Teves HE K ey Activity 19 The Description of Electrons in Atoms Way? Adescription of electrons in atoms includes theit energies and a quantitative picture of how they are distributed in space. This description is needed to understand how molecules are formed from atoms, how to synthesize new molecules, and how molecules function, i.., the relationship between their structure, their reactivity, and their function in medicines, biological systems, and technological devices, LearninG Opsective + Gain an understanding of atomic orbitals Success CRITERIA + Cortectly identify particular types of atomic orbitals + Interrelate characteristics of atomic orbitals such as their name, shape, orientation in space, nodal pattern, extension in space, and energ INFORMAT lie proposed that particles, like electrons, must correspondingly erties periments proved this to be-true: This si led Se equation that could be sol wave functions deseribing electrons. This equation is now very famous and is called the Schrodinger equation, ding invent a mathem: to provide While the Schrédinger equation is too complicated to be solved exactly for atoms with more than one electron, it can be solved exactly for atoms or ions with one electron, like the hydrogen atom The wave functions for the hydrogen atom are used to provide approximate wave functions for all other atoms, These approximate one-electron wave functions are called atomie orbitals While an atomic orbital is a mathematical fimetion describing a single electton, chemists often think of the orbital as the region of space in which an electron can be found. An orbital can be represented by drawing a boundary surface to identify that the electron has a 90% probability of being within that surface. Such boundary surfaces for some atomic orbitals are shown in the model Activity $9 —The Description of Electrons in toms utWhile the energy levels of the hydrogen atom and ions with only one electron are determined by a single index or quantum number, re, Schrodinger discovered that more quantum numbers are involved in determining the energies, shapes, and orientations of the atomic orbitals. In addition to re, € and mgare also needed. These quantum numbers are called the principal quantum mumber, the angular momentum or azimuthal quantum number, and the magnetic quantum mumber, respectively. Mobet: Atomic Orbitals (Wave Functions) for One-Electron Atoms Quantum Numbers Table 19.4 Name Characterizes Symbol Allowed Values size Principal energy e 2,3, ... 0 infinity total nodes = #1 shape ‘Angular Momentum \ngular energy in multi-electron atoms | € |€=0,1,2,.# 1 i faeiotl planar nodes = € hte q Magnetic orientation reba epee aca 28 4( values Energy Levels and Orbital Labels Figure 19.1 ae For atoms or ions with only 1 electron, orbital energies are ordered as follows: 18 < 28=2p < 39=3p=3d < 4s=4p=4d=df < Ss=Sp=5d=5f < Bs=6p=6d < 7s For multi-electron atoms, orbital energies increase in the following order: Is<2s<2p<3s<3p tradtot nodes =o sammy nex GUL S orvibiais, Sip: total wedesslan) Exercises 20°80 noice # La) 4) FOS radial odes 1, The total number of nodes in an orbital is equal to #~1. This number is split between radial nodes and angular nodal planes. Show that your answers to Key Questions 7 and 9 are consistent with this fact. Ise 1-1 >= D nonodes as a-1® } enode | ne Oungunak 2, Form =4, identify the possible values for. &, 4. Wel b= o1vays 3. Por €=5, identity the possible val GA 3 an , and 38 orbitals each, identify the a) total number of nodes ScnMe ) AS=!l, 3522 b) number of angular nodes and the number of radial nod 120 1628 5882 j radial} 3am 2 radial 6. Identify the relationship between the total number of nodes and the energy of the orbital. j kak S with dhe nembel WLC ASE i2bbr TY Healey eect aera 1157. Identify the total number of nodes, the number of angular nodes, and the number of radial nodes fora2porbital. £= 1 nea # of racked * total ~ Orgubar -1t=D 8. Identify the total number of nodes, the number of angular nodes, and the number of radial nodes fora 3p orbital. radial = Q-\=t toa R dongucbat G 9. Identify the total number of nodes, the number of angular nodes, and the number of radial nodes for a 3d orbital a-22d fotad ounaudar 10. Based on what you have leamed so far about atomic orbitals, determine the total number of orbitals with = 4 116 Foundations of Chemisty