EXERCISE 3. Complete the following sentences supplying object clauses: 1. I'd like to know ... 2. I’m not sure . 3. I don’t know why . 4. Tell me where ... 5. She didn’t tell me why . .. 6. I can’t explain how 7. LT asked him ... 8. Ho promised ... 9. He suggested that ... 10, She insisted ... 14. I wondered... 12. He is certain... 13. I'm glad . 14. Do you know when 15. Can you tell me where... 16. She didn’t know why ... 17. I’m quite certain ... 18. She was uncertain... Conditional Clauses Conditional clauses are formed of two types of sentences: the “if (subordi- nate) clause” referring to the condition, and the main clause referring to the result of the condition. ‘There are 3 types of conditional sontences: a) future-possible sentences to a future period; b) the presen ituation in the present and ¢) the po n the first ‘type the tense in the “if clause” is the Present Tense, 0.g.: If you drive slowly, you'll never have accidents. b) The second type of conditional sentences has in the “if clause” a Past Tense and in the main clause should, would + the short Infinitive of the verb (or could or might +- the short Infinitive when a corresponding modal meaning is implied), ¢.g.: If he did not waste so much time on reading thrillers, he would learn much better. c) In the third type of conditional sentences, in the “if clause” a Past Per- fect Tense is used, while in the main clause should and would + the Perfect Short Infinitive are used (could and might + the Perfect Short Infinitive as above), ¢.g.: If he had told her the truth, perhaps she wouldn’t have left him. Subordinate clauses may be introduced by : if, (even if, if only) unless, so long as, in case, provided (that), suppose, supposing (that) ete., of which in ease and provided are used especially in the first type of sentences, while sup- posed is used in the other two types. Unless is used when a negative condi- tion is implied; it has the same meaning as “if not” but it is more emphe e.g.: The operator won't be able to put you through to your friends unl give her the exact telephone number. Inversion may occur in conditional clauses when if is omitted, eg.: If he had come earlier, we should have gone to the theatre. Had he come earlier, we should have gone to the theatre. It he were at home now, I should congratulate him. Were he at home now, I should congratulate him. We can make the “if clauses” more uncertain by using Should 4- short Infi tive instead of the corresponding tense. In such cases inversion is sometimes used, e.g.: If it is sunny Lomorrow, we shall go skating. If it should be sunny tomorrow, We shall go skating. Should it be sunny tomorrow, we shall go skating. Tn conditional sentences willingness may be expressed by will in the first type of sentences, would in the second. Would may also be used in the first type of sentences to express politeness, c.g.: 159If you will (would) answer my question, T shall be grateful to you. Constructions such as but for, if it were not for, if it kad not been for, may replace the “if clausos” of unreal condition, e.g. But for his mother he would be a beggar. If it woye not for his mother’s help, he would be a beggar. If it had not been for his mother’s help, he would not have become an engineer, Besides the main typos montioned above, there may also be mixed types of sentences, e.g: If she had taken my advice, today she would be on good terms with her mother. If she were not so beautiful, he would never have married her. exercise 1, Choose the correct form: yi. I I had a burglar alarm in my handbag, I (shouldn't be afraid, shouldn’t have been afraid) of anybody. 2. J? you leave this bag in the middle of the street, be sure someone (would, will) steal it. 3. If T (was, were) you, I shouldn't care a fig for all that. 4. I the manager (was, had been) here, he would have taken the floor. 5. If yesterday (was, has been, had been) Sunday, we could have gone to the concert. 6. If I (would be, were) in his position, I should turn down all the applications. I | uxpreise 2. Change the following sentences to preséft-unreal conditions: 4. If I have a spare afternoon this week, I shall go lo the swimming- pool. 2. If the doctor comes on time, the palient will be saved. 3. If moth- er is at home, she can cook dinner for us. 4. I he doesn’t have to learn, he will go to the cinema. 