(a) o) Rigid footing vertical stwatn influence factor. , oot 02 03 oa Os oe — a a BQ — os _ } 1, 05+0 2 EB Pop f see (b) below : L,=Length of footing 32 ‘B,= least width of footing ; i 238, Figure 8-21. (2) Simplified vertical strain infimence factor distributions, (b) Explanation of pressure terms in equation for I,, (after Schmertmann, er al_, 1978).Table 5-16 Elastic constants of various soils (after AASHTO 2004 with 2006 Interims) Soil Type Tee es Poisson’s Ratio, v Cay: Soe sensitive 25.150 Medium stiff to stiff 150-500 04.055 (undrained) Vary suf 500-1,000 ‘Loess 150-600 01-03 Silt 30-200 03.035 Fine Sand Loose 80-120 025 Medium dense 120-200 Dense 200.300 Sand Loose 100-300 0.20-0.36 Medium dense 300.500 Dense 500-300 0.30-0.40 Gravel Loose 300-800 0.20-0.35 Medium dense 800-1,000 Dense 1,000-2,000 0.30-0.40 Estimating E, from SPT N-value Sal Type EGS Silts sandy alls slighily cobesive mixtures FNIeo Clean fine to medium sands and slightly silty sands TNlco Coarse sands and sands with little gravel 10 N1gy Sandy gravel and gravels 1DNgo Estimating E, (tsf) from q, static cone resistance Sandy soils ge where (qe is in ts) Note: 1 tsf=95.76kPaTable 8-11 ‘Values of parameters used im settlement analysis by Schmertmann’s method Lat | Depth | Deptitot Kat | Depen | Deptbot me | toh. | x ing | tot, |. x 1B, | Haine | ie diagam, factor | LB, | OGRE | "Ele sagem, factor La Tn Nowe | Noel | Nose? Nowet| Notel | Tate? 100 [ o.200 [os00| 2.000 | 1250 | 600 | rss [ors | sam | 1.528 as | o103_[osi¢ [2056 [1269 [625 | aise [072 [3.167 | sa 130 | 0106 [0523 [ 21 [12738 [650 | oiel [0906 [3202 [1556 Ls | 010s [0342 [2167 [1292 [675 | ois [ois [3278 [ise 200 { o11 [oss | 222 | 1306 | 700 | o1e7 | osaa| saga | 1sa2 225[ o14 [oseo | 2278 [sie [725 | or [oss7 | sao | 1507 250[ 017 [oss] 2333 [1333] 750 | o1m [oss] 34 [16 275 [one [ose7 | a3e9 [1347 [775 [aims [oes | 3300 [1.005 3.00 | o122 [os | 244 [1361 | 3.00 | 017s | osso | 356 | 1639 3.25 [ons [oss | 3.500 [1375 [335 | ors [oo03 | 3611 [1653 350[ 0138 [oss | 23556 [1380] aso | ores [oot] 3667 [1667 375 01s [oess | zen [1403 [375 [ors [oos | 3722 [Tear 400 [ 0133 [oset | 2667 [1ai7[ 900 | ors [oo | 377s [sor 425 | 0136 [ossi | 2722 [1431] 925 | o1s2 | ooss | 3.333 | 170s 450] o13e [osos | ass [143 [oso | ois [oor] 3389 [172 4.75 | 0142 [0703] 2833 [1458 [975 | o197 [osss] 304 [1736 5.00 [ o14s [0722 | 2s89 | 1472 [10.00| 0200 | L000 | 4.000 [1.750 325 [ 0147 [owe | 2s [1496 [=10 | 0200 | 1000 | 4.000 [1.750 350 [ 0.150 [0.750 | 3.000 | 1.500 5.75 [ 0.153 [ores] 3.056 | 1514 ‘Notes: 1. The depths are obtained by multiplying the value in this column by the footing: width By 2. Helastic modulus is not based on SPT or CPT, then X=1.0. See Section 85.1.1 fora discussion on values of X factor.Table $13 ‘Shape and rigidity factors, C., for calculating settlements of points om loaded areas at the surface of a semi-infimite elastic half space (after Winterkorn and Fang. 1975) Middle of | Middle of Shape Center | Comer | cs iside | LoneSide | 2° Circle 1.00 os ir oe ‘OBS ‘Cimcle (rigid) 078 oe on on a9 Square Ta 036 076 ae 035 Square (isd) | _099 cry iy 099 099 15 136 oar om 087 Lis 2 132 076 oe Tz 130 a 178 oat Tt 135 152 5 2 105 ia 168 LaF 0 FEY 126 1a 22 235 100 s00 200 2 360 370 TO0 547 2s 1a 505 515 1K 60 3 3.70 650 650oy mn o ‘Figure 9-1. Situations in which deep foundations may be needed (Vesic, 1977; FHWA, ‘206a).Table 9-1 Pile type selection based on subsurface and hydraulic conditions Typical Problem | Recommendations ‘Boulders overlying | Use heavy nondisplacemen driven pile with a reinforced tp or manu- ‘bearing sarum ——_‘| facrured point and include contingent predrilling item in contract. Depending on the size of the boulders, lage diameter drilled shaft may be feasible ‘Loose cohesionless Ug gre fo yeep mais sg tos For drilled chats, soil side-support in form of casing or skurry will be required making it costlier than the driven pile option ‘Negative shat ‘Use smooth steel pile to minimize drag adhesion, and avoid battered sesistance, piles. Minimize the mazninude of drag force when possitle. In case of drilled shafts use casing to minimize drag load. ‘Deep soft clay ‘Use rough concrete pile to increase adhesion and.rate of pare water dissipation. Drilled shaft is possible but side-support in form of casing or slury will be required making it costlier than driven pile eption. Artesian Pressure ‘Do not use mandrel driven thin-wall shells as generated hydrestatic pressure may cause shell collapse: pile heave common to clased-end pipe In case of drilled shaft_a slurry drilline will be required. Scour ‘Do not use tapered piles unless large part of taper extends well below scour depth. Desizn permanent pile capacity ta mobilize soil resistance below scour depth Large drilled shaft is likely a better option compared. toa group of piles Coarse Gravel (Use precast concrete piles where hard driving expected in coarse soils. ‘Deposits DO NOT use H-piles ar open end pipes as nondisplacement piles will penetrate at low blow count and cause unnecessary overruns. Drilled shaft is likely a better option for coarse gravel deposi‘Axial Load Shaft Resistance in Pls Distibullon: No Shafi Resistance et) {by Uniform THlangular Figure 9-4. Typical load transfer profile: (FHWA, 2006a).Figure 9-15. Adhesion values for driven piles in mixed soil profiles, (a) Case 1: piles driven through overlying sands or sandy gravels, and (b) Case 2: piles driven through overlying ‘weak clay (Tomlinson, 1980). ° 1 2 8 ‘ 6 Undralned Shor Sireagih, 6, Qf) Figure 9-16, Adhesion values for driven pies in stiff clays without different overlying strata (Case 3) (Tomlinson, 1980).‘Table 9-7 Approximate range of p and N, coefficients (Fellenins, 1991) Sail Type e a x chy 3-30 05-040 I-30 Sit T= oa7-050 -a Sand 3-0 030-060 30-150 Gravel Bs 035-080 0-300 1.0 ~ 7 08 “ fete Boa Coefficient 03 SI lay - It att a2 4 20 25 30 cd 40 45 50 # (degreas) ‘Figure 9-17. Chart for estimating f coefficient as a fanction of soil type g" (after Fellenins, sl).Figure 9-18, Chart for estimating N, coefficients as a function of soil type 4" angle (after Fedlenius, 1991).1) Slagle Pls 1) Pla Growp Figure 5-31 Stress zone from single pile and pile group (after Tomlinson, OD rete Figure 9-32. Overlap of stress zones for friction pile group (after Bowles, 1996).