\VWHP3DWWHUQVLQWKHGDWDDUHFRPSOHWHO\KLGGHQ
1DVXQLDGGUHVVHVVHFXULW\E\UHO\LQJRQWKH2SHQ3*3HQFU\SWLRQIUDPHZRUN
DFTXLULQJXQLTXHFORXGFUHGHQWLDOVIRUHDFKRILWVFXVWRPHUVDQGHQVXULQJWKDW
DOOGDWDLVFRPSOHWHO\RSDTXHRQWKHZLUHDQGLQWKHFORXG8VLQJ2SHQ3*3WKH
1DVXQL)LOHUHQFU\SWVDOOGDWDDQGPHWDGDWDEHIRUHVHQGLQJLWWRWKHFORXGDQG
WUDQVPLWVLWDOORYHUDQHQFU\SWHGOLQH7KH)LOHUDOVRPDVNV¿OHQDPHV¿OHVL]HV
WLPHVWDPSVDQGPRUH±GDWDDQGPHWDGDWDDUHFRPSOHWHO\RSDTXH.H\VDUH
VHFXUHO\HVFURZHGDQGHQFU\SWLRQLVDXWRPDWLF7KH)LOHUFDQRQO\VHQG
CLOUD STORAGE WHITE PAPER
HQFU\SWHGGDWDWRWKHFORXG)LQDOO\E\XVLQJWKH$(6FLSKHUWKH)LOHULVDEOH
WRHQFU\SWDQGGHFU\SWGDWDTXLFNO\HQVXULQJWKDWXVHUVHQMR\VWURQJVHFXULW\
ZLWKRXWVDFUL¿FLQJSHUIRUPDQFH
)HDWXUHV
$(6
2SHQ3*3RIIHUVDVPDOOQXPEHURIFDUHIXOO\VHOHFWHGFLSKHUV1DVXQLXVHVWKH
$(6FLSKHUZKLFKLVDUJXDEO\WKHVWURQJHVWLQWKHFLYLOLDQZRUOG-RQ&DOODV
WKHSULPDU\DXWKRURIWKH2SHQ3*3VWDQGDUGRQFHXVHGWKLVVWRU\WRIUDPHWKH
VWUHQJWKRIELWNH\VLQOD\PDQ¶VWHUPV
,IDFXVWRPHU¶V¿OHVKDYH
EHHQPRGL¿HGWKH)LOHUZLOO ³,PDJLQHDFRPSXWHUWKDWLVWKHVL]HRIDJUDLQRIVDQGWKDWFDQWHVWNH\VDJDLQVW
GHWHFWWKLVFKDQJHZKHQLW VRPHHQFU\SWHGGDWD$OVRLPDJLQHWKDWLWFDQWHVWDNH\LQWKHDPRXQWRIWLPHLW
DFFHVVHVWKHUHOHYDQWGDWD WDNHVOLJKWWRFURVVLW7KHQFRQVLGHUDFOXVWHURIWKHVHFRPSXWHUVVRPDQ\WKDWLI
RUPHWDGDWD \RXFRYHUHGWKHHDUWKZLWKWKHPWKH\ZRXOGFRYHUWKHZKROHSODQHWWRWKHKHLJKW
RIPHWHU7KHFOXVWHURIFRPSXWHUVZRXOGFUDFNDELWNH\RQDYHUDJHLQ
\HDUV´
³,I\RXZDQWWREUXWHIRUFHDNH\LWOLWHUDOO\WDNHVDSODQHWIXORIFRPSXWHUV$QG
RIFRXUVHWKHUHDUHDOZD\VELWNH\VLI\RXZRUU\DERXWWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDW
JRYHUQPHQWKDVDVSDUHSODQHWWKDWWKH\ZDQWWRGHYRWHWRNH\FUDFNLQJ´
7KH)LOHUXVHVWKHVHELWNH\V
0RGL¿FDWLRQ'HWHFWLRQ
