E-commerce

Unit2-The Network
Infrastructure for E-Commerce
Information Superhighway (I-Way)
The information superhighway (I-Way) is a
large-scale communications network providing
a variety of often interactive services, as text
databases, email, and audio and video
materials, accessed through computers,
television sets, etc.
It was a popular term used through the 1990s
to that describes the entire infrastructure of
digital communication systems including
cable, satellites, and assorted hardware that
allows information to be transferred at great
speed over large distances to all people.
Information Superhighway (I-Way)
Information Superhighway (I-Way)
The Information Superhighway ... is very much a
physical network, an infrastructure of modern
high-speed links which will connect homes and
workplaces to each other.
 In this sense, it is practically identical to the
Internet, with the expectations that the
connections are broadband and continuously
running.
Connection to the Information Superhighway
must be able to support two way video
communications as a minimum to be considered
broadband enough, hence current solutions such
as ADSL mid-band connections, do not constitute
the Information Superhighway.
 Components of I-way
 Following are three basic components of I-way.
 Network access equipment
 Local or on-ramps (Network access media), and
 Global information distribution networks.

Network access Local or on-ramps Global information

Equipment Distribution networks
Telephone-based
Infrastructure

Cable-TV-based
Consumer/business Infrastructure Backbone
premises equipment communications and
Wireless satellite networks
Infrastructure

Commercial on-line
Infrastructure
 Components of I-way
• Network access equipment (Set-Top Boxes,
Computer-Based-Telephony, Digital Switches,
Routers, Hubs) are devices used by consumers to
access the multimedia interactive contents of e-
commerce.
• In this segment, hardware and software vendors
are also included. It consists of the hardware such
as computers, modems, routers, switches for
computer networks, set-top boxes for television
networks and software platforms such as
browsers and network operating systems.
 Components of I-way
• Local or access road, or on-ramps: This
segment of I-way simplifies the local linkages
between businesses, universities, and homes
to the communications backbone.
• It requires huge investment to configure and
manage Network access media.
• There are four different types of provider of
access ramps: a)- telecom-based, b)- cable TV-
based c)- wireless-based and d) - computer-
based online information services.
 Components of I-way
• Global information distribution network are
the long distance network that provides
infrastructures for connecting across countries
and continents.
• They include such networks as the long
distance telephone lines, the satellite
networks and internet.
Functional Layers of I-Way
 Functional Layers of I-Way
1. The transport layer consists of optical fibers, coaxial
cable, copper wire, switches, routers, satellites, and
transmitters
2. The networks layer consists of thousands of logical
networks superimposed on the transport layer
3. The information layer includes databases and electronic
libraries containing text, images, and video
4. The applications layer contains software and consumer
electronics needed to access the superhighway’s
information and services
5. The management layer consists of operations and
administrative centers, emergency response teams, and
security services.
 Internet
 Internet is a global public computer network scattered all
over the world (the network of networks) providing a
variety of information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using standardized
communication protocols basically, it runs on top of TCP/IP.
 The Internet offers access to data, graphics, video, sound,
software, text, and people through a variety of services and
tools for communication and data exchange.
 It is also used for information retrieval from hundreds of
libraries and thousands of corporate, government and non-
profit database. It has developed into an effective way for
individuals and organizations to offer information and
products through a Web of graphical user interfaces and
easy to link worldwide.
Internet
 Intranet
 An Intranet can be defined as a private network that uses
Internet software and standards to connect internal
employees located within a single organization the purpose of
communication and information sharing.
 Intranet also uses standard Internet protocols and basically,
runs on top of TCP/IP and HTTP and filters out any illegal access
through firewall connected by secure, possibly virtual,
networks.
 Generally a wide range of information and services from the
organization's internal IT systems are available that would not
be available to the public from the Internet.
 A company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal
point of internal communication and collaboration, and provide
a single starting point to access internal and external resources.
 Business Value of Intranet
 Workforce productivity: Intranet increases employees' ability to
perform their jobs faster, more accurately, and with confidence
that they have the right information.
 Time: Intranets allow organizations to distribute information to
employees on an as-needed basis.
