 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 

 ١٢١

‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
١٧١
  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
??EF‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬L١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
   ١
  ٢

K‫א‬ J
K‫א‬ J
٣
 J
 EF

  ٤

 W‫א‬L٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ١
 

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬L٣
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬
١
 E‫א‬F

  ٢

 K ٣

 
 W‫א‬L٤

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ١
،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J
‫א‬، ‫א‬ ٢
 KKKKK
، ‫א‬ J
K‫א‬KKKK‫א‬
‫א‬،
٣


، ٤
 
 

-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  J
١
  J
 F ٢

‫א‬
٣
 K،

 
 W‫א‬L٦
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ١
 
 W‫א‬L٧
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
١
 E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
F
٢
 E‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬L٨
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ١

 
 WL٩

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E‫א‬F
١
‫א‬‫א‬،
F‫א‬‫א‬،
٢
E
‫א‬‫א‬،،
٣
E‫א‬F
F‫א‬‫א‬،
٤
E
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٥
،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
F، J
 KE
٦
‫א‬‫א‬، J
E‫א‬F
 

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬L١٠

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 EF
 ‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬ J
 
 EF J ٢
 J 
  J
  J ٣
 J
 ‫א‬
 K J J ٤
 J J
  
 W‫א‬L١١

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
، ١
  J J
٢
 J  

‫א‬ 
٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

-٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬L١٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ١

F‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
٢
E
 

 W‫א‬L١٣

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W،
  J
  J
١
  J
  J
 J
 
‫א‬K J
٢
 
 
 J
 
 EF J ٣
‫א‬ J
 

-٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬L١٤

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
E F، ١
 
‫א‬،‫א‬ J
 K ٢
،‫א‬ J
K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬L١٥

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  J
١
‫א‬ J

٢
‫א‬

 ٣

 W‫א‬L١٦

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ١
 
 

-٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١٧

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  J
١
 J

 ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J
٣
  J
‫א‬‫א‬ J

 W‫א‬L١٨

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  J ١
‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W
  J
٢
F‫א‬‫א‬ J
E‫א‬

 EF ٣

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 PNP‫א‬ J
 EF‫א‬ = E
 EF‫א‬= B
 ‫א‬= C
 
 NPN‫א‬ J ٤
 EF‫א‬ = E
 EF‫א‬= B
 ‫א‬= C


 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
،
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  R
  L
  B
 ‫א‬ V
  LG
  BR
  W
  O
  Q
  Y
  P
  GR

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E JF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

- ١١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J١F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
 
 

- ١٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J١F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬
 

- ١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E
 F‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦–١F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
 

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 

- ١٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢–١F‫א‬

 

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣ J١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
KE١٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٥ J١F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F‫א‬

- ٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J١F‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J١F
 
- ٢١ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

 
 
 

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
KEF‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFL٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬L٥
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬L٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFL٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬

 W‫א‬L٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬K
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬

 W–‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 J
 J
 J
 J
 J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬L٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬
 K

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬EF
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٨ J٢،٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬
 
 

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

 

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬١٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KL
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬
 

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

 
 ‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٢F‫א‬

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 WW 
K‫א‬‫א‬R‫א‬U‫א‬I‫א‬‫א‬
 R‫א‬U‫א‬I‫א‬
 

U
I=
R
 
 W
 K( A )‫א‬ZI
 K( V ) ‫א‬ZU
 K( Ω) ‫א‬ZR

١ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

(U = 12 V) ‫א‬(R = 3 Ω)
 K‫א‬
 U = 12 V،R = 3 ΩW‫א‬
I = ? AW‫א‬
 ‫א‬
U 12
I= = =4A
R 3

- ٣٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

  ٢ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
 
(R = 36 Ω)
 ‫א‬(U) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(I = A)
 I = 0.33 A،R = 3 ΩW‫א‬
U =? VW‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 U = I× R = 0.33 × 36 = 11.88 V
 
 