$SUREOHPDWDJLYHQFORXGYHQGRU²DQDFFLGHQWRUDPDOLFLRXVEUHDNLQ²FRXOG
OHDGWRPRGL¿FDWLRQRIDFXVWRPHU¶V¿OHV6LQFH1DVXQLGRHVQRWVWDQGLQWKHGDWD
SDWKZHFDQQRWSUHYHQWWDPSHULQJEXWZHFDQGHWHFWLW
7KHHPDLOLVDYDLODEOHKHUHKWWSZZZLQWHUHVWLQJSHRSOHRUJDUFKLYHVLQWHUHVWLQJSHRSOH
PVJKWPO
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ
'$7$
$(6 56$
$(6 56$
'$7$ '$7$
$(6 56$
(QFU\SWHG'DWDLQWKH&ORXG
.H\5LQJ
56$
56$
.H\PDQDJHPHQWRIHQFU\SWHGGDWDLQWKHFORXG
2SHQ3*3.H\
:KHQDFXVWRPHUERRWVWKHDSSOLDQFHIRUWKH¿UVWWLPHWKH)LOHUJHQHUDWHVDQ
56$2SHQ3*3NH\)URPWKLVSRLQWIRUZDUGWKLVNH\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHQHZO\
FUHDWHGWULDOFORXGYROXPH
1DVXQL)LOHUNH\PDQDJHPHQWZLQGRZ
1DVXQLDXWRPDWLFDOO\HVFURZVWKLVLQLWLDONH\IRUWKHFXVWRPHUEXWLIFXVWRPHUV
PRYLQJIURPWULDOPRGHWRWKHSD\PRGHOGRQRWZDQWXVWRHVFURZWKHLUNH\ZH
VXJJHVWWKDWWKH\HLWKHUFUHDWHDQDGGLWLRQDOFORXGYROXPHZLWKWKHLURZQNH\RU
JHQHUDWHDQHZNH\IRUWKHFORXGWKH\KDYHEHHQXVLQJDQGUHPRYHWKHWULDONH\
&UHDWLQJDQHZNH\LVDQLPSRUWDQWVHFXULW\VWHS1DVXQLFDQHVFURZNH\VEXW
IRUVHFXULW\SXUSRVHVZHZRXOGUDWKHUQRW:HKDYHQXPHURXVSUDFWLFHVLQSODFH
WRSURWHFWWKHNH\V1DVXQLHVFURZV<HWWKHUHLVVWLOODVPDOOEXWQRQ]HURULVNWKDW
DURJXH1DVXQLHPSOR\HHFRXOGDFFHVVFXVWRPHUGDWDLI²DQGRQO\LI²ZHDUH
VWRULQJWKDWFXVWRPHU¶VNH\
:HWUXVWRXUHPSOR\HHVEXW :HWUXVWRXUHPSOR\HHVEXWZHGRQRWDVNRXUFXVWRPHUVWRVKDUHWKDWWUXVW
ZHGRQRWDVNRXUFXVWRP 7KLVLVJRRGVHFXULW\SUDFWLFH1RVWURQJHQFU\SWLRQVFKHPHVKRXOGUHO\RQWUXVW
HUVWRVKDUHWKDWWUXVW7KLV
LVJRRGVHFXULW\SUDFWLFH1R .H\(VFURZ
VWURQJHQFU\SWLRQVFKHPH 0RGHUQHQFU\SWLRQRIIHUVWKHVWURQJHVWSURWHFWLRQWR\RXUGDWDLQWKHFORXG
VKRXOGUHO\RQWUXVW KRZHYHULWLVDOVRWKHTXLFNHVWZD\WRORVHDFFHVVWR\RXUGDWD,IWKHNH\VDUH
ORVWWKHGDWDZLOOQRORQJHUEHDEOHWREHGHFU\SWHG+HQFHNH\HVFURZLVFUXFLDO