 Communication: Intranets can serve as powerful tools for
communication within an organization. Some examples of
communication would be chat, email, and/or blogs.
 Web publishing allows corporate knowledge (employee
manuals, benefits documents, company policies, business
standards) to be maintained and easily accessed throughout the
company using hypermedia and Web technologies.
 Business operations and management: Intranets are also
being used as a platform for developing and deploying
applications to support business operations and decisions across
the internetworked enterprise.
 Business Value of Intranet
 Cost-effective: Users can view information and data via web-
browser rather than maintaining physical documents that can
potentially save the business money on printing, duplicating
documents, as well as document maintenance overhead.
 Enhance collaboration: Information is easily accessible by all
authorised users, which enables teamwork.
 Cross-platform capability: Standards-compliant web browsers
are available for Windows, Mac, and UNIX.
 Promote common corporate culture: Every user has the
ability to view the same information within the Intranet.
 Immediate updates: When dealing with the public in any
capacity, laws, specifications, and parameters can change.
Intranets make it possible to provide employees with "live"
changes so they are kept up-to-date, which can limit a
company's liability.
 Extranet
 An Extranet is actually the extension of company Intranet to
permit controlled access to specified third parties (companies are
granting Intranet access to suppliers, vendors, customers, and
other business partners) outside the company.
 An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technology
and the public telecommunication system to securely share part
of a business's information or operations with authenticated
users (employees, suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or
other businesses) from remote locations.
 Extranets are especially useful for linking organizations with
suppliers, customers, or business partners.
 An extranet security can include: firewall server management,
the issuance and use of digital certificates, encryption of
messages, and the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) that
tunnel through the public network.
 Business Value of Extranet
 To share product catalogs exclusively with wholesalers or
those "in the trade"
 To collaborate with other companies on joint development
efforts
 Jointly develop and use training programs with other
companies
 Provide or access services provided by one company to a
group of other companies, such as an online banking
application managed by one company on behalf of
affiliated banks
 Share news of common interest exclusively with partner
companies
 Extranets promote value chain integration: linking
organizations electronically with suppliers, customers, or
business partners.
 Business Value of Extranet
 Extranet is often are used for collaborating with other
companies for supply chain management, product design and
development, or training efforts.
 Extranets provide the benefits of Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI).
– Reduced time and expense of paperwork.
– Improved speed and efficiency in filling orders
– Quicker transfer of business documents
– Faster customer service
– Fewer errors
– Automatic audit trails
– Expanded customer/supplier base
– Reduction of manual, labour-intensive activities
– Automatic integration with internal business workflow systems
 Business Value of Extranet
 Extranets facilitate an online interactive product development, marketing,
improve customer relations, and foster a better understanding of customer
needs.
 Extranets reduce inventory and improve inventory turnover rates.
 Extranets reduce procurement costs and time. Extranets reduce search,
selection, and transaction costs. The purchasing process is thus quicker, more
convenient, and cheaper.
 Extranets improve management decisions through up-to-the-minute
management reporting on transactions and web-site activities.
 Extranets enable customer, suppliers, consultants, subcontractors, business
prospects, and others resources to access selected intranets websites and
other company database.
 Extranets enable a company to offer new kinds of interactive Web-enabled
services to their business partners.
 Extranets are a way that a business can build and strengthen strategic
relationships with its customers and suppliers.
Options for Accessing Internet

Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

Narrowband & Broadband
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Cable Modem
ADSL
 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
The firms that provide the lowest level of
service in the multi-tiered Internet
architecture by leasing Internet access to
home owners, small business, and some large
institutions are called Internet Service
Providers (ISPs).
 Narrowband & Broadband
Narrowband service is the traditional modem
connection now operating at 56.6 Kbps.
 Broadband refers to any communication
technology that permits clients to play
streaming audio and video files at acceptable
speeds- generally anything above 100 Kbps.
Broadband service is based on DSL, cable
modem, telephone (T1 and T2 lines), and
satellite technologies.
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) &
Cable modem
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) service is a telephone
technology for delivering high-speed access to the internet
through ordinary telephone lines found in a home or
business. Service level ranges from about 768 Kbps to 3 Mbps.
