B. Stereo Isomerism. When the same molecular formula represents two or more compounds which differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups, then such compounds are called stereo isomers. The phenomenon is known as Stereo isomerism (Stereo-occupying space). It is further classified into two types. (a) Geometrical Isomerism. (or Cis-Trans Isomerism) (b) Optical Isomerism or Mirror image isomerism 1. Geometrical Isomerism or Cis-Trans Isomerism. In geometrical Isomerism, the ligands occupy different positions around the central metal ion. (a) In Cis Isomers, two identical ligands occupy the position adjacent to cach other, () In Trans-Isomers, the two identical ligands occupy the positions diagonal to each other. Geometrical isomers have different physical and chemical properties. This type of isomerism is not shown by compounds having co-ordination number 2, 3 and 4 (Tetrahedral only). It is because in these arrangements all the ligands are equidistant from one another i.e., all coordination positions are adjacent to one another. This isomerism is, however, very common in square planar and octahedral complexes. 1, Square planar complexes. Geometrical isomerism occurs in the following types of square planar complexes. (@ Any complex of the type MAjX2 MA;XY or MABX; can exist in cis trans isomers. Here (a) A and B are neutral ligands like H,0, NH3, py etc. (6) X and Y are anionic ligands like NOz, SCN-, Cl, Br-, I ete. Co-ordination Compounds af A x ee Se re Yiiibice TAMIA Caabi Now eB Some IX WaXTeat wale cis ‘rans cs Tran (ii) For a complex of the type MABXY, three isomers are possible. HN. NH H3NS MS BNIB Py Py P< gs a preci, Sci Oar EC amy in such complexes, the position of one ligand ‘A’ is fixed while other ligands B, X and Y are placed trans to Anothr example ofthis typeof complex is [PU(NH,)(NH,OH)(CsH3N) (NO.)]" (in) Square planar complexes of M(AB)p type having unsymmetrical bidentate ligands show cis and trans isomerism. Example. [Pel] where gly = H:NCH;COO- anion. Itis unsymmetrical bidentate ligand NHo lp ——CH2 CHp——NHo. Go and | ce co—— o7 BS NH2——CH2 Trans-diglycinato Platinum (|). He NH, ere poe eo aS co. Cis-diglycinatoplatinum (Il) ! (iv) In bridged binuclear planar complexes of the type MzA2X,, cis, tans as well as unsymmetrical isomers are possible. However only the cis and trans are found. cl Cl Cl (CyHs)3P. Cl Cl rea Se (CoHs)3P cl P(C>Hs)3 cr cl P(C>Hs)3 Cis form ‘Transform Clete Clone (Us) PARES HS cl cl P(CpHs)3 Unsymmetrical-form