1. List the four types of solids illustrated in Model 1. Tonic, molecular, network coualent and metallic. na erring to the examples in Model 1. Complete columns A~C in the table below by referring to the examp! eee 2 . check in the box that appropriately describes the types of atoms that ar of solid. : A B Cc D E All atoms are| All atoms | AfO"8 2° | Molecular | Formula | reractive forces monmetals | are metals | TOT rap, | structure | units oa x Xx | Lonic bonds Solids lecular Covalent bonds Solas a 2 Incermolecular forces Content x X | Covalent bonds Solids Sede x X | Metallic bonds 3. Complete columns D and E in the table above by referring to the examples in Model 1. Place an X in the box that appropriately describes the arrangement of atoms or molecules in the solid (cither molecular—distinct molecules, or formula units—repeating units in three dimensions with no distinct molecules). See table in Question 2. 4: There are four posible forces of attraction that hold atoms or molecules together in a solids covalent bonds, ionic bonds, metallic bonds and intermolecular forces, These depend on the type Foes ithe allel ut whedhar chs entinecionsare betes loos, xtsths-ar miclevalen, Within ee ct ns ts be al moscites fetes the ws wana Whey elle ths summaseny ral. eas together in each type of solid. List yout answers in colurnn F in the able abore, e See table in Question 2. Read This! Mle 3 slid substance i heated, the weakest atactive forces in the solid arucauwe ne overcome, and the solid melts In some cases, this results in individual atoms of ions, and santo cases, this results i individual molecules. Regardless, melting isa physical change and dee ni 7 , 8 not alter the cher the substance, eer 90 a POGIL™ Activities for AP* Chemistry,5. Foreach type of sold in Model 1, indicate the ype of attractive forces that are broken upon melting, and describe the individual particles that make up the resulting, liquid. [— | Bonds/forces broken Individual particles upon melting in the liquid Tonic Ionic bonds Tons Molecular Intermolecular forces Molecules Network covalent Covalent bonds Atoms Metallic Metallic bonds Atoms 6. Match the following descriptions with one of the four types of solids Meuallic atoms with very loose electrons for a lattice of nuclei held Metallic together by a sea of electrons, Nonmetal atoms form molecu Molecular are held together in a solid by onic Network covalent. or metallic bonds. les with covalent bonds. The molecules intermolecular forces of attraction. Meral and nonmetal atoms form a lattice of alternating positive and negative ions held together by bonds. ionic bonds. Nonmetal atoms form a lattice structure held together with covalent 7. Ifa particular solid had very strong attractive forces, would you expect the melting point of that solid to be relatively high or relatively low? Explain your reasoning, The melting point would be higher because the strong bonds would require more energy (higher temp) 10 break the solid into a liquid. Model 2 - Melting Points and Enthalpies of Fusion Type of Solid Brey Chemical Meng Poin Encalpy of Fasion Iron({l) sulfide FeS 1195 51.0 Tonic Calcium bromide CaBry 730 175 Sodium chloride NaCl 804 303 Nitrogen Ny =210 0.72 ‘Molecular Water HO) 0.0 6.02 Carbon dioxide CO; -78 8.10 Diamond. c 3550 117.0 Network covalent SiO, 1650 125 Si 1687 50.0 Pc 1770 24.0 Metallic Cuand Zn ~930 Varies L Ni 1453 71.0 Types of Solids oT92 8. Notice that the substances listed in Model 2 are the same as those in Medel 1 a. Which type of solid has the lowest melting points? Molecular solids have the lowest melting points. b. Is your answer in part a consistent with your answer to Question 7? Ye 9. The enthalpy of fusion given in Model 2 foreach substance is a measure ofthe energy (in kK) needed t0 melt a mole of that substance a. Which type of solid has the lowest enthalpies of fusion? Molecular solids have the lowest enthalpies of fusion. 6. Is your answer in part a consistent with what you know to be the relative strength of the four types of arcractive forces? Explain why or why not. Ye, when a molecular solid melts, the intermolecular forces are broken, These are the weakest forces 40 very little energy should be needed to mele these substances. 