DSL service requires that customers live within two miles of a
neighborhood telephone switching center.
 Cable modem refers to a cable television technology that
piggybacks digital access to the Internet using the same
analog or digital video cable providing television signals to a
home.
 Cable Internet is a major broadband alternative to DSL
service.
 ADSL
Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) is a type
of digital subscriber line (DSL) technology, a data
communications technology that enables faster data
transmission over copper telephone lines to homes
and business.
Unlike regular dialup phone service, ADSL provides
continuously-available “always on” connection.
ADSL works by utilizing frequencies that are not used
by a voice telephone call.
DSL filter, allows a single telephone connection to be
used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the
same time.
Drivers of Internet Technologies

World Wide Web (WWW)

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
Client/Server Network Architecture
Web Server and Clients
Domain Name System (DNS)
 Drivers of Internet Technologies
 The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of interlinked
hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web
browser, one can view web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between
them via hyperlinks.
 HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for
transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other
multimedia files) on the World Wide Web.
 Its primary function is to establish a connection with the
server and send HTML pages back to the user's browser.
 Drivers of Internet Technologies
 Browser, short for web browser, is a software application used
to enable computers users to locate and access web pages. The
purpose of web browser software is to read HTML documents
and compose them into visible or audible web pages. The
browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to
interpret the content of the page.
 Web browsers such as Microsoft Explorer, Netscape Navigator,
Firefox, Opera, or Mozilla are software applications designed to
support navigation through the point-and-click hyperlinked
resources of the World Wide Web and the rest of the Internet,
as well as corporate intranets and extranets.
 A web page is a web document that that use HTTP and is
suitable for the World Wide Web and the web browser. A
typical Web page contains information about particular subject
with links to related Web pages and other resources.
 Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) is the basic communication language or
protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network
(either an intranet or an extranet).
• TCP and IP were developed by a Department of
Defense (DOD) research project to connect a number
different networks designed by different vendors into
a network of networks (the "Internet").
 TCP/IP is a two-layer program.
The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol,
manages the assembling of a message or file into
smaller packets that are transmitted over the
Internet and received by a TCP layer that
reassembles the packets into the original
message.
The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the
address part of each packet so that it gets to the
right destination. Each gateway computer on the
network checks this address to see where to
forward the message. Even though some packets
from the same message are routed differently
than others, they'll be reassembled at the
destination.
 Client/Server Network
Architecture
 Client-server network architecture involves multiple
clients connecting to a single, central server.
 A server acts as a resource manager for a collection of
resources of a given type.
 A client performs a task that requires access to some
shared hardware and software resources.
 In the client / server model, all resources are held by
servers. Clients issue requests whenever they need to
access one of the resources.
 Functions such as email exchange, web access and
database access, are built on the client–server model.
Users accessing banking services from their computer use
a web browser client to send a request to a web server at
a bank.
Client/Server Network
Architecture
 Web Server and Clients
 Web server refers to the physical computer that runs
Web server software that serves to deliver content in
Web pages. Web server software refers to the
software that enables a computer to deliver Web pages
written in HTML to client computers on a network that
request this service by sending an HTTP request.
 A Web client, on the other hand, is any computing
device attached to the Internet that is capable of
making HTTP request and displaying HTML pages.
 Web server is used to communicate with Web
Browsers as its clients by using the communication
protocol called Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. Its main
purpose is to serve web pages by receiving requests
from web browsers (also known as clients) and
responds by sending the required data back in the form
of web page.
 Internet Addressing and Domain
Name System (DNS)
• Internet addressing, is a systematic way to
identify computers and Internet resources.
The designers of the Internet Protocol defined
an IP address as a 32-bit number and this
system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4
(IPv4), is still in use today.
• However, due to the enormous growth of the
Internet and the predicted depletion of
available addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6),
using 128 bits for the address, was developed
in 1995.
 Internet Addressing and Domain
Name System (DNS)
 Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed database
system that works at the transport layer to provide
name-to-address mapping for client application.
 DNS servers maintain databases that consist of
hierarchical name structures of the various domains in
order to use logical names for device identification. No
two organizations can have the same domain name.