WRDYRLGLQDGYHUWHQWGDWDORVV
&XUUHQWO\ZHRIIHUFXVWRPHUVWKHRSWLRQRIHVFURZLQJWKHLUNH\VDW1DVXQL,QWKH
IXWXUHZHLQWHQGWRRIIHUNH\HVFURZZLWKDWKLUGSDUW\EXWLQWKHPHDQWLPHZH
KDYHHVWDEOLVKHGVHYHUDOSUDFWLFHVWRSURWHFWWKHVHNH\V
7KHNH\LWVHOILVHQFU\SWHGDQGVHQWWR1DVXQLRYHUDQHQFU\SWHGFKDQQHO
(VFURZHGNH\VFDQRQO\EHDFFHVVHGWKURXJKWKHXVHRIERWKDSDVVSKUDVHDQG
DSK\VLFDOKDUGZDUHEDVHGNH\²DQ2SHQ3*3VPDUWFDUG:HXVHDVPDUWFDUG
LQVWHDGRIVLPSO\HQFU\SWLQJWKHNH\VEHFDXVHWKHVPDUWFDUGKDVWREHSK\VL
FDOO\SUHVHQWWRGHFU\SW,WFDQQRWEHFRSLHGDQGXVHGODWHUE\DURJXHHPSOR\HH
7KHVPDUWFDUGKDVVDIHJXDUGVDJDLQVWEUXWHIRUFHDWWDFNVWRR,IWKHVPDUWFDUG
LVVWROHQDQGVRPHRQHLQFRUUHFWO\JXHVVHVWKHSDVVSKUDVHWKUHHWLPHVWKHFDUG
ZLOO³EULFN´LWVHOIDQGEHFRPHXQXVDEOH
,ID1DVXQLFXVWRPHU¶VGDWDFHQWHULVGHVWUR\HGRULQWKHHYHQWRIVRPHRWKHU
GLVDVWHUWKH\FDQUHFRYHUWKHLUGDWDE\ORJJLQJLQWRWKHLUDFFRXQWIURPDQHZOR
FDWLRQGRZQORDGLQJDQGVWDUWLQJDQHQWLUHO\QHZFRS\RIWKH)LOHU7KLVQHZ)LOHU
ZLOOGHWHFWWKDWWKHFXVWRPHULVUHLQVWDOOLQJDQGVWDUWWKHUHFRYHU\SURFHVVZKLFK
FDQRQO\EHSHUIRUPHGZLWKWKHSURSHUNH\&XVWRPHUVZKRHVFURZWKHLURZQ
NH\VFDQXSORDGWKHPDWWKHUHTXLUHGSRLQWLQWKHSURFHVVEXWIRUDFXVWRPHU
ZKRHVFURZVZLWK1DVXQLZHSURYLGHWKHFXVWRPHUZLWKDVHVVLRQNH\WKDWZLOO
DOORZWKHPWRGHHVFURZWKHLUNH\VZLWKRXWH[SRVLQJDQ\RWKHUHVFURZHGNH\V
8SORDGHQFU\SWLRQNH\VWRUHFRYHU1DVXQL)LOHU
8QLTXH&ORXG&UHGHQWLDOV
1DVXQL¶VFORXGSDUWQHUVSURYLGHDFFHVVWRDJLYHQDFFRXQWEDVHGRQFUHGHQWLDOV
&ORXGVZLOORQO\OHWFXVWRPHUVDFFHVVWKHLUDFFRXQWVLIWKH\KDYHWKHSURSHUFUH
GHQWLDOV(DFK1DVXQLFXVWRPHUUHFHLYHVDXQLTXHVHWRIFUHGHQWLDOVWKDWHQDEOHV
WKHLUFRS\RIWKH)LOHUWRHVWDEOLVKDOLQNZLWKWKHFKRVHQFORXG7KLVKHOSVHQVXUH
WKDWQRFXVWRPHUFDQLQWHUIHUHZLWKDQRWKHUFXVWRPHU¶VGDWD
'DWD2SDFLW\