5. If we find some bananas, we may have a fruits salad. 6. If she sends the money, mother may go to pay her a visil in the country. 7. If we are in Bucharest, we shall accept the invitation. 8. IZ he asks for money now, she can give it to him. ~ v uy Exunawse 3. Change from present-unreal conditional to past-unreal conditional: 4. If the pupils had more practice, they would speak better. 2. If ‘he were more hardworking, he would make good progress. 3. If I were more realistic in my plans, I might get a first prize in the Town Hall’ compe- tition. 4. She could swim hetter, if she paid more attention to her training. 5. I should he more careful with the gas, if I had a gas-stove. 6. If William came to his English classes, he would be a student now. cenaise 4. When you have chang p the above sentences to past-unreal condi- tional, use inversion in the if claus’ EXERCISE 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses: 4, If they (hang) the poster lower, people would be able to see the de- tails. 2. Nobody would have recognized the burglar, if he (wear) a mask. 3. Unless you listen to the instructions more carefully, you (not be able) to find your way out of the forest. 4. In case it (not be) inconvenient to you, 160lot's meet at 6 o'clock sharp. 5. If he (be) in, I should have told him the bad news. 6. If you (have) the courage, I’m sure you should have answere him back. 7, Unless I learn to type, I (not be able) to save money. 8. If Ma shoes hadn't such high heels, she (not fall down). 9. If you (call) a dog a bad name, it will certainly bark at you. 10. If you work harder, you (have) more chances to pass the examination. 11. If Mike had had a drink at the party, the policeman (fine) him and (take) his driving-licence, 12. If you were a liar, I (not trust) you. EXERCISE 6. Give complete answers to the following questions: 1. What. would you do if you became a millionaire? 2. What would you have liked to be if you had lived during the Middle Ages? 3. What would you do if you met one of your enemies at a party? 4. What will you do if someone asks you to call an ambulance? 5. What will you do if you win a big lottery prize? 6. What would you do if you wore the only survivor of a shipwreck? 7. If you had been able to choose your identity, who would you havo liked to be? 8. What will you do if on your trip to Africa you come across a lion? 9. Which country would you like to visit if someone offered you a free trip abroad? 10, If you could change yourself into an animal, or insect, what would you like to be? exercise 7. Add more uncertainty to ihe following sentences: 4. If you would insist on that silly idea, we shall have an argument. 2. If anyone asks about my mother-in-law, tell him she is abroad. 3. If you happen to meet him, don’t tell him you saw me. 4. Tf the hunter comes face to face with the tiger, he will probably run away. 5. If Susan passes her exam- ination, her parents will send her to the seaside. 6. If John hears about your divorce, he'll be angry with you. encise 8. Use inversion in the above sentences. EX Exercise 9. Add willingness to the following sentences: 1. If you lend me the money, I ean buy the house. 2. If she paid us a visit, we should be very happy. 3. If you drive me home, mother will be gre- teful. 4. If my sister baby-sils for me, I shall be able to finish the translation. 5. If you accepted the invitation to Mary’s party, Tom would accept it too. 6. If you knit a pullover for me, Mike will buy you a new hat. EXRRC! 2 10. Translate into English: LDac& lai vedea acum, nu Lai mai recunoaste; e numai o umbra din ce a fost odatd. 2.’ Dac& n-ai fi atit de mincinos, n-ai fi acum in situagia regretabild ca nimeni si nu aibéi ineredere in tine. 3. N-ag fi consimtit nici- odata si pardsese ad&postul dact ag fi stiut_ cd se va intimpla o nenoroc! 4. N-ar fi trebuit si ciglige atit de multi bani gi n-ar fi dat de necaz daca so- tiei Ini i-ar fi plicut mai pulin luxul. 5. De data asta te-ag putea duce eu magina mea dac& imi promiti si nu se mai repete.\6. In cazul In care voi uita, te rog reamintesle-mi de promisivnea facuté.(7.) Dac& se intimpla sii treci pe ling’ biroul lui, ai putea s& intri i iezi dictionarul pe 11 — Limba englez& pentru adm. in inv. superior 161DIRECT AND INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH |. Indirect / reported speech is the term used to refer to the means of expressing what a person has said by reproducing either the exact words uttered or the essence of the utterance. The words of the speaker are subordinated to a reporting verb, usually in the form of an object clause introduced by that, within the reporting sentence. In direct speech, the speaker's exact utterance is not subordinated within the reporting sentence, but it retains its status as a main clause. In writing, the exact words of the speaker are rendered between quotation marks. 2. When direct speech is converted into indirect speech, vari- ous changes take place in the form of the clause. These changes concern the tense used, the pronouns, and the adverbial modifiers of place and time, because a person's words are often reported in a different time context, from the point of view of a different person, and in a different place. 2.1. The changes involving the tense of the verb are those men- tioned in connection with the sequence of tenses, when the reported utterance is introduced by a verb in the past tense. The rules are the following: Direct Speech ——+ Indirect Speech present —— past present progressive —— past progressive present perfect —— past perfect present perfect progressive ———* past perfect progressive past —— past perfect past progressive —— past perfect progressive future —— _future-in-the-past future progressive —— _ future-in-the-past progressive future perfect ——> future perfect in-the-past future perfect progressive ——> future perfect progressive in- the-past The past perfect and the past perfect progressive remain un- changed; the conditional and the subjunctive usually remain unchanged if the time reference and the place are the same. — ‘| feel dizzy”, she said. She said that she felt dizzy. — “I'm making a cake”. She informed him that she was making a cake. 227"I have already answered these letters!", she excloimed She exclaimed that she had already answered those letters. "I have been reading all doy”, she complained. She comblained that she had been reading all dey. "| talked to him yesterday”, she answered, She answered that she had talked to him the doy before “What were you doing there?”, she asked. She asked (me) what I had been doing there, "| will do it. I promise.” She promised she would do it. i be cleaning the house when you arrive.” ie told me that she would be cleaning the house when I arrived, W have finished dusting the place by then.” She hoped that she would have finished dusting the place by then. “By the end of next academic year, I shall have been teach- ing for thirty years She informed us that by the end of the yeor she would have been teaching for “I hed taken the money by then.” ie told us thot she had taken the money by then. wish you were here with me.” J said | wished you were here with me. "if he had time, he would do it now.” She said that if he had time, he would do it now. ecademic yeors. Sometimes the verb introducing the reported utterance may ‘take an inf 2 2 itive or a gerund. "TM be there on time She promised to be there on time. Soiry I'm so lote”, she said She apologized for being late. These rules are not observed in certain cases. Thus: No change of the present tense occurs in the reported clause when the statement contains a natural law, a universal as- sertion, an eternal truth. “English is an andlytic kanguoge.” The teacher told them that English is an analytic language. 28 1.2. No change of the past tense occurs when the time of clause is fixed by an adverbial clause of time. ~ “I was ot home when the news started,” She insisted that she was at home when the TV news started, ~ "When I saw her, she was talking to Tor.” I told hien thet when J sow fer, she was talking to Tom 3. Would, should, ought (to), used (t0), must (espe- should be mare careful ‘advised her thot she should be more careful, ‘I ought to know. She said she ought to know. — "You mustn’t smoke in the classroom.” He told us that we mustn’t smoke in the classroam, 2.2. The following pronouns are offected by the change from di- to indirect speech: the personal reflexive, emphatic, possessive (both you don’t know. She pointed out that he said he didn't know. ~ “You have absented yourself jrom class ago The teacher mentioned that he had absented himself from there in this place. ——+ jn that place now ——+ then today “+ (on) that day yesterday ——+ (en) the previous day (on) the day before last night/ evening / week tomorrow next day / week the day after tomorrow ——> two days later, after ewo days 2g0 ——+ before a this week/month ——+ that weele/ month 2.3.1. Ifthe reported sentence is still connected with the present cor if the speaker reports the utterance from the same place where it was first produced, the adverts or adverbial phrases remain un- changed. ~ ‘Tam sure you can come here now." She said she was sure | could come here now. = ‘Tm having @ dinner party this week." She told me that she was having a dianer party this week. 3. The word order of indirect /reported questions is the same with that of a statement: there is no subject ~ auxiliary inver- n. Reported questions are introduced by if er whether, except for the reported special questions, which are Introduced by the question words (who, what, how, when, which, where, et) ~ "Does she always wear hats?" ‘f/ whether she always wore hots 4 te her?” asked if/ whether I sh — "What ore you doing here invite her 9 direct orders become infinitive causes (ac- ve construction) in reported speech or, after in verbs, they may become finite object clauses with the verb 12 subjunctive mood, = “Shut the door ofter yout” She csked | ordered me to shut the door after me. ‘She csked ordered that | (should) shut the door after me. 230 5. Reported exclamations are frequently paraphrases of di- rect exclamations or are object clauses. "How nice to meet you again!” tevible noise!” ed of the noise. bene ot once ‘bring EXERCISES |. Put the follwing sentences inte reported speech, ineducing them with verb in the post tense. |, promise not ¢9 make so much noise trom now on. 2. Mike isi. 3. You cannot go around banning toy imports. 4. | know what | want to do when I rete. 5. like the idea very much, 6, | fel that can be a great change inthe country it wil syregp the workd 7. Inceligent beings put the canals there. 8. | bcught this book yes. day. 9. | have been there twice. 10. I wied to understand chis I, Practicaly everyone has heard ths story, ae ike its ending. 12, You ought to become an a very safe job. 13. My husband and | have spent 2 holiday there. 14. | wil lock the door at one minute past twelve, 15. Cowards eie many times before their ceths. 16. At her, nathing can go wrong. |7. kt won't ure with an inéction, but it may hurt a lite afterwards. 18. Yvhen 231EXERCISE 3. Translate into English: 4. Cu toate ci La durut capul, el a studiat toata seara. 2. Oricit de tare ag incerca, nu ma pot tine drept pe schiuri. 3. Desi el vorbea foarte rar, eu nu-l puteam infelege. 4. Nu puteam fi supirat pe ea, chiar daca incercam. 5. Degi nu méntnedi mult, se ingrasd intruna. 6. Desi tocmai citise cartea, (el) nu putea si-si aminteasci. numele personajelor. 7. Degi locuieste departe de serviciu, (el) ajunge totdeauna punetual la Iucru. 8. Oricit de bogat ar fi, (cu) nu-l invidiez. 9. Oricit de des am incercat,nu am putut afla adevirul. 10. Cind face un exercitiu, (ea) face greseli, orieit de mult ar incerca sii le evite. 14. Desi zgomotul s-a putut auzi clar, Ini i-a trebnit. mult timp ca sa reachioneze. 12. Orieit de frig ax fi, (eu) voi merge in excursic. 13. Orice s-ar Intimpla, v fi totdeauna bucuros ca ai incercat si faci tot ce fi-a slat in puteri sa-l ajuti. 14. Orice ag spune, tu nu ma vei crede niciodata. 15. Oricit de des ai suna, nimeni nu-fi va raspunde. Indirect or Reported Speech praise 4. Change the following from Direct to Indirect Speech: 4. We say, “We are learning English” 3. Tam glad I ean say, “I speak English”. &. The boy is saying, “I can’t play baseball”. 5, They never say, “We speak English yery well’. 6. She always says, “I’m very busy”. 7. The pupils always say, “We are never late”. 8. I often hear you say, “I work very hard”. 9. You seldom say to him, “You are a diligent boy”. 10. Doesn’t she always say, “I'd like you to speak English to me?” 11. They are saying, “We are’ looking at you”. B 2. He says, “I don’t speak English”. EXERCISE 2, Change the following from Direct io Indirect Speech: 1, The boys said to ns, “We have been playing football the whole after- noon”. 2. She answered, “I am reading a novel”. 