2 HOME» BACK CH2 2 CHS CHa CHS _CHO cH + CHAPTER 1 . . . Axial Pile Capacity 3+ CHAPTER 2 » CHAPTER 3 . , Z.1 Correlations based on soil shear strength parameters + CHAPTER 4 » CHAPTER 5 The ultimate load-carrying capacity (Qy) of a pile =, is given by a simple equation as the sum of the (CHAPTER 6 load carried at the pile point (pile base) or (pile S+CHAPTERT tip) (qs) or (q ) plus the total frictional resistance (skin friction) ( ts) derived from the + CHAPTER 8 soil-pile interface. B+ CHAPTER 9 + CHAPTER 1 For Compression, the ultimate load capacity, Que Q0,,=f,A,+if,Ca—W Where; Je = ultimate shaft friction in compression, C_ =pile perimeter Dz =layer depth fy = ultimate base pressure in compression Ay = area of pile base W. =pile own weightWENO) =Lf,Cdzt f, A, +W, Itimate shaft friction in uplift st Sot Unless the pile has an enlarged base, the uplift resistance of the base is disregarded. Itimate base pré re in uplift. In general, pile ultimate axial load is the summation of the friction and end bearing strength; Qur = Os + Or = fs As + 4 At Qui = ultimate pil capacity. Q, =shaft resistance of the pile due to skin friction. Q = tip resistance of the pile due to end bearing. fe = average unit shaft resistance. As =surface area of the shaft in contact with the soil. qt =unit tip-bearing capac At = effective (gross) area of the tip of the pile in contact + For simplicity, calculations of the ultimate load capacity are divided into 4 categories : 7.1.1) Piles in cohesive soil. 7.1.2) Piles in cohesionless s 7.1.3) Piles in silty soil. 7.1.4) Piles in multi-layered soil. In each of the previous categories, calculations are divided into two steps : A) Calculation of ultimate Shaft Resistance (Qs). B) Calculation of ultimate Base Resistance (Qy).(0, Q=Q 2 sand: 050% > 502. ZLD_ Piles in Cc i Clay. Q,> 9% Shaft resistance Qp~ 10% . The shaft re ® is based on estimating the adhesion betw the surrounding cohesive + Adhesion between the pile and the surrounding soil is taken as a factor of soil cohesion Where a = adhesion factor. + Shaft resistance is calculated as follows: Cc, = ae, e = a 1 LL snatvecoming ru | itera | wih dope t C, = adhesion between the clay and the pile a =adhesion factor Cy =undrained shear strength Ca Obsdeivefpjtts from table (7-1 Ose of hs trom table -1 Ca for bored piles =(0.3-0.4)Cy & Cy $100 kPa c= f c, = ae, For driven Piles C, could be directly taken as mentioned in the following table (FD: | Pile Type Cohesion Cy ‘Adhesion Ca@ (kN/m?) (kKN/m2) 0-12.5 0-12.5 12.5-25 125-24 25-50 24-37.5 Timber or concrete 50-100 375-475 100-200 475-65 0-12.5 0-12.5 12,5-25 12.5-23 Steel 25-50 23-35 50-100 35-36 «For bored Piles a = 0.3 - 0.4 Adhesion Values for Piles in Cohesive Soils (After Tomlinson, 1979)80 Pile 60 Adhesion, c, (Pa) 40 a B) Base 2-055 ics, 510s 200 Base resi taadbepaetrtoegesy | t the pile tip; this i d bearing resistance ct Qa a At In which: N, = bearing capacity factor = 9. .75 for fissured clay C, = undrained shear strength at pile tip (1.5r above and below pile tip — r is the pile radius) For Piles in Cohesive soil: The Ultimate load is then equal to the summation of the shaft resistance (friction) and the base resistance (end bearing): Our = Os + OQ Qute = Quit = % Cy. As “es Inwhich: A= area of pile tip 4: = bearing capacity at pile tip As = surface area of pile shaft e Failure surloceJs = ultimate skin resistance per unit area of shaft 2.1.2) Piles in Cohesionless soil Method of calculation: + The effective stress (“beta”) method is applied to estimate the axial bearing capacity of piles in cohesionless soil. Both of the shaft resistance and the base resistance are related to the effective str Due to arching effect, it is assumed that the vertical stress will become constant after reaching a certain depth called, critical depth D,. AiMnily FSAI US) Anglin Ga IS Gh bya dugpaill qulady GlaW) gli cacy) « gle Gly Atal) Mall JaN2 Gee ae cin lal) psi ph daca B25 ee Sade tla 2M) JS) LS @ jal) Jaa The critical depth De Dc=S D_ for very loose sand 10D for loose sand =15D for medium dense sand 20D for dense sand D=pile meter or width for d De a= adhesion factor shown in the following graphs: B)_ Base Resistance (0, Qe= at At ferzaghi bearing capacity factor for D Dcaft resistance + For piles in multi-layered soil, shaft resistance is generated in each layer and accumulated till the end of the pile length. + Base resistance is generated only from the layers on which the pile is placed. Abatas) tial cya JS Upson (gill Aagliall agga gE gapal Lyle Gy SU pall) Jaa) CoS Hh GSM Gl Asya phi) Yasha crits Bit cA Migecal) Cia) pUitiaaly gy JL IFAM Eds le Alke Gad Gilslga) ple at yin Our =* Os + O For Clay Quip= @ Cy. As + Ne Cu At For Sand — Oy =Ko'ytan 5 Ac +6'y Ng Ap For Silt — Quit =Ko'y tan 5 Agt a Cy Ay + 6'y Ng Aywith Large Diameter > 60 cm fie 65 i gtucrall y pills Sita) phail) puis Fy jl) ans, A Asmeally gale) Quit Aa Sibally pur 60 Ge La bE 5s (il) Gu) 9SI) ayant sein Boa Gh dasa Asad Ga Ge hyagll ge Gaal) MBE asl gy Cy agi lube Ge GL peal) hs JO gh aig) gl le Mia js pyaall Un ye 8 Jpn Uy ad gad Ai pte Ula hy mw1S oulaie Lag BU B Abi GI uel 3iSuy) Jost OBH (5-1-7) AScabatal) 4y jl Apathy 593150 hi Ga % 5 9 Chyygall AS gb Ay Ayal cally cal) dee Unga BUG A Ab GS itl Gy ANI Ee te pila) diet OAG MDully (GRAN Sf G4 YI 92 ol) | yiaglle 10-5, AZ Cpemeall papanall Jaall 9S) Cue Fy JEN gle 1S) Jaa OK CI Adel git Gall eens OK CS Aad plainly 3 pha jy AU AY ¢ penaall da gygll iUball Jal alld a (1-5-1-7) pi dss (1-5-1-7) aly dS ctl) ASisy) Juay SS Y! daa Ga JS dad asd OBH , OAG Htidall Gob Go Chay BI FAY papal) Jal Ly laa Lage gare C989 42 C paral bagug ll Ail Oy jBLia cs BIS al) e318 (1) Ay dysal) pladedy sagll go RSV! Jaal OBH Mal) cart Sey 8 Aa Af le 5 5SS yal) Ges (2) By gta gl cpa Madeley 5 elgil h ha pa ASN he ah ey AS ya pb a aa aid ple paca airy GIFS aS ghee Zan (2) (1) erly (1) Aa dase Aeataia yb Ay All agape JS YI ag diteMes od Ap scaly aiSll SE 3 (Gy jl yl Slyygall BSUY! aya! MIN m2 bs! 0.50 S_ «0.20 0.70 S_ x 0.30 1.2 BAIRD JS) hb 50 YS sleny nal SLY! Jaw ale Ui all dag) Ud (2p ip9S10= 2p Siaeinve 1) ston (3) ely dasall akin Wea oid Lavell qe ualell dicayl deal OAG Ou Ui 28 SMS Blah Gail sS) el 50 (4) By dosed sf Cilygal) Audet 2) gb 5s Gj! yA cota Aisin! algal Aad Gay AAR pI jad pact Laat! pil gle pan airy ine Sich Ga JAN ESa cya PULA p jal Aya Aatewall (4) « (3) Ah coalssnll pb dance pl e NN ciliyball JAS Ay purrall SEY! lal E papal Lgl cglSth pled sin yl aa csr Face MiSs 5 lee Agua G9) laws Shai Ve 2.0 gp glad Aitine UMS dicing! Agd JLaa} cepa pall acing! Jas of Lal iy OAG Adal Onis asl) Nol Gy TR! hb glad (agli lo A Has) 5950) ab Oa 961 a Jak Unga Ls gL Hay jay GA AS Gad Ay C pasa 991 od papal) Jal 6 BLA be gagtt Lad Gl a Gaal 4) Atay w(TAA.5.1) py SSR CI Magill) (AS pci) Sall Ayailly 2.0 Ge diy Y Glal Jalan sil gi Table (3) Friction stress for cohesionless soil: Number of | Depth from ground Ultimate friction stress blows level (N/m?Table (4) Friction stress for cohesive soil: Soil Cohesion _Ultimate friction stress (N/m?) (kNim?) 0 0 25 25 100 40 200 50 7.6 Negative Skin Friction Pile installed through compressive soils can experience “downdrag” forces or negative resistance along the shaft, which results from downward movement (settlement) of adjacent soil. Negative resistance results primarily from consolidation of soft deposits caused by dewatering or fill placement. Negative skin friction (NSF) is in fact a downward friction imposed on foundation piles as a result of subsoil settlement, It needs only few millimeters of relative displacement between the settling subsoil and the pile shaft surface, which is not uncommon to have relative displacement at the pile-soil interface more than these values in normal subsoil settlement problem, to fully mobilize the shaft resistance in either upward or downward directions. ere are five probable, but not limited to, reasons of existence of NSF, namely, a, Self-weight of unconsolidated recent fill, b. Surcharge-induced consolidation settlement, c. Consolidation settlement after dissipation of excess pore pressure induced by pile driving, d, Lowering of groundwater level, €. Collapse settlements due to wetting of unsaturated fill, andf. Crushing of crushable subsoil under sustained loading, causing subsoil settlement (Fig. 7.6.1) Schematic Diagram of Pile with NSF Figure 7.6.2-a : Neutral Plane (after Goudrealt and Fellenius, 1994). (b) Pile axial aft resistance, + Ifthe soil surrounding the pile undergoes settlement larger than that of the pile it self, this soil will induce an additional downward stress forcing the pile to move downward though increasing the stresses at the pile base. In this case, designers should take these stresses into account so that when they are added to the applied load, the sum must not exceed the axial load capacity. + Inorder to take NSF into account, the additional force acting on the pile shaft is calculated in the same way as mentioned before in normal cases, but it is then subtracted from the ultimate bearing capacity rather than adding it. jy Bl cand papl REUAS oy Com SSA LS Hy 5 ok GJS Ay gl Guy Laie: SAUL! ola als bY gael) Stal 5.96 agit Allalt ode od Upto! pat jy 4fti ind (consolidate) BELA ay 4 #5 Milly (down ward drag) Uline Usb uzial) dials a ph Aish Gye JS 9AM pau Ge AGFA (gle yall Ba,5+ If NSF is taken into account, the ultimate bearing capacity is then: Our = Os + DO - Ons = fs Ast de-Ar - Susp-A Snsf is calculated in the same way as fy Several methods have been developed to reduce the expected negative skin friction on deep foundations. These include: (a) Use of sle] Irea subject to drag. (b) Predrille 1 prior to insertion of pile (resul r vermiculite) () Provide lontact with settling soil. (d) Coat pile7.7 Pile Sp Piles are usu: y a concrete cap at the ground e differently single isolate mA take place in the group. Pile Spacing Center to ce| fecting pile group i AE, cand ly hal ct Aa) Gigs pa AS Ay eal O56 6 cay ld sl sasha La ly 9h Sant genes ha) gs Alta Aaa Ae yaa Ata gh ly Gy JR hb She DG Ce Ga slete oviy I ol GIS Ow sel diy Y Satey ok 6 a Nk iy SST agen phe kal sates ill iy ily A gH Lal MSG) Cay Fl aia) AS ei Gin og ll Un aay Gf Leal) Gta fb Gang (lla ill Ginaly Ot gs antl Gad screw piles Gisihe Gaihyh pladiel aie y LAG AAS) Hel ye go Gy Ld! ecg Stall ge JAN Jat nay 54 WyleLS pladin| lla gy (Enlarged bases tn} Ue gla aa Soles a i daycis Protection piles Protection piles cata e pile) dsj) 930) das (caps oss ch ge AS ae ai Ae ps Saaly single monolithic unit eBoy) yap Maul cal Lads aL Nk aay dasa gp J Sibel Jaa) JB LAS ay I ySNl ghee Copy Ablawall Cal LUIS gi Baad ada gall pinball d Sen B BI) Neg eH VAN 9 Obl LAN A RAS ay tll ae Gi tm GA a3 cla . pile) di3)9)EMfeeteney, E | Coleulated — Pile group % { Ao oo -0E Measured 3c Diameter 0:34 mm AS ola 13a ajay 987 AE Cing Length 920% L ° Cley Bentonite Catter bowers etal, 6) 20 3b) 40 Pile spacing Comparison of stressed zone beneath single pile and pile group Group Efficiency: Load Capacity of Pile Group (Quit. (group)) le pile Quit.) -atio re-drilling, jetting ete.) jpsed time since pile driving * Mode of failure Efficiency of the pile group ({) =Quit. (gr = ske| =un =bre =len = depth to base of group verage undarined shear strength along pil 1- Quit. (group) = § 9 Quit 2- Quit. (group) = Ne Cu Bg Lg + Cy 2D (By +Lg) If§21, then Qproup = 1° Q single If§<1, then Qgroup = Q block ter US O ste group G21 980 dani s gual § yd) yaks& Quit Quit.group =" OG =". Fo yall gb Gaiy8l) en Alandy gill pal Jaa) OG He gag JBN any Lacie sal lh Gy 1-8-7) By JSAM) G4 Bitindy QG/ Quip = sama otis aia IEU pel deal) Quilt (1-8-7) ppd pg MAL Ayo paeuall Jarl SX) (Tension) 24) Jus Guj)y) dopa Gawd Ue fl 22) © (1) CSD Cafes JAY Ly gline Ze papal USI Sales gle Le pula de paral GrjNyS Ege ple Huadlill 58 E game 1 AMM Maes gh Agel) Thy Lah -2 G25) ph Ae gaged iY) Lalawