This report, the second in a three-part series, employs a novel empirical approach to

systematically assess the current operating status of known detention facilities in

Xinjiang using nighttime lighting. This analysis provides new, empirical evidence to
suggest that the overwhelming majority of detention facilities in Xinjiang remain active,
operational, and in many cases, still under construction—despite Chinese claims to the
contrary.

About This Series

A growing body of research has systematically documented China's efforts to imprison,
detain, and re-educate ethnic Uyghur and minority groups throughout its western
Xinjiang province. In this three-part investigation, RAND researchers explore new data
on nighttime lighting in Xinjiang to offer new, empirical insights into China's efforts to
reeducate, detain, and imprison its Uyghur and ethnic minority populations across
Xinjiang.