10. Using both melting poine data and enthalpy of fusion data, rank che remaining three types of solids from weakest attractive forces to strongest attractive forces. Make sure there is consensus in ‘your group before moving on. oe Molecular < Ionic = Metallic < Network covalent Read This! ‘As you may have found in answering the previous question, there is alot of overlap in properties among the four types of solids. For example, platinum (a metallic solid) has a higher melting point than several of the neework covalent solids, bue the majority of metallic solids have a much lower melting point than network covalent solids, The categories for solids are not as clear cut as we would like them to be; never- theless, they are useful for predicting relative properties 11. Use the concepts you have learned in this activity to predice the type of solid for each of the fol- owing substances. Anyone in your group should be able to justify your groups answers. [swine | Semi | Mein in Ea fon) aye to Chlorine cl, -102 6.4L Molecular Hydrogen bromide HBr -87 241 Molecular Titanium Ti 1668 20.9 Metallic Sodium bromide NaBr 747 26.1 Tonic Boron B 2076 50.2 Network covalent Mercury Hg 38.3 2.29 Metallic POGIL™ Activities for AP* Chemistry Oe cece naa aaa a nana easEEE SEE IE IE EES SSSCSCSCSCSCSCSESSESCSESESESEE Read This! Properties other than melting Fre athe foie types of so re of a solid. For a sub ike disolves like ids. For € ice to be soluble point and enthalpy of fasion can be be f ample, conductivity and solubil in water it must be charged or polar. (Re ust be charged particles ina ) For a substance to be conductive, in any sta c, there can give great insight i Jpful when categorizing a substance jember the rule mobile state so that they can complete a circuit Model 3 - Solubility and Conductivity of Solids a chemi Solubility in| C conductive | Conductive in setunee | Gent [Soy i» | Coin | Cote | een ton [iron wide | Fes | Tmvolubl No Yes NIA [Calcium bromide | CaBr, | Very soluble | __No Yes Yes | Sexdium chloride | NaCl Very soluble No. Yes Yes _ Nitrogen oan Slightly soluble No No No. Water 1.0 __NIA No | Slightly NIA Carbon dioxide |__CO, Slightly soluble No No No [Diamond c Insoluble No No NiA Silica SiO, Insoluble No. No NIA Platinum: Insoluble Yes, Yes NIA Brass Insoluble Yes Yes N/A Nickel Insoluble Yes Yes NIA 12. Refer to Model 3. 4. Which type(s) of soi Jonic substances are most soluble in water, is generally very soluble in water? 4, Which type(s) of solid is least soluble in wacer? Metallic and network covalent substances are least soluble in water. 13, Refer to Model 3. 4. Which type of solid is most conductive in the solid state? Metallic substances are most conductive as solids, N/A= not applicable 4, Use the concepts you have learned about the type of solid in part a to explain why ic is con- ductive in the solid state. Metals contain very mobile valence electrons that can move in the solid to conduct an electric current. 14, Explain why ionic substances would be conductive after they are melted, even though they are not conductive as solids. As solids, the ions in an ionic solid are stuck in a erystal lattice—they are not mobile. Once the solid is ‘melted however, the ions become mobile and can move in the liquid state to conduct an electric current. ‘Types of Solids 9394 Extension Questions 15. 16. The last column in Model 3 (Conductive in Aqueous Solutions) has several N/A entries. Give ‘vo reasons why conductivity data for those substances would not exist. Wehe substance is insoluble it would be impossible to measure conductivity data for an agueots solution. Engineers use materials to perform different functions based on the properties of the materials For centuries we have used metals for tools and more recently for electrical circuits. What proper ties of metallic solids make them well suited for this purpose? Metals are strong, insoluble and conductive as a solid. You would not want your electrical circuits £0 break easily dissolve on a rainy day or be resistant to electrical current. POGIL™ Activities for AP* Chemistry OCCULT