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Muslim Ablution Eco Water Tap Conceptual Design for Islamic Boarding
School in Indonesia

Conference Paper · December 2018

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Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Industrial Engineering & Management Systems Conference 2018

Muslim Ablution Eco Water Tap Conceptual Design for Islamic

Boarding School in Indonesia
Moch. 'Alimul Akbar Rafsanjani
Department of Engineering Management
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

Wildan Trusaji †
Department of Engineering Management
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: wildan@mail.ti.itb.ac.id

Dradjad Irianto
Department of Industrial Engineering
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia

Abstract. Water is one of the most fundamental elements of every human activity including ablution. Five times a day
Muslim is obligated to do praying activities called salah and it is preceded by an ablution activity called wudu'. The
Islamic Prophet, Muhammad, has set an example to use only a small amount of water to do a wudu', around 0,75 liter.
Nevertheless, Muslims in Indonesia has a tendency to use a huge amount of water. This tendency is caused by the
incompatible of conventional water tap design with the procedure of wudu' activity. Some researcher has developed an
automatic sensor based water tap, and successfully reduce the water usage by up to 40%. However, the adoption of this
product in mosques or Islamic boarding schools are still minimum. The complexity of installing and maintaining the
sensor based water tap are the reasons why the product is not commercially successful. With this problem in mind, the
eco water tap product is designed. The product design development processes are customer need identification, product
specification, concept generation, concept selection, concept evaluation, and architecture design. The customer needed
are accommodated to ensure the appropriateness of the product. The output of this research is a 3D product CAD which
can be manufactured to create a prototype.

Keywords: Sustainable Design, Appropriate Technology, Product Development, Conceptual Design, Water Tap

1. INTRODUCTION wudu' simultaneously. In Indonesia, the most populous

In Southeast Asian Muslim country like Indonesia, there
is education institution that aims to teach its students about the
holy book Al-Quran and Al-Hadist (sayings of the prophet
Muhammad) called Islamic boarding schools
(Pesantren/Pondok). This institution usually provides
dormitory to its student, as well food and other basic needs. It
also has a mosque where every student is obligated to do salah
(prayer) congregationally in it five times a day.
Salah is one of the five pillars in the faith of Islam and it
is preceded by Wudu', a ritual ablution. This ritual involves
washing the hand, mouth, nostrils, arms, head, and feet with
water. The Islamic Prophet, Muhammad, has set an example to
use only a small amount of water to do a wudu', around 0,75
liter (Shahih Bukhari no. 198). Nevertheless, Muslim in
Indonesia has a tendency to use a huge amount of water. In
addition, that act is contradicting with the Islamic belief that
"the wasteful are brothers of the devils"(The Qur’an, Al-Isro
17:27)
. This tendency can cause a big problem for pesantren,
which usually have around 50-100 student where they do
Muslim country in the world (Pew Forum on Religion and
Public Life, 2009), this tendency, if can be changed, can be an
opportunity to significantly increase the water conservation.
As an engineer, the wasteful usage water tendency is seen
as a consequence of misdesign system. Almost all Muslim get
water to do a wudu' from a conventional water tap, which is
not designed to do a wudu' activity. The problem is, when the
water tap is open, it always let the water flows out even the
user's hands are occupied to wash their body part and can't hold
the water. Thus, the water is flowing out without giving any
value added. It is a waste.
Researcher tries to build an automatic sensor-based water
tap (Agustiawan & Hadi, 2017). The product can automatically
close the tap when the user hand is occupied and can't hold any
water. Thus, there is no water that going to waste. They claim
it can save to 40% of water usage. However, the product is not
widely adopted. The main downfall of the product is it needs
electrical power, so it needs high initial investment to build the
electrical infrastructure, which most of pesantren or mosque
didn't possess. With this problem in mind, the research aims to

1
create an automatic water tap based on a mechanical The score range is 0 - 100. And the result of this step is the
mechanism. In addition, pesantren stakeholder needs are following:
accommodated to ensure the appropriateness of the product. A
modified Ulrich product development framework (Ulrich & Table 1: Voice of customer indicator & it is weight
Eppinger, 2012) is used to create the product conceptual No. Indicator Weight
1 Water tap can be tightly closed 96,25
design. 2 Water conserving 96,25
3 Conformance with standard water tap size 92,5
2. Wudu' Procedure 4 Safe to use 91,25
5 Water tap not easily cracked 91,25
Wudu' is a ritual ablution activity and typically done in
6 Has a water conserving impression 91,25
preparation for salah. Every mosque has a designated place 7 Joint not leaks 90
only for doing wudu like figure xx. Wudu' is completed when 8 Water tap not easily broken 90
all these body parts were washed, the face, both arms including 9 Availability of spare part 90
10 Water tap can be easily closed 88,75
elbows, one-fourth of the head, and both feet once up to and 11 Minimum sharp corner 88,75
including the ankles (The Qur’an, Al-Ma'ida, 5:6). The Wudu' 12 Outflow water is clean 86,25
procedure is (Shahih Bukhari no. 198) 13 Anti-scaling 86,25
14 Has a user-friendly impression 86,25
1. Start by making niyyah (intention to perform wudu') 15 Valve not easily leaking 83,75
and recite bismillah 16 Easily maintained 83,75
2. Wash both hands up to wrists thrice 17 Fast repair 83,75
18 Conformance with national standard (SNI) 83,75
3. Take some water and sniff it into the nostrils thrice and 19 Has a sturdy impression 83,75
then blown out 20 Valve is precision 82,5
4. Rinse the mouth and spit out the water thrice 21 Isolation from the outer environment 82,5
5. Wash the face thrice, from ear to ear, and from hairline 22 Not easily corroded 82,5
23 Valve not easily detach 82,5
to the chin 24 Water tap not easily clogged 82,5
6. Wash the entire right arm thrice, then the left arm thrice 25 Similar with other water taps 82,5
7. Perform masah (wet hands gently pass all over the head, 26 Time needed to perform Wudu’ 81,25
27 Long usage age 81,25
from forehead to the back of the head) once 28 Has a modern impression 81,25
8. Wipe both ears inside and out once 29 Hole size is proportional 80
9. Wash both feet up to ankle thrice 30 Sturdy 80
31 Performance consistency 80
From the procedure, it can be seen that most of the time 32 Conformance with ISO 80
user's both hands is occupied to wash body parts and only small 33 Size is proportional 78,75
amount of time is used to collect the water from the water tap. 34 The handle is not slippery 78,75
35 Water does not remain in water tap 78,75
Thus, if the water tap is opened all the time while a user does
36 Easy repair 78,75
a wudu', more water is wasted than used for wudu'. 37 Water flow consistency 77,5
38 Easily overhauled 77,5
3. Product Development 39 Simple Shape 76,25
40 Water tap can be easily assembled 75
The Muslim ablution eco water tap (eco water tap) 41 Attractive handle design 75
development processes in this research are following 42 Water tap can be maximally opened 72,5
1. Voice of customer identification 43 Attractive color 65
2. Concept generation
3. Concept selection 3.2 Concept Generation
4. Concept testing Before the product concept is generated, the main
5. Product architecture problem needs to be clarified. Identifying the main function of
6. Prototyping water tap serves as a basis to explore the problem
The product specification process is not done in this comprehensively. Black box diagram is used to explain the
function, input, and output of the water tap. Following is the
research. The reason is the Muslim ablution water tap is a new
black box of the water tap (Ulrich & Eppinger, 2012).
product concept. It is hard to find similar water tap as the
benchmark.

3.1 Voice of Customer Identification

In this step, five lead users (von Hippel, 1986) are
interviewed to clarify based customer need indicator that
developed from Garvin’s eight dimensions of quality (Garvin,
1988), and asked to score the relative weight of each indicator.
Figure 1: Black box diagram of water tap

2
 Next, the specific function is identified to give an insight
into a more detail problem formulation. That identified black
box is developed into the functional diagram (fig 2.)
3.3 Concept Selection
Four generated concept now must be selected to choose
one of the best concepts. Pugh's matrix (Pugh, 1990) is used to
do this selection process. Main criteria and subcriteria in this
matrix are developed from Voice of Customer. In addition,
concept A is determined as the reference product. Thus, the
result of Pugh's matrix is as the following(Pugh, 1990).

Table 3: Pugh Matrix

Criteria Subcriteria B C D
Can be used everywhere 0 - -
Reliability Can be used in any
condition 0 0 0
Can help conserving water - 0 0
Performance
Good water quality 0 - -
Sturdy 0 + +
Endurance
Long usage age 0 0 0
Maintain and Easy to maintain - - +
repairability
Figure 2: Functional diagram of water tap Easy to repair - - 0
Easy to use - 0 0
Usability
From the functional diagram, it can be seen that the Comfortable - + 0
function of conserving water comes from the mechanism of
Safe to use 0 - -
turning on and turning off the valve. Unfortunately, both the
turning on and the turning off the valve rely on the same source Perceived quality Attractive design + + +
energy, from the user’s hand to activate the mechanism. Attracting user to try it + + -
Because the user’s hand is occupied with wudu procedure, this Easy to assembly and
mechanism is the main reason why is hard to conserve the Assembly and disassembly - - -
manufacturability
water in wudu activity. Thus, the mechanism must be modified Manufacturability - - 0
and it should be addressed first.
Total (+) 2 4 3
With the identified problem solution in mind, the external
and internal search is done. In an external search, the solution Total (0) 6 4 7
is searched by an interview with experts and looking for a Total (-) 7 7 5
similar product. In the internal search, the team design Total score -5 -3 -2
discusses some alternative solutions. The result of the external
Rank 3 2 1
and internal search is as following.
Decision Combine Go
Table 2: Concept combination table Concept A (reference) Go

Those three concepts (A, BC, and D) are evaluated

further to choose two of the best. The evaluating process is as
the following.
Table 4: Evaluation Matrix
A BC D
Criteria Subcriteria W
R WR R WR R WR
Can be
used 3 3 9 4 12 3 9
everywhere
Reliability
Can be
7 3 21 2 14 2 14
used in any
condition
Can help
Performance 15 3 45 2 30 3 45
conserving

3
 A BC D A D
Criteria Subcriteria W Criteria Subcriteria W
R WR R WR R WR R WR R WR
water 5.7 4.4 25.0 4.4 25.0
Safe to use
Good water Perceived Attractive
5 3 15 1 5 1 5 5.3 4.5 23.8 4.3 22.7
quality quality design
8 3 24 4 32 3 24 Attracting user
Sturdy 5.3 4.5 23.8 4.2 22.2
Endurance to try it
Long usage Easy to
7 3 21 2 14 2 14
age assembly and 5.7 4.3 24.5 3.4 19.3
Assembly and
Maintain Easy to manufacture disassembly
5 3 15 1 5 3 15
and maintain ability Manufacture
repairabili Easy to 5.1 3.7 18.8 3.3 16.8
5 3 15 1 5 2 10 ability
ty repair
10 3 30 1 10 3 30 Total 382.7 350.1
Easy to use
Usability Comfortabl Rank 1 2
4 3 12 2 8 1 4
e
Go or Not go Go Not Go
Safe to use 6 3 18 3 18 2 12
Attractive
Perceived design
2 3 6 4 8 5 10 3.5 Product Architecture
quality Attracting In developing the product architecture, a product scheme
user to try 3 3 9 2 6 2 6 is needed to be developed first. The scheme can ensure that
it every water tap function can be executed. Based on the
Easy to
assembly
scheme, groups of functions are identified and components are
Assembly and 10 3 30 1 10 3 30 designed to do such those groups of function. The product
and scheme and its component are as the following.
disassembl
manufacture
ability y
Manufactur
10 3 30 2 20 2 20
e ability
Total 300 197 248
Rank 1 3 2
Go or Not Go Go Not Go Go

3.4 Concept Testing

Ten people consisting of students and boarding school’s
staff were asked to score two concepts (A & D). the scoring
criteria are same with criteria in concept selection. The result
of concept testing is as the following.

Table 5: Concept selection matrix

A D
Criteria Subcriteria W
R WR R WR
Can be used
6.1 4.2 25.6 4 24.4
everywhere Figure 3: Product scheme of water tap
Reliability
Can be used in
6 4.5 27 4 24
any condition
Can help Next, a component geometry positioning is designed to
conserving 6.3 5.3 33.3 5.1 32.1 decide the location of the component in the design. The
Performance water component geometry positioning is as the following.
Good water
6.3 5.1 32.1 4.8 30.2
quality
Sturdy 6 4.3 25.8 3.8 22.8
Endurance
Long usage age 5.5 4.1 22.5 3.8 20.9
Easy to
Maintain and 6 4.3 25.8 3.4 20.4
maintain
repairability
Easy to repair 6 4.1 24.6 3.4 20.4

Easy to use 5.7 4.4 25.0 4.2 23.9

Usability
Comfortable 5.6 4.4 24.6 4.4 24.6

4
 Figure 4: component geometry positioning
Based on the component geometry positioning, a 3D
design is developed by using CAD. The 3D design result is as
the following.
Figure 5: 3D design result
3.6 Prototyping
A prototype is developed based on the designed product
architecture. Rapid prototyping using 3D printing at first is
planned. However, it is difficult to create a hollow with internal
minimum roughness part like pipes using plastic-based 3d
printing. Thus, a machining process is preferable to create the
prototype. A small minor design adjustment is created to
ensure the manufacturability and the function of the designed
product. The adjusted design and the result of the prototype are
as the following.
5
Figure 6: 3D adjusted design for prototyping (up)
Figure 7: Result of prototyping (bottom)
4. Analysis and Conclusion
Every human activity that using water must be designed
to have water conserving ability especially for a religion-
related ritual. Unfortunately, there is no a special purpose
product for conserving water in wudu' activity. The
conventional water tap use user hand as an energy source for
the turning on and off mechanism. Thus, with user’s hand is
occupied to fulfill wudu’ procedure that, is hard to conserve
the water in wudu activity using conventional water tap. The
energy source of turning on and off mechanism must be
replaced to another source. An electric based automatic turn on
and off mechanism was developed as a solution (Agustiawan
& Hadi, 2017), but it still not widely used because it is not
adequate with user need and condition.
By understanding the user’s context and participating
them in the design process, a new product concept is
developed. Although not many users are studied in this
research, five lead users were surveyed and interviewed. This
lead user analysis is adapted because it can produce a high
novelty product concept (Lilien, Morrison, Searls, Sonnack, &
Hippel, 2002). In addition, in the concept testing process, users
are involved too. With this approach, the user satisfaction with
the product can be improved (Kujala, 2003)
The new watertap concept is proposed in this research.
The product using spring potential energy as a source to
execute turn off mechanism. Thus, this product has the ability
to conserve water. In addition, this concept is developed by
considering the customer voice and its condition. Hence, it is
expected to have a wide adoption from users.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This research is funded by Institut Teknologi Bandung
(ITB) within P3MI program.

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