Fourier Transforms

Integral Transform:
𝑏
The integral transform of a function f(x) is defined as ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥) is termed as
the kernel of the transform and it is a function of 𝑠, 𝑥.
𝑏
Note that the evaluation of integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 gives a function of 𝑠. So, by integral
𝑏
transform, the function of 𝑓(𝑥) transformed to Ι(𝑠), where Ι(𝑠) = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 .

Kernel: In an integral transform, the kernel 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥) is a function of 𝑠 and 𝑥 where input function is a
function of 𝑥 alone.

There are various choice of kernels that define different kinds of transforms such as
∞
(i) 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 for Laplace transform of 𝑓(𝑥) i.e ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 −𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑠)
(ii) 𝑘(𝑠, 𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 for Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥)
∞
i.e ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑠)

Fourier Transform:

We have the complex form of Fourier integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) as

1 ∞ ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝜆(𝑡−𝑥) 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝜆
2𝜋 −∞ −∞

1 ∞ ∞
or 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠(𝑡−𝑥) 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋 −∞ −∞
𝑑𝑠
1 ∞ ∞
= 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 [∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡] 𝑑𝑠

∞
Let 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

1 ∞
Then 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑑𝑠 .

∞
The function ∫−∞ 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒆 𝒊𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 is called as the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) and is denoted by 𝑭(𝒔) or
𝑭{𝒇(𝒙)}
𝟏 ∞
The function 𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒆− 𝒊𝒔𝒙 𝑭(𝒔) 𝒅𝒔 is called as the inverse Fourier transform of 𝑭(𝒔).
𝟐𝝅 −∞

Note: If Fourier Transform of 𝒇(𝒙) is 𝒌𝒇(𝒔) then 𝒇(𝒙) is said to be self

reciprocal under Fourier transform

Fourier Cosine Transform:

We have the Fourier cosine integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) as

2 ∞ ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 . ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑠
2 ∞ ∞
i.e 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 [∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑥[ ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]𝑑𝑠 ].
∞
Let 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
 2 ∞
Then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 ∫0 𝐹𝑐 (𝑠) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠.
∞
The function 𝑭𝒄 (𝒔) = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 is called as the Fourier cosine transform of 𝒇(𝒙) it is also
denoted by 𝑭{𝒇(𝒙)}.
2 ∞
The function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝜋 ∫𝟎 𝑭𝒄 (𝒔)𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒔 is called as the inverse Fourier cosine transform of
𝑭𝒄 (𝒔).

Fourier Sine Transform:

We have the Fourier sine integral representation of 𝑓(𝑥) as

2 ∞ ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 ∫0 ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑡𝑑𝑠.
2 ∞ ∞
i.e 𝑓(𝑥) = [∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥[ ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡]𝑑𝑠 ] .
𝜋
∞
Let 𝐹𝑆 (𝑠) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
2 ∞
Then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝜋 ∫0 𝐹𝑆 (𝑠)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 .
∞
The function 𝑭𝑺 (𝒔) = ∫𝟎 𝒇(𝒕) 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕 is called as the Fourier sine transform of 𝒇(𝒙) it is also
denoted by 𝑭{𝒇(𝒙)}
2 ∞
The function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝜋 ∫𝟎 𝑭𝑺 (𝒔)𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒔𝒙 𝒅𝒔 is called as the inverse Fourier sine transform of 𝑭𝑺 (𝒔).

𝒂 − |𝒙|, |𝒙| < 𝒂

Prob1: Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝒂
∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝝅
And hence show that ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 𝟐

𝑎 − |𝑥|, |𝑥| < 𝑎

Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, |𝑥| > 𝑎
𝑎 − |𝑥| , − 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎
i.e 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑥 > 𝑎 0𝑟 𝑥 < −𝑎
The Fourier Transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by
∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−∞
−𝑎 𝑎 ∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
= 0 + ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0
𝑎
= 0 + ∫−𝑎(𝑎 − |𝑡|) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0
0 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎(𝑎 − |𝑡|) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 (𝑎 − |𝑡|) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑎
= ∫−𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 (𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0
To evaluate ∫−𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 :
 Put 𝑡 = − 𝑝 in the integral then 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑑𝑝

𝑡 = −𝑎 ⟹ 𝑝 = 𝑎 and 𝑡 = 0 ⟹ 𝑝 = 0
0 0 𝑎
∫ (𝑎 + 𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑝) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑝 (−𝑑𝑝) = ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑝) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑝 𝑑𝑝
−𝑎 𝑎 0
𝑎
= ∫0 (𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ (𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑎
= ∫0 (𝑎 − 𝑡)( 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠𝑡 + 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
= 2 ∫0 (𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡 (− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑡) 𝑎

= 2 [(𝑎 − 𝑡) − (−1) ]
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑡=0

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑡 𝑎
= 2 [(𝑎 − 𝑡) 𝑠
− 𝑠2
]
𝑡=0

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑠 1
= 2 [0 − 𝑠2
− {0 − 𝑠2 }]

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑠
= 2[ 𝑠2
]

