BEFORE AND AFTER

Definition:

A controlled before and after study design is one that measures outcomes in two group of
participant before and after the implementation of an intervention, with one group receiving the
intervention and other the control group not receiving the intervention.

EXPIANATION:

The before and after design offers better evidence about intervention effectiveness then
the other non-experimental designs just discussed. Consider our example of training. Suppose a group
had been given a test of knowledge in the morning and score 50%, and followed a day of training, the
group repeated same test and score 80%. In this situation, the evidence would be strong that the
training caused the increase in test score.

Another way of saying this is that the evidence of causality be strong. Beside the training, little else
over the course of the day could have caused the observed increase in knowledge.

The before and after design is most useful in demonstrating the immediate impacts of short term of
programs. It is less useful for evaluating long term interventions. This is because over the course of a
longer period of time, more circumstances can arise that may obscure the effects of an intervention.
These circumstances are called threats to internal validity.

EXAMPLE:

AFTERR ONLY
DESIGN

DEFINATION:

In After only design the

measures of the independent variable are
only taken after the experimental subjects have been exposed to the independent variable .
EXPLAINATION:

THE after only with control group design fits many marketing problems and is easy
to use. Many promotional devices can be tested this way .e.g. a dry milk company believed its biggest
problem was to get consumers acquainted with its product. Therefore, it put most of its promotional
money into sampling campaign, but it had no real knowledge of their effect. An after only experiment
was devised whereby the experimental group was given samples of dry milk. Then the experimental
group and the control group were both sent coupons for purchase of the dry milk at discount at grocery
stores. The coupons were coded to indicate whether they were sent to experimental or control group,
and number of coupons redeemed by each group was counted. For example

Factorial design:

Definition:
Factorial design involves having more than one independent variable, or factor, in a study. It
allows researchers to look at how multiple factors affect a dependent variable. Factorial design studies
are named for the number of level of the factor.

Explanation:
An interaction is a result in which effects of one experimental manipulation depends
upon the experimental manipulation of another independent variable for example Imagine that
researchers want to test the effects of a memory –enhancing drug.
Randomized design:
Definition:

A design used in experimentation in which subjects are randomly assigned to either a

control group or experimental group without matching on background variable

Explanation:

A completely randomized design is probably the simplest experimental design , in terms

of data analysis and convenience. with this design , subjects are randomly assigned to treatments.

IMPORTANCE:

 It eliminates the systematic bias.

 It is needed to obtain a representative sample from the population.
 It helps in distributing the unknown variations.

Matched design

Definition:
It is special case of randomized block design. it can be used when the experiment has only
two treatments condition ; and subjects can be grouped into pairs, based on some blocking variable.
Assignment of psychology
TOPIC: TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

SUBMITTED BY:

SAMREEN AND SEHRISH

SUBMITTED TO:

MA’AM SUNDAS