2 HOME» BACK 2 CHZ 2 CHS CHa =—=—— CHS . NS + CHAPTER 1 + CHAPTER 2 CHAPTERS + CHAPTER 4 + CHAPTER 5 + CHAPTER 6 + CHAPTERT + CHAPTER 8 B+ CHAPTER 9 B+ CHAPTER 10 CHE 2 _CHS . Lateral Load Capacity for Piles 1 Introduction Almost all piled foundations are subjected to at least some degree of horizontal loading. ‘The magnitude of the loads in relation to the applied vertical axial loading will generally be small and no additional design calculations will normally be necessary. However, in the case of wharves and jetties carrying the impact forces of berthing ships, piled foundations to bridge piers, trestles to overhead cranes, tall chimneys and retaining walls, the horizontal component is relatively large and may prove critical in design Traditionally piles have been installed at an angle to the vertical in such cases, providing sufficient horizontal resistance by virtue of the component of axial capacity of the pile which acts horizontally. However the capacity of a vertical pile to resist loads applied normally to the axis, although significantly smaller than the axial capacity of that pile, may be sufficient to avoid the need for such ‘raking’ or battered’ piles which are more expensive to install. When designing piles to take lateral forces it is therefore important to take this into account. A pile loaded by lateral thrust and/or moment at its top, resists the load by deflecting to mobilize the reaction of the surrounding soil. The magnitude and distribution of the resisting pressures are a function of the relative stiffness of pile and soil. So the ultimate horizontal load that could be sustained by piles depends on: 1. Pile Material 2. Pile Dimensions 3. Strength of surrounding soil Sources of Lateral Loading:1- Earth pressures on retaining wall 2- Wind Loads. 3- Seismic Loads. 4- River current and mud movement loads in alluvial settings (foundations subject to scour). 5- Impact Loads from Ships (Berthing, Pier Collision, ete. 6- Eccentric Loads on Columns. 7- Ocean wave forces. 8 Slope movements. 9- Cable forces on transmission towers. sy laa La pal yl I e518) pan 1- Horizontal Modules of Sub grade Reaction Method 2- Soil as Elastic Continuum Method (Poulos & Hull) Determine lateral loads for vertical piles : t ggatls Gab Alea ill Jao nel sit 1- Rigi Methods (Broms) 2- Depth to Fixity Methods (Davisson) 3- Finite Element Analysis 4- py curves I- Horizontal Modules of Sub grade Reaction Method: ii % sill Sed 3) alae di be sg gall le Guhl) prasad ply Miyha ola sgl bad ouall gat te Ayal gil Unlm gh Ky Ai Ayal Jab gy dale Gay 1ighan Aida) Aaja) ha Gaal 4 (ade a / Cig 9hS) Ky, Lad gad cay atl Ay atl Ata Gd (i we alll Aisle dad 5270 9 35 Ge gl d.Ky 443 cobs ( over consolidated jc! sald Qa lel Guay Clana ptt Alla god (Cy, )Adnaal! 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In applying Equation (8.5.1), the pile head condition for the single pile should reflect the conditions of restraint at the pile cap. For a cap which provides little or no restraint, ps is computed for a free-head pile, while for pile caps that provide restraint, it is appropriate to compute ps for a fixed head pile. The following expressions were derived from parametric studies by Ooi and Duncan:(8.5.3) (8.5.4) Where A=16 for clay, and 9 for sand; Npile = number of piles in group; B=5,5 for clay and 3.0 for sand; s = average spacing of piles; d= diameter of single pile; P, = average lateral load on pile in group; C=3 for clay and 16 for sand; Py= (Syd) for clay and (Kpyd3) for sand; ‘y= average total unit weight of sand over the top 8 diameters; K, = Rankine passive pressure; sy = average undrained shear strength within the top diameters; n= (PJ1S0Py)+0.25 for clay, and n= (P300Py)+0.30 for sand.