  ٣ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
 
 (U = 12 V) ‫א‬
 ‫(؟‬R)‫א‬(I = 4.58A)
U = 12 V،I = 4.58 AW‫א‬
R = ? ΩW‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
U 12
 R = = = 2.62 A
I 4.58
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KU‫א‬I‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EKKK‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 

P = U×I
 
 W
 K(w)‫א‬‫א‬ZP
 K( V ) ‫א‬ZU
 K( A )‫א‬ZI
 

×
1 Kw = 1000 W
÷
 
 

Nm j
1W = 1 =1
S S
 
 
 

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
١ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

‫א‬(U = 12 V)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Kw)(P)‫א‬‫א‬K(I = 670 A)
U = 12 V،I =670AW‫א‬
P = ? KwW‫א‬
 ‫א‬

P = U×I
= 12 × 670
= 8040 w
8040
=
1000
= 8 Kw
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
(U)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬L
 P = U×I
 
 ‫א‬L
 U =R×I
 
 

- ٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬L

P = R ×I×I

P = R × I2
 W
 K( Ω) ‫א‬ZR
 
٢ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

 (I = 42A)(R = 0.0405 Ω)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 R = 0.0405Ω ،I = 42 AW‫א‬
 P = ? WW‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

P = I 2 × R = (42 ) × 0.0405 = 71.442 W

2

- ٣٩ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩٠ J٦٠F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٨
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ١٥ ‫א‬ ٨  ‫א‬ ١

 ١٦ ‫א‬ ٩   ٢
 ١٧  ١٠   ٣
  ١٨ ‫א‬ ١١  ٤
 ١٩ ‫ א‬١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠  ١٣  ٦
  ٢١  ١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٧
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤FE٣F‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬E١٣F
E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬E٥F‫א‬E١٢F
 KE١٨،١٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١٩،١٨F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥F
E٢٠F‫א‬E١٢FE٥FE١٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ E١٩،١٨F‫א‬
‫א‬E٥F‫א‬‫א‬ 
E١٩،١٨F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧ J٣F
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬

 W‫א‬W 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٣F‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٣F‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،E١٤ J٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
O ‫א‬W P
 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WL
 2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WH
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 E١٤ J٣F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٣F
 ‫א‬C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬C

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٣F
 

 off‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E١٤ J٣F‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E١٦ J٣F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٣F
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٣F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬L٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬E١٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٣F‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E٢١ J٣F‫א‬

 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،( 100° c ) ‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ( 181° F = 83° c ) ‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬
 KE٢٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬E٢٣ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬( 199° F = 93° c )  ‫א‬‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬

  
 ‫א‬E٢٤ J٣F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٣F‫א‬

 

- ٦٥ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

-٦٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫אא‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 

 ٤W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬ELFELF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬LELF‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٦٤W١‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 EEMPTY F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E¼F‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E½F‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E¾ F‫א‬ J
 EFULL F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFF‫א‬ J
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EFF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EE F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 EEMPTY F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E½F‫א‬ J
 EFULL F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFF‫א‬ J
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ٧٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬
 
 
 
- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE٩ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬L١

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬L٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EHF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،،،
‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬،EHOT F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENF‫א‬‫א‬،ECOLD F
 KENORMALF

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٤F‫א‬
- ٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ECF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EHF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ENF‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Eo98 o92 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬
 

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F‫א‬

- ٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE١١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،
 ،‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٦٠
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 


 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 WE١٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬L١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬، 
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٨٨،‫א‬‫א‬L
 

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬L١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬L٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE١٥ J٤F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬
 

- ٨٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٤F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 

 ١٠W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

-٨٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F‫א‬

 K J١
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 K‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J٣
 K J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٢ J٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EE٣ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٣ J٥F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

-٩١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F‫א‬
 
 

-٩٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٦ J٥F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F‫א‬
 

-٩٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
‫א‬E F ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L١
 K‫א‬‫א‬L٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L٣
‫א‬E٨ J٥F ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٥F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
-٩٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
multiplexers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KRAM‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬DLA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
microprocessor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٥F‫א‬