7KH1DVXQL)LOHUHQFU\SWVFXVWRPHUGDWDEHIRUHVHQGLQJLWWRWKHFORXGEXWLWDOVR
UHQGHUVWKDWGDWDFRPSOHWHO\RSDTXH(YHQDQHQFU\SWHG¿OHFDQEHWUD\FHUWDLQ
GHWDLOVVXFKDVVL]HRU¿OHQDPH
7UDI¿FDQDO\VLVDNQRZQDWWDFNDJDLQVWVHFXUHV\VWHPVFDSLWDOL]HVRQWKLV
VRUWRILQIRUPDWLRQWHDVLQJRXWLQIRUPDWLRQEDVHGRQWUDI¿FSDWWHUQVVXFKDV
WLPHVWDPSVRU¿OHQDPHV7RKHOSJXDUGDJDLQVWWKLVDQGRWKHUDWWDFNVWKH)LOHU
UHQGHUVERWKGDWDDQGPHWDGDWDXQUHDGDEOHEHIRUHVHQGLQJLWWRWKHFORXG
5DQGRP)LOHQDPHV
,I¿OHQDPHVDUHUHDGDEOHLQIRUPDWLRQFRXOGEHOHDNHGVRWKH)LOHUHQFU\SWV
WKHPPDVNLQJWKHVHGHWDLOV&ORXG¿OHVKDYHTXDVLUDQGRP¿OHQDPHVWKDWDUH
7RKHOSJXDUGDJDLQVWWKLV
XQUHODWHGWRDFWXDOFXVWRPHU¿OHQDPHV
DQGRWKHUDWWDFNVWKH
)LOHUUHQGHUVERWKGDWDDQG
&KXQNLQJ
PHWDGDWDXQUHDGDEOHEHIRUH
7KHVL]HRID¿OHFRXOGJLYHDZD\VRPHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWLWVFRQWHQWV$Q*%
VHQGLQJLWWRWKHFORXG
¿OHHYHQZLWKDUDQGRPL]HGQDPHPLJKWEHÀDJJHGDVDQREMHFWRILQWHUHVW
7KH1DVXQL)LOHU¶VFKXQNLQJWHFKQLTXH²ODUJH¿OHVDUHEURNHQGRZQLQWRVPDOOHU
SLHFHVEHIRUHEHLQJGLVSDWFKHGWRWKHFORXG²KHOSVWRSUHYHQWWKLV&RPSUHVVLRQ
DOVRDXWRPDWLFIRUDOOREMHFWVVWRUHGLQWKHFORXGIXUWKHUFRQWULEXWHVWRVL]H
GLIIHUHQFHV$OOREMHFWVLQWKHFORXGDUHVPDOOHUWKDQDFHUWDLQSUHGHWHUPLQHGVL]H
(QFU\SWHG0HWDGDWD
7KH1DVXQL)LOHUHQFU\SWVGDWDDQGPHWDGDWD,IWKLVZHUHQRWWKHFDVHD
KDFNHUFRXOG¿QGDQHQFU\SWHG¿OHRILQWHUHVWE\VFDQQLQJWKDWPHWDGDWD7KLV
LQFOXGHVWKH¿OHQDPHDVGHVFULEHGDERYHEXWWKH)LOHUDOVRHQFU\SWV¿OHVL]H
WLPHVWDPSVWKHORFDWLRQZLWKLQWKHGLUHFWRU\WUHHHWF1RQHRIWKLVLV
GHFLSKHUDEOH
7KHHQGUHVXOWRIDOOWKLVLVWKDWLIVRPHRQHZHUHWRKDFNLQWRD1DVXQLFXVWRPHU¶V
FORXGDOOWKH\ZRXOGVHHZRXOGEHDKXJHQXPEHURI¿OHVZLWKHTXDOO\ORQJ
XQUHODWHG¿OHQDPHVDQGQRRWKHUUHYHDOLQJPHWDGDWD)URPWKHSHUVSHFWLYHRI
