Co-ordination Compounds 43 AgCN +KCN == K[Ag(CN),] Insoluble Soluble K[Ag(CN)2] <> K* + [Ag(CN)2 1° ‘Complex ion Another complex is the formation of [Ag(NH3)2|CI by the action of ammonia on silver chloride. AgCl +2NH3 <== {Ag(NH3),]Cl Insoluble Soluble If the complex is non-ionic, it is often soluble in a water immiscible organic solvent and the distribution co-efficient can be used as a measure of the amount of complexation. 6. Electromigration Studics. Electrophoresis and electrodialysis may be used to detect complex formation in certain cases where the complex ion has a negative charge. Movement of coloured ion (complex metal ion) will be towards the positive elecrode instead of negative electrode, Cobalt (III) aspartic acid complex may serve as an example : 7. Magneto Chemistry. Studies or magnetic behaviour can indicate the number of unpaired electrons in a complex. This method is also used to infer the valence of the metal ion, the bond type and the geometry of the co-ordination compounds. Magnetic moment of the transition metal ion in their compounds is directly related to the number of unpaired electrons (7), H=y[n@+2)] In some cases where inner d-orbitals are used for hybridisation, the complex formation may result in decrease of n. Experimentally a decrease in the value of ‘4” with an increase in ligand concentration may be observed. eeoe 3d 4s 4p on M ne (Freeion) [AV]ANANT 4 [4] [AL Se Ni (sq.planar) [4)]4b 41/4) ° diamagnetic eas ee, dsp? HYBRIDISATION Fe* or Mn (Free ion) 41441414 5 592 Fe® or Mn?* (octahedral) Ab }Ab|4 1 173 a See RUT dsp? HYBRIDISATION 8. pH Method. Generally ligands are either weak bases or acids. Thus, the complex formation may be considered to be formed by the displacement of one or more, usually, weak acidic protons of the ligand by the metal ion, This increases [}_*] ion concentration in complex formation, and, hence causes a drop in the pH. Thus the pH effect can be used as an indication of the extent of complex formation. 9, Colour Change. Sometimes colour change is accompanied by complex formation. For example, when ammonia is added to Cu?* ion, a deep blue colour is obtained due to the formation of [Cu (NHg)4]?*, a complex ion.