3. I repeated, “I live in Bucha- rest”. 4 The young girl said to her mother, “T have often played tennis with Dana”. 5. The old man shouted angrily, “I have been waiting too long”. 6. The pupils answered, “We usually play basketball better”. 7. The old lady asked, “Where is the post office?” §. The children repeated, “We didn’t p! in the garden”. 9. My friends answered, “The railway station is very near 10. He said, “Nobody came to see mo ab the hospital”. 11. They said to us, “Your friends came to see us in January”. 12 ked me, “When did you go to the theatre?” 13. We asked him, “What are you doing with that pen?” 14 She asked them, “Why didn’t you bring me the dictionary?” 43. Helen's mother asked her, “When did you meet my cousins?” 46. We asked the boy, “Who teaches you English?” 47. They asked us, “Which of you speaks English?” 18. The teacher asked me, “Which texthook do you find easier?” EXERCISE 3. Change the following from Direct to Indirect Speech: 41. I asked him, “Had you been there before?” 2. We asked them, “Why hadn't you told us anything before?” 3. They said, “We had never seen that play before”. 4. He said to us, “I hought the book’ yesterday”. 5. The young 166man asked me, “What were the pupils doing there?” 6. The children asked their teacher, “Did you see us playing volleyball last. week?” 7. I heard her saying to the girls, “When I was a schoolgirl I always wore my uniform.” 8. The tourists asked, “When did Stephen the Great build this monastery?” 9. T heard you answer, “That monastery wasn’t built by him; his father built, it”. 10. We were asked, “Which of you drew this beautiful map?” 41, They repeated, “We had been working the whole time before leaving for the cinem 12. She said to me, “I told you to go to the station earlier”. 13. He said angril Thad been trying to open the box for more than an hour before throwing it away”. 14, Mother asked me, “Where did you put my gloves?” 45. The teacher asked Dan, “Why didn’t you tell me you didn’t understand the gram- mar rule!” 16, I shall say to my friend, “I was waiting for your telephone call”. 17. They were asked, “Were you at home yesterday afternoon?” 18. The teacher asked the pupils, “Did you buy the dictionary recommended to you?” exercise (4) Change the following from Direet to Indirect Speech: 1. We heard the boy saying to his friend, $I shall bring you the book tomorrow”. 2. I promised the librarian, “I will réturn you the review next week”. 3. They answered me, “We shall be waiting for you at the bus-stop”. 4. The student asked me, “How much will you have read by this evening?” 5. My cousins said, “Our friends will have been travelling a lot by the end of this month”. 6. We were asked by somebody, “If you live here another three years, how long will you have been living here in all?” 7. The little girl asked her friend, “When will you pay me a visit again?” 8. My cousins said, “We shall have finished visiting the museum before you have finished your shopping”. 9. The teacher asked me, “Will you have finished reading this novel by next Thursday 10. I thought, “My brother will reach home before me”. 11. We > “We shall work harder and get better marks”. 12. Susan said to me, “I'll wait for you until you have finished writing your composition”. 13. Our friends answered, “We shall be spending our summer holidays at. the seaside next year”. 14. We were asked, “How long will it take you to translate this short story into Romanian?” 3” 15. T was answered, “The new theatre will have been completely finished by next autumn”. 16. She was asked by them, “When will the presents be given to our friends?“ 17. The young man said, “Tm sure I shall be met by my friends at the airport”. Change the following from Direct to Indireet Speech: 1. The doctor said, “I would take the medicine if I were you”. 2. Many people say to me, “If I were in your place I should do this better. 3. The patient said, “I wish I were younger and I had better health”. 4. My col- league said to me, ,“That young man was walking nervously up and down as if he were waiting for somebody”. 5. The little boy said to me, “I crouched behind the armchair so that I should not be seen”. 6. We said, “We are anxious that you should attend the performance at our school”. 7. The teacher added, “I wish you helped your colleagues more”. 167