-٩٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٥F‫א‬

-٩٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٥F‫א‬

 
 

-٩٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٥F‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١٠٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٥F‫א‬

-١٠١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٥F‫א‬

 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٥F‫א‬

 

-١٠٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٥F‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E١٧ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

-١٠٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J٥F‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

-١٠٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨ J٥F‫א‬

 
 
 

-١٠٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٥F‫א‬
 
 E٢٠ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٥F‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
-١٠٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K30 MH2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J٣  ‫א‬‫א‬ J٢  ‫א‬ J١
 ‫א‬ J٦  ‫א‬ J٥  ‫א‬ J٤
 ‫א‬ J٩  ‫א‬ J٨  ‫א‬ J٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١١  ‫א‬‫א‬ J١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢١ J٥F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬       ‫א‬‫א‬    
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ J٣
 K
 K‫א‬ J٤

-١٠٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 20kΩ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢٢ J٥F‫א‬
   ‫א‬       E٢٣ J٥F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ?‫?א‬
-١١٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬E٢٣ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٢٤ J٥F

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٥F‫א‬
 
 
 

-١١١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J٥
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٥F‫א‬
 
 
-١١٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 B+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦ J٥F‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧ J٥F‫א‬

 

-١١٣-
  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 

Amber meter ‫א‬‫א‬

Adjusting ‫א‬
Circuit ‫א‬
Typical 
Velocity 
Workshop 
Lab Test  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Engine ‫א‬
Governor  ‫א‬
Starter ‫א‬
Alternator 
Fuses & Wires ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sensors ‫א‬
Electric Motor  ‫א‬‫א‬
Raise equipment ‫א‬‫א‬
Start the engine  ‫א‬
Decrease speed ‫א‬
Increase speed  ‫א‬
Stop the engine ‫א‬
Operating  
lower gear 
downhill 
Hitching ،
Safety  
Special Tools  

- ١١٤ -
  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

Dynamometer ‫א‬‫א‬
Hydrometer ‫א‬‫א‬
Torque limit ‫א‬
Troubleshooting E‫א‬F‫א‬
Service 
Repair  
Maintenance  
Testing ‫א‬
BATTERY 
BRAKE‫א‬
CONDENSER
STARTER ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CUTOUT‫א‬
EFFICIENCY
ENERGY‫א‬
ENGINE
FAN
FLYWHEEL‫א‬‫א‬
GENERATOR‫א‬
GOVERNOR
HYDROMETER
METRIC SYSTEM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
TIMING
 VOLT
 VOLTMETER‫א‬
IGNITION SWITCH  ‫א‬

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  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 

NEGATIVE  ‫א‬
POSITIVE  ‫א‬
TERMINAL  ‫א‬‫א‬
RESISTER  
FISES  ‫א‬
MAXIMUM  ‫א‬‫א‬
MINIMUM  ‫א‬‫א‬
CAPACITOR  
CHARGE  
RELAY  
SHORT CIRCUIT  ‫א‬
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM  ‫א‬‫א‬
STERTOR  ‫א‬
ALTERNATOR  
HORN  
BATTERY  ‫א‬
WIRE  
LAMB  

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  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
REFERENCES

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 L‫א‬L
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L
 L  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬WL‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  
 ‫א‬L  ‫א‬ ٤
 ‫א‬  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬ ٧
‫א‬WL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨
 KKW‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩
EgoogleF‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٠
‫א‬‫א‬ ١١
Tractors and Their Power Units, John B.Liljedahl and Walter M.Carleton. ١٢
Finnar , M.F.” Farm Machinery Fundamentals” American Publishing Co. Madison,
١٣
Medisori Washington USA
Andrew N., John D.& Robert S.. “Diesel Technology (Fundamentals, Service,
١٤
Repair.)” The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.
Tractors & Automobiles. Translated from Russian by S. Kittell. Third edition 1993 .
١٥
Mir Publishers Moscow .
Diesel Fun dementias service repair/William K toboldt
١٦

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  ١٧١  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
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