By Inverse formula for Fourier transform, we have

1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠
1 ∞
∫ 𝐹(𝑠)
2𝜋 −∞
𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)
1 ∞ 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑠
⟹ 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 2 [ 𝑠2
] 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)

1 ∞ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎𝑠/2) 𝑎 − |𝑥|, −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎

⟹ 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = {
𝑠2 0, |𝑥| > 𝑎
Put 𝑥 = 0 on both sides (𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0)
1 ∞ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎𝑠/2)
⟹ 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑠2
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎
2
Take 𝑎𝑠/2 = 𝑢, then 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑢

2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 2
⟹ 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑢2 (4/𝑎2 ) 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 =𝑎

2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 2
⟹ 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑢2 (4/𝑎2 ) 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 =𝑎

2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 𝑎 2 2
⟹ 𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑢2 4 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 =𝑎

∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢
⟹ ∫−∞ 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝜋

∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢
⟹ 2 ∫0 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝜋
 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑢 𝜋 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 𝝅
⟹ ∫0 𝑢2
𝑑𝑢 = 2
or ∫𝟎 𝒙𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐

𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 , |𝒙| ≤ 𝟏
Prob 2: Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { . And hence
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟏

∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑥 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥

evaluate ∫𝟎 ( 𝑥3
) cos 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫𝟎 ( 𝑥3
) 𝑑𝑥

1 − 𝑥 2 , |𝑥| ≤ 1
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, |𝑥| > 1

1 − 𝑥2 , − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
i.e 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0, 𝑥 > 1 0𝑟 𝑥 < −1
∞
The Fourier Transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

−1 1 ∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫−1 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫1 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1
= 0 + ∫−1 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0

1
= 0 + ∫−1(1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0

1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡
= [(1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑖𝑠
− (−2𝑡) (𝑖𝑠)2 + (−2) (𝑖𝑠)3 ]
𝑡=−1

1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡
= [(1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑖𝑠
+ (2𝑡) (−1)𝑠2 + (−2) (−𝑖)𝑠3 ]
𝑡=−1

1
𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡
= [(1 − 𝑡 2 ) 𝑖𝑠
− 2𝑡 𝑠2
+2 3 ]
𝑖𝑠 𝑡=−1

𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠
= [0 − 2 𝑠2
+ 2 𝑖𝑠3 − {0 + 2 𝑠2
+2 𝑖𝑠3
}]

2 𝑒 𝑖𝑠 −𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 2
= 𝑠3 ( 𝑖
) − 𝑠2 (𝑒 𝑖𝑠 + 𝑒 −𝑖𝑠 )

2 2𝑖 sin 𝑠 2
= 𝑠3 ( 𝑖
) − 𝑠2 (2 cos 𝑠)

4
= (sin 𝑠 − 𝑠 cos 𝑠)
𝑠3

By Inverse formula for Fourier transform, we have

1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠

1 ∞
∫ 𝐹(𝑠)
2𝜋 −∞
𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)

1 ∞ 4
⟹ 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑠3 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠) 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)
 2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 1 − 𝑥2 , − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
⟹ 𝜋 ∫−∞ ( 𝑠3
) 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = { …(1)
0, 𝑥 > 1 0𝑟 𝑥 < −1

(i) Put 𝑥 = 0 on both sides (𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 0)

2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠
∫ (
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠3
) 𝑑𝑠 = 1

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠
Observe that 𝑠3
is even function

4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠
⟹ 𝜋 ∫0 ( 𝑠3
) 𝑑𝑠 = 1

∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 𝜋 ∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝝅

⟹ ∫0 ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = or ∫𝟎 ( ) 𝒅𝒔 =
𝑠3 4 𝒙𝟑 𝟒

2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 1 − 𝑥2 , − 1 < 𝑥 < 1

(ii)We have 𝜋 ∫−∞ ( 𝑠3
) 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = {
0, 𝑥 > 1 0𝑟 𝑥 < −1

2 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 1 − 𝑥2 , − 1 < 𝑥 < 1

i.e ∫ (
𝜋 −∞ 𝑠3
) (cos 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑠 = {
0, 𝑥 > 1 0𝑟 𝑥 < −1

4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠 1 − 𝑥2 , − 1 < 𝑥 < 1

∫ (
𝜋 0 𝑠3
) cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 ={ …(2)
0, 𝑥 > 1 0𝑟 𝑥 < −1

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠
(since ( 𝑠3
) cos 𝑠𝑥 is even function of 𝑠 and
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑠
( ) sin 𝑠𝑥 is odd function of 𝑠 )
𝑠3
1
Put 𝑥 = on both sides of (2)
2

4 ∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑥 3
∫ (
𝜋 𝟎 𝑥3
) cos 2 𝑑𝑥 =4
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
⟹ ∫𝟎 ( ) cos 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥3 2 16

Prob 3: Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| , 𝒂 > 𝟎. And hence

∞ 1 𝑥
evaluate ∫𝟎 cos 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 2 +𝑥 2 2

𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , 𝑥 < 0
Solution: Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎|𝑥| i.e 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 , 𝑥 > 0
∞
The Fourier Transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is given by 𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0 ∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0 ∞
= ∫−∞ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

0 ∞
= ∫−∞ 𝑒 (𝑎+𝑖𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑎−𝑖𝑠)𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 0 ∞
𝑒 (𝑎+𝑖𝑠)𝑡 𝑒 −(𝑎−𝑖𝑠)𝑡
=[ ]
𝑎+𝑖𝑠 𝑡=−∞
+ [ −(𝑎−𝑖𝑠) ]
𝑡=0

1 1 1 1
= 𝑎+𝑖𝑠 − {0} + 0 − {−(𝑎−𝑖𝑠)} = 𝑎+𝑖𝑠 + 𝑎−𝑖𝑠

2𝑎 2𝑎
= (𝑎+𝑖𝑠)(𝑎−𝑖𝑠) = 𝑎2 +𝑠2

Evaluation of integral:

By Inverse formula for Fourier transform, we have

1 ∞
𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝐹(𝑠) 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠

1 ∞
∫ 𝐹(𝑠)
2𝜋 −∞
𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)

1 ∞ 2𝑎
⟹ 2𝜋 ∫−∞ 𝑎2 +𝑠2 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑎 ∞ 1
⟹ ∫−∞ 2 2 𝑒 − 𝑖𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙|
𝜋 𝑎 +𝑠

∞ 1 𝜋
⟹ ∫−∞ 𝑎2 +𝑠2 (cos 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑖 sin 𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙|

∞ 1 𝜋
⟹ 2 ∫0 𝑎 2 +𝑠2
cos 𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑎 𝒆−𝒂|𝒙| …(1)

Take 𝑥 = 1/2 on both sides of (1)

∞ 1 𝑠 𝜋
⟹ 2 ∫0 cos ( ) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑎/2
𝑎 2 +𝑠2 2 𝑎

∞ 1 𝑠 𝜋
⟹ ∫0 𝑎 2 +𝑠2
cos (2) 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝑎 𝑒 −𝑎/2

𝑎
∞ 1 𝑥 𝜋
Or ∫0 𝑎 2 +𝑥 2
cos (2) 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑎 𝑒 −2

x2
−
−𝒂𝒙𝟐 2
Prob 4: Find Fourier transform of 𝒆 , −∞ < 𝒙 < ∞ and deduce that e

is self-reciprocal under Fourier transform

2
Solution: Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 , −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞

The Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑥) is

∞
𝐹(𝑠) = ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∞ 2
= ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 ∞ 2
= ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡−𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑠𝑡
∞ −𝑎(𝑡 2 −𝑖 )
= ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑖𝑠
∞ −𝑎(𝑡 2 −2𝑡 )
= ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 2𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑠 2
∞ −𝑎[(𝑡− ) −( ) ]
= ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑑𝑡 ( since 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 − 𝑏 2

𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠2
∞ −𝑎[(𝑡− ) + 2 ]
= ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 2𝑎 4𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑖𝑠 2 𝑠2
∞ −𝑎(𝑡− )
= ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 2𝑎 𝑒 −4𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑠2 𝑖𝑠 2
∞ −𝑎(𝑡− )
= 𝑒 −4𝑎 ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 2𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑖𝑠
Let √𝑎 (𝑡 − 2𝑎) = 𝑢 then 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢/√𝑎

𝑠2
1 ∞ 2
𝐹(𝑠) = 𝑒 −4𝑎 ∫𝑥=−∞ 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑎

𝑠2
2 ∞ 2
= 𝑒 −4𝑎 ∫0 𝑒 −𝑢 𝑑𝑢
√𝑎

𝑠2
− 2 √𝜋 ∞ 𝟐 √𝝅
=𝑒 4𝑎 (since ∫𝟎 𝒆−𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = )
√𝑎 2 𝟐

𝑠2
2 √𝜋
Hence the Fourier transform 𝐹{𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 } = 𝑒 −4𝑎
√𝑎
1
Take 𝑎 = 2

𝑥2 𝑠2
𝐹 {𝑒 − 2 } = √2𝜋𝑒 − 2

𝑥2
Hence 𝑒 − 2 is self- reciprocal under Fourier transform

Practice Problems:
𝒌 |𝒙| ≤ 𝒂
1. Find Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { , 𝒂, 𝒌 are constants and hence evaluate
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝒂
∞ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
∫𝟎 𝒙
𝒅𝒙.
𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 , |𝒙| ≤ 𝟐
2. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = { . And hence
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝟐

∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
evaluate ∫𝟎 ( 𝒙𝟑
) 𝒅𝒙
 𝒙, |𝒙| ≤ 𝒂
3. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, |𝒙| > 𝒂

𝒆𝒂𝒙 , 𝒙<𝟎
4. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, 𝒙 > 𝟎, 𝒂 > 𝟎

𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙, −𝒂 < 𝒙 < 𝒂

5. Find the Fourier transform of 𝒇(𝒙) = {
𝟎, | 𝒙| > 𝒂
−(1 + 𝑡) , −1≤ 𝑡 <0
6. Find the Fourier transform of 𝑓(𝑡) = { 𝑡−1 , 0< 𝑡≤1
0, 𝑡>2