 The major categories for top-level domain names are:
 com – commercial entities
 edu – educational institutions
 net – organizations directly involved in Internet operations
 org – other organization
 gov – United States Federal Government entities
 mil – United States military
 Internet Addressing and Domain
Name System (DNS)
 The Domain Name System (DNS) is a collection of database that
contain information about domain named and their corresponding
IP address.
 DNS servers maintain databases that consist of hierarchical name
structures of the various domains in order to use logical names for
device identification.
 Domain Name and their corresponding IP address must be unique.
 Domain name system server computers translate domain names to
IP address.
 The major categories for top-level domain names are:
– com – commercial entities
– edu – educational institutions
– net – organizations directly involved in Internet operations
– org – other organization
– gov – United States Federal Government entities
– mil – United States military
 URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
A URL (or uniform resource locator) is the address of
an Internet page on a Web site.
Usually it consists of four parts: protocol, server (or
domain), path, and filename.
Here’s an example:
http://www.microsoft.com/windows/default.asp
 http is the protocol
 www.microsoft.com is the server
 windows/ is the path
 default.asp is the filename of the page on the site
 Basic Tools and Applications on
Internet
Electronic Mail or e-mail
Search engine
Online Forums (Discussion Forums)
Online Chat
Web conferencing
Internet Telephony (IP Telephony)
Social network
Cookies
Web Blog
Intelligent Agents
 E-mail
E-mail uses a series of protocols to enable
messages containing text, images, sound, and
video clips to be transferred from one internet
user to another.
It is now an essential communication tool in
business.
It is also excellent for keeping in touch with
family and friends.
The advantage to email is that it is free (no
charge per use) and fast when compared to
telephone, fax and postal services.
 Search Engine
A web search engine is a software system that is
designed to search for information on the World
Wide Web.
The search results are generally presented in a
line of results often referred to as search engine
results pages (SERPs).
For instance, Google currently searches about 50
million Web pages and stores information about
those pages in its massive computer network
located throughout the United State.
Search engine identifies Web pages to match
keywords, also called queries, typed by the user
and provides a list of the best matches.
 Online Forums
An online forum (also referred to as a message
board, bulletin board, discussion group or simply
a discussion forum) is Web application that
enables Internet users to communicate with each
other, although not in real time.
A forum provides a container for various
discussions (or “threads”) started (or “posted”)
by members of the forum, and depending on the
permissions granted to the forum members by
the forum’s administrator, enables a person to
start a thread and reply to other people’s thread.
The forum administrator typically can edit,
delete, move, or otherwise modify any thread on
the forum.
 Online chat
Online chat may refer to any kind of communication
over the Internet that offers a real-time transmission
of text messages from sender to receiver.
Chat messages are generally short in order to enable
other participants to respond quickly.
Thereby, a feeling similar to a spoken conversation is
created, which distinguishes chatting from other
text-based online communication forms such as
Internet forums and email.
 Web conferencing
 Web conferencing may be used as an umbrella term
for various types of online collaborative services
including web seminars ("webinars"), webcasts, and
peer-level web meetings.
 Web conferencing is made possible by Internet
technologies, particularly on TCP/IP connections.
 Services may allow real-time point-to-point
communications as well as multicast communications
from one sender to many receivers.
 It offers data streams of text-based messages, voice
and video chat to be shared simultaneously, across
geographically dispersed locations.
 Applications for web conferencing include meetings,
training events, lectures, or presentations from a web-
connected computer to other web-connected
computers.
 Social network
It is a site that facilitates online platform and
tools that people use to share opinions and
experiences, including photos, videos, music,
insights, and perceptions within a group or
between individuals through providing
facilities to develop user-generated content
(UGC) and to exchange messages and
comments between different users.
Using Facebook, Twitter and micro-blogging
represent a significant factor in increasing the
quality of our service provision before the
visitor arrives on site.
 Cookie
A cookie is a tool used by a Web site to store
information about a user.
When a Visitor enters a Web site, the site sends a
small text file (the cookie) to the user’s computer
so that the information from the site can be
loaded more quickly for future visits.
The cookie can contain any information desired
by the web site designers, including customer
number, pages visited, products examined, and
other detailed information about the behavior of
the consumer at the site.
 Web Blog
A blog is a personal Web page (personal
online diary) that typically contains a series of
chronological entries (newest to oldest) by its
author, and links to related Web pages.
The blog may include a collection of links to
other blog and a list of entries in other blogs
that refer to a post on the first blog.
Most blogs allow readers to post comments
on the blog entries to create interactivity and
feedback. Today blog have become hugely
popular.
 Intelligent Agents
 Intelligent agent (also known as software robot or boot
for short) is a piece of goal-oriented software program
that reacts to its environment and runs without
continuous direct supervision to perform some function
for an end user or another program.
 Software agents can activate and run themselves, not
requiring input from or interaction with a human user.
 Software agents are used in applications of e-commerce
in several ways:
– Conduct targeted Internet searches.
– Check and prioritize incoming e-mail.
– Test new computer games.
– Fill out e-forms.
– Conduct online job searches.
– Synchronize social networking profiles.
– Assemble customized news reports.
– Find good deals in e-commerce.
 Communication Networks
Over the years, network infrastructure has
evolved into three separate, and frequently
incompatible, communications networks.
These are
– the wire-based voice and data telephone
networks,
– the cable-based video networks, and
– the wireless voice, data, and video networks.
Communication Networks
 Wireless Communication
Network
 A wireless communication network refers to any type of
network that establishes connections without cables.
 Wireless communications use electromagnetic (EM)
waves that travel through the air.
 Wireless link is flexible because wireless transmission
sends signals through air without being tied to a physical
line.
 Today, common technologies for wireless data
transmission include microwave transmission,
communication satellites, pagers, cellular telephones,
personal communication services, smart phones,
personal digital assistants, and mobile data networks.
 Categories of Wireless
Communication
 In short-range wireless communication, the signal travels
from a few centimeters to several meters. Examples
include Bluetooth, infrared and ZigBee.
 In medium-range wireless communication, the signal
travels up to 100 meters or so. WiFi is the best-known
example.
 In wide-area wireless communication, the signal travels
quite far, from several kilometers to several thousand
kilometers. Examples of wide-area wireless
communication systems are cellular communications,
WiMAX and satellite communications. All of these use
some form of microwave signals.
 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a personal connectivity technology that
enables links between mobile computers, mobile
phones, PDAs, and connectivity to the Internet.
With a Bluetooth, users wear a cell phone wireless
earbud, share files in a conference room, synchronize
their PDA with their laptop without a cradle, send a
document to a printer, and even pay a restaurant bill
from the table to a Bluetooth-equipped cash register.
 It operates in 2.4 GHz frequency spectrum with very
limited range of 30 feet or less.
 Ultra-Wideband (UWB)
It is low-power, short range, high bandwidth
network technology useful as cabling
replacement in home and office network.
 Infrared (IR)
 Infrared (IR) is a wireless mobile technology used for
device communication over short ranges. Infrared (IR) is
invisible radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation with
longer wavelengths than those of visible light.
 Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and
medical applications.
 IR light-emitting diodes (LED) are used to transmit IR
signals, which pass through a lens and focus into a beam
of IR data. The beam source is rapidly switched on and
off for data encoding.
 The major limitations is it requires line-of-sight, has a
short transmission range and is unable to penetrate
walls.
 ZigBee
ZigBee is a short-range, very low-power wireless
network technology useful for remotely controlling
industrial, medical, and home automation devices.
It is a simpler form of radio network operating in 2.4
GHz frequency range that allows small appliances
and sensors to communicate with one another.
 Wi-Fi
 Wi-Fi is a wireless LAN (WLAN) network technology that
allows computers and other electronic devices to connect
within short range of local area of, say, a few hundred meters.
 WLAN function by sending radio signals that are broadcast
over the airways using certain radio frequency ranges (2.4
GHz to 5.875 GHz, depending on the types of standard
involved).
 Wi-Fi compatible devices such as computers, video-game
consoles, smartphones, can connect to the Internet via a
WLAN network and a wireless access point (also known as
“hot spot”).
 Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20
meters (66 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors.
 Wi-Fi provides service in private homes, businesses, as well as
in public spaces
 Wide Area Wireless
Communication
 Wireless wide area network (WWAN) is a larger size of a wide
area network that sends wireless signals beyond a single
building.
 Microwave systems uses high frequency radios signals to
transmit data through the atmosphere and are widely used for
high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point communication.
 Microwave signals follow a straight line and do not bend with
the curvature of the earth; therefore, long-distance terrestrial
transmission systems require that transmission station be
positioned about 37 miles apart, adding to the expanse of
microwave.
 Wide Area Wireless
Communication
 Wireless wide area network (WWAN) is a larger size of a wide
area network that sends wireless signals beyond a single
building.
 Microwave systems uses high frequency radios signals to
transmit data through the atmosphere and are widely used
for high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point
communication. Microwave signals follow a straight line and
do not bend with the curvature of the earth; therefore, long-
distance terrestrial transmission systems require that
transmission station be positioned about 37 miles apart,
adding to the expanse of microwave.
 Microwave signals become weaker after travelling a certain
distance and require power amplification.
 Cellular Cmmunications
Technologies
 Mobile phones have become one of the most widely used
wireless communication devices. Communications within a
cellular network are made possible by cell towers. Your
mobile phone establishes a wireless connection using
electromagnetic waves with the nearest cell tower. This is a
two-way connection, meaning you can both send and receive
information.
 So when you make a phone call from one cell phone to
another, your phone connects to the cell tower, the cell tower
connects to a network processing center, the network
connects to another cell tower and that cell tower connects to
the cell phone you are trying to reach.
 As you move about your day, your wireless connection will
jump from one cell tower to the next depending on where
you are.
Cellular System Architecture
 Cellular Cmmunications
Technologies
 The transmission distance of cell towers is in the order of
several kilometers, so cell towers are placed close enough
together for their signals to overlap.
 The area covered by a single cell tower is referred to as a 'cell'
or 'site.' A large metropolitan area may have hundreds of cells
to cover the entire region.
 If you are in a remote area far from the nearest cell tower,
your phone will lose its connection to the network.
 These are the dreaded 'dead zones' without service. You may
also lose service if you are in a location where signals have
difficulty penetrating.
 2G, 3G and 4G technology
The first generation, or 1G technology, dates back to
the 1980s and was based strictly on analog signals.
The second generation, or 2G technology, was
developed in the 1990s and used a completely digital
system.
Second generation or 2G cellular networks are
relatively slow circuit-switched digital network that
can transmit data at about 10 Kbps.
A number of different 2G network technologies have
been developed, including GSM (mostly used in
Europe and Asia) and CDMA (mostly used in North
America).
 2G, 3G and 4G technology
• Third generation, or 3G technology, was developed
around the year 2000 and is able to carry a data with lot
more speed ranges from 384 Kbps to 2.4 Mbps.
• LTE (Long-Term Evolution, commonly marketed as 4G
LTE) is a standard for wireless communication of high-
speed data for mobile phones and data terminals.
• 4G promises to deliver higher data transfer rates,
approximately 10 times faster compared to 3G. These
speeds are competitive with broadband Internet services
available in homes and offices. If you are like most
smartphone users, you check email, upload photos and
download videos.
WiMAX Communication Technology
One of the 4G technologies is WiMAX, or Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access. WiMAX is a
standard for metropolitan area networks.
It is similar to WiFi but works over greater distances
and at higher transmission speeds.
This means you need fewer base stations to cover
the same area relative to WiFi. WiMAX can also
provide direct Internet access to metropolitan areas.
It can be used to reach areas that are currently not
served by phone and cable companies.
 GSM & CDMA Technology
• GSM stands for Global System for Mobile
Communication, in which special frequency is shared
by up to eight different phone users and the space of
bandwidth is divided among users using TDMA (Time
Division Multiple Access) in which each user is
allocated a portion of time in the frequency.
• CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) transmits
over several frequencies, and randomly assigns users
to a range of frequencies over time.
• CDMA is cheaper to implement and is more efficient
in use of spectrum, and provides higher quality
throughput of voice and data.