WKHFORXGVRUVRPHRQHKDFNLQJLQWRWKHPWKHFRQWHQWVZRXOGEHQHDUO\LQGLVWLQ
JXLVKDEOHIURPHDFKRWKHU
Discussion
)RUDOOWKHQHZEHQH¿WVWKDWFRPHZLWKWKHFORXGWKHUHDUHDOVRDQHZVHWRI
ULVNV(DFKRIWKHFORXGV\VWHPV²6DD6FORXGFRPSXWHDQGFORXGVWRUDJH²
FRPHVZLWKDXQLTXHVHWRIEHQH¿WVDQGVHFXULW\FKDOOHQJHV,QWKLVSDSHUZH¶YH
H[SODLQHGKRZDQGZK\FORXGVWRUDJHDOORZVIRUDVWULFWHUVHFXULW\PRGHOLQSDUW
EHFDXVHGDWDFDQEHHQFU\SWHGDWUHVWLQWKHFORXGZLWKDSURYHQWHVWHGVWDQ
GDUGOLNH2SHQ3*3LQVXFKDZD\WKDWQRERG\EXWWKHXVHUFDQGHFU\SWLW:H
GHWDLOHGWKHZRUNWKDWZHQWLQWRFUHDWLQJ2SHQ3*3DQGDGGUHVVHGVRPHRIWKH
FRQFHUQVLQFOXGLQJGDWDOHDNDJHFXVWRPHULGHQWL¿FDWLRQDQGGDWDVQRRSLQJ
WKDWDUHNHHSLQJEXVLQHVVHVIURPPRYLQJVHQVLWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQWRWKHFORXG
)LQDOO\ZHGHWDLOHGKRZ1DVXQLSURWHFWVFXVWRPHUGDWDWKURXJK2SHQ3*3HQ
FU\SWLRQXQLTXHFXVWRPHUFUHGHQWLDOVDQGFRPSOHWHRSDFLW\RIGDWDDQGPHWDGD
WD:HGRQRWDVNRXUFXVWRPHUVWRWUXVWWKHFORXGVDQGZHGRQRWH[SHFWWKHP
WRWUXVW1DVXQLHLWKHU7KH\VKRXOGQRWKDYHWR0RVWFRPSDQLHVLQWKHFORXG
VSDFHKDYHVRPHPHDVXUHRIDFFHVVWRFXVWRPHUGDWDHYHQLIWKH\LQVLVWLQD
(8/$WKDWWKH\ZLOOQRWORRNDWLW%\GHVLJQ1DVXQLFDQQRWUHDGFXVWRPHUGDWD
&RQFHUQVDERXWVHFXULW\LQWKHFORXGDUHOHJLWLPDWHEXWKHUHDW1DVXQLZH
EHOLHYHWKHVHULVNVFDQEHPLWLJDWHGZLWKWKHULJKWVHFXULW\VWUDWHJ\
1DVXQL&RUSRUDWLRQEDVHGLQ1DWLFN0$ZDVIRXQGHGLQ$SULOE\VWRUDJHLQGXVWU\YHWHUDQV
1DVXQLLVIRFXVHGRQVROYLQJWKH¿OHJURZWKSUREOHPIDFLQJPRVW,7GHSDUWPHQWVWRGD\E\OHYHUDJLQJ
WKHXQOLPLWHGFDSDFLW\RIWKHFORXG7KHFRPSDQ\GHVLJQHGDQGGHYHORSHGWKH1DVXQL)LOHUD1$6
OLNHGRZQORDGDEOHYLUWXDO¿OHVHUYHUWKDWHVWDEOLVKHVDVHFXUHKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHOLQNWRFORXGVWRUDJH
&DOORUHPDLOLQIR#QDVXQLFRPIRUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQