HIGHT OF ADSORBER Z= Hog * Nog Hog = Height of one transfer unit based on gas phase Nog = Total number of transfer unit, " a¥ IE r ¥ Nos = Hoc. Gm/ Kya«In a contact condenser, the gas comes into contact with cold liquid. «In a surface condenser, Fig. Contact condenser the gas contacts a cooled surface in which cooled liquid or gas is circulated, such as the outside of the tube.ADSORPTION PROCESS « With time, the layers of adsorbent solid becomes saturated If pollutant concentration Vs time is plotted, a S shape appeared, and it is called break through curve The time at which the break-through curve first beguine to rise appreciably is called the break through point, and the time at which the outlet effluent concentration reaches thatof the inlet pollutant concentration is called the exhaustion point Adsorber is regenerated when the break-through point is reachedPie. 0.81 Typical adearption break-through curveOft-Gas Regenerative system; One bed actively removes pollutants, another bed is being regenerated for future use. Non-regen esystems: The spent carbon is disposed of when it becomes saturated with the pollutant.Graphical Method to Determine Number of StagesDetermination of Height of Towe = Z= HOG « NOG Height of one transfer unit based on gas phase sferu otal number of tr: t, determined from graph dy The heights of gas and liquid transfer units, is represented by equation ¥ Lv mG foe , A= NS, Hog = He + 7 Ne 7 Ste f iar Wer Where Hg and Hy are ino rs, G' and Larein kg/(m*.s), isin ka/(m.s), Sco= Hal(paDa), po! (pLD,). De and 1, are the gas and. liquid diffusivities respectively of the soluteabsorbed, af, y, and a are constant of packing material taken from Table.a : a= Ky (Vo. ¥) = Kyl 4) And N= K (¥g_¥*) = K(k" = x) (ii) Here k, and k, are individual mass transfer coefficients in gas and liquid phase, respectively, and K, and K, are overall mass transfer coefficient. Similarly, expression in terms of mole fraction is given as y= mx, (iii) From equation (i-iii), the overall mass transfer coefficient K, can be writtenas 1 1 om Siete auloncentrations, the rate equati a0 of overall coefficients based on overall drivi ce between the bulk compositions, pgand ¢, These are defined by, Na= Ke (Pa. p"l = Kyle" ey) Where Ny = mole of solute transfer /(time) (interfacial area) erall mass transfer coefficient based on partial pressure driving force , mole of solute transferred /( ¢)(interfacial area) (perAp) k, = overall mass transfer coefficient based on liquid phase re folate transferred /(time)(interfacial area) (per Ac ) p*= partial pressureof solute in equilibrium with the bulk concentration in the liquid phase c, : neentration of solute in equilibrium with Pging to Fig. 5.24,-rale N= kg (pe. py) = kylg - e) « Where N, = mole of solute transfer /(time) (interfacial ;= mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase, mole of solute transferred /(time)(interfacial area) (per Ap) « k.= mass transfer coefficient in the liquid phase, mole of solute transferred /(time)(interfacial area) (per Ac ) P= partial pressure of solute in the bulk of the gas stream © p= partial pressure at the interface » c=concentration in the bulk of liquid © ¢,= concentration at the interfaceDistance (2) Pig. 6.24 Concentration profiles‘quation of Operating Line Since G and L vary along the height of towe s there fore expressed in term of solute free concentration, the material balance then becomes G,Y, +X, = GY, +1, ' i) From above G,(Y,- Y,) =L,(X,-X,) (2) G,= Molal flow rate of non diffusing material in gas phase per unit cross section area of tower (mole/m*) L,= Molal flow rate of non diffusing material in liquid phase per unit cross section area of tower (mole/m?) Above equation (2) is equation for operating line with slope t, ¥i=¥sOperating line Eq l, Yi-Vs Y, ' Ye lnG Fig. 6.26 Equilibrium and operating lines in « countercurrent towerSolute Material Balance Gy, + Lyx, = Gx, + Lyx, GY, + LM, = GX, + LH x= Male fraction of solute in liquid phase y= Mole fraction of solute gas in gas phase X = Mole of solute per mole of solute free in liquid phase Y = Mole of solute per mole of solute free t in gas phase G-= Total mola! flow rate of gas phase per unit cross section area of tower, mole/m? Fig, 6.88 Counter L= Total molal flow rate of liquid phase per abaarber mas me unit cross section area of tower, mole/m?* The adsorbing liquid is introduced at the throat of the venturyand the dispersion of the liquid is accomplished by the high velocity gas stream * The resulting large interfacial area makes the ventury scrubber an extremely efficient absorber, However, the energy required forachieving high efficiencies is considerable° Spray tower : The flow arrangements are normally counter and cross flow © The liquid is introduced by spray nozzles or other atomising devices which form droplets. This droplets provides the mass transfer surface. © Spray towers are used for adsorption of highly soluble gasesPacked Tower: It effective device involving continuous conte phases, Variety of packing material used ranging from ceramics to crushed rocks. « Liquid is distributed over the packing, which provides high interfacial area © The use of packed tower is limited to clean gases, as particles , precipitate or slurry cause plugging of packing. * The most popular means of gas cleaning is packed towerseous pollutants andselven Gases pollutants | Suitable solvents Sulphur dioxide | Sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphite calcium carbonate, calclum hydrox solutions Ammonium bicarbonat bi magnesium hydroxid: hydroxide solt Sodium hydroxide, potassium ide sc - Water, ammonia, magnesium Nitrogen oxid ammonium ulphite, sodium hydroxide, alchum Hydrogen sulphide Hydrogen chloride hydro: hydroxide, calcium hydroxide solution Chlorine Sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphite, sodium thiosulphite and water Phos Sodium hydraxide and water Ammen Sulphuric acid, nitric acid Mercapt Sodium hypochlorite solutiche removal of one or more selecte Tom a gas mixture by absorption is probably the most important operation in the control of gaseous pollutant emissions. Absorption is a process in which a gaseous pollutant i dissolved in a liquicl. As the gas stream passes through the liquid, the liquid absorbs the gas. Absorbers are often referred to as scrubbers, and there are various types of absorption equipment. The principal types of gas absorption equipment include tray towers, packed columns, spray chambers, and venturi scrubbers, In general, absorbers can achieve removal efficiencies grater than 5 percent. One potential problem with absorption is the generation of waste-water, which converts anair pollution problem to a water pollution problem.Control of Gaseous Pollutants from Stationary Sources © There are four commonly used control technologies for gaseous pollutants: a) Absorption, b) Adsorption, c) Condensation, and «) Incineration (combustion)= ee Sourees of air pollutants,fate Wonai ete the singlet pln in earn taser. CO) is clos, sr ad less aig pint of -192C, has tng eit twas semen the team and is dangers sphyiant.The ae of ciation con moi to carton ocd inthe atsphere seems to be very slow, mihones of 00 and O, expe to sunlight fr several years have been found ta remain almost unehaegedClassification of particulatesParticulate Matter ubetanees it Ire Kok (awed, fh two. Particulate can ve from 100 pm daw a (jm the environment no do they ait any marp qncal it of combustion wr any her proce a, wherba the reactive munluriale cor a be furthur oxidised or may reuct ¢ chetncally with theClassification of air pollutantsAn ESP is a particle control device that uses electrical farces to move the particles out of the flowing gas stream and onto collector plates. The ESP places electrical charges on the particles, causing them to be attracted to oppositely charged metal plates located in the precipitator. The particles are removed from the plates by “rapping” and collected in a hopper located below the unit. The removal efficiencies for ESPs are highly variable; however, for very smail particles alone, the removal efficiency is about 99 percent. Electrostatic precipitators are not only used in utility api but also other industries (for other exhaust gas particles) suci cement (dust), pulp & paper (salt cake & lime dusae Vas Discharge electrode Gas inlet‘Comparison between various contacting type for gas-solid system Fixed bed ‘Stee limitations ‘Normunifiorm productsSettling velocity nepste SOS eS SY SRY VR FS NET Steer (eH! me) A Pe Ne See OTN oy = Pe Fare Say QTY)» Tee deren acca ofihe hae nD ee Le pam hte oS tp ea eo ee cattare Fa tee shag meme Ot A a ort takes Semen, Aten ee eo acho? TORE LOE Lo Lae Le ed Zee 270p eee | ei “| ei wr For a particle at rest no drag force will be exhibited, which causes the particle to accelerate due to the applied force. .. This velocity is known as the terminal velocity, settling velocity or fall velocity of the particle. This is readily measurable by examining the rate of fall of individual Particles,he removal of one or moi Selected TOM a as mixture by absorption is probably the most important peration in the control of gaseous pollutant emission: Absorption is a process in which a gaseous pollutant is dissolved in a liquid. As the gas stream passes through the liquid, the liquid absorbs the ¢ Absorbers are often referred to as scrubbers, and there are various types of absorption equipment The principal types of gas absorption equipment include tray towers, packed columns, spray chambers, and venturi scrubbers In general, absorbers can achieve removal efficiencies grater than 95 percent. One potential problem with absorption is the generation of waste-water, which converts anair pollution problem to a water pollution problem,RAY TOWER Step wise contact between the gasand liquid occurs Liquid introduced at the top of the cascades from one step toanother and withdrawn from the bottom. Small holes in tray, or slotted caps immerged in liq forms bubbles. Adsorption takes place during, the bubble formation and theirascent through the liquids,a Na= ky (Wg ¥) = 0%) ~ x) And N= K, (¥g_¥") = K(x" - x) (ii) Here k, and k, are individual mass transfer coefficients in gas and liquid phase, respectively, and K, and K, are overall mass transfer coefficient. Similarly, expression in terms of mole fraction is given as Y= Mx, (iii) From equation (i-iil), the overall mass transfer coefficient K, can be writtenas 101 im Eo aParmesh ChaudhariParmesh ChaudhariParmesh ChaudhariParmesh ChaudhariParmesh ChaudhariParmesh ChaudhariParmesh ChaudhariNCS oro] aa =X-1 gO all [0 atollParmesh Chaudharitof pa: The partical size which removal efficiency is 50 %, represented by d,.