TRANSFORMATION OF GRAPHS

All these transformations apply to the graph of y = f(x)

TRANSFORMATION
GRAPH
IN WORDS
moves graph a units up
(add a to y coordinates)
y = f(x)+a y-coordinates will change,
x-coordinates remain the
same
moves graph a units
down (subtract a from y
coordinates)
y = f(x)-a
y-coordinates will change,
x-coordinates remain the
same
moves graph a units to
the left
(subtract a from x
y = f(x+a) coordinates)
x-coordinates will change,
y-coordinates remain the
same
moves graph a units to
the right (add a to x-
coordinates)
y = f(x-a)
x-coordinates will change,
y-coordinates remain the
same
flips graph over….makes
y = -f(x) all positive y coordinates
negative and vice versa
makes all positive x
y = f(-x) coordinates negative and
vice versa
y = af(x) makes graph taller and
 skinnier…all y-values are
multiplied by a with x
values unchanged
Squashes graph in if a is
bigger than 1; stretches
graph out if a is between 0
y = f(ax)
and 1. All x-values are
divided by a, with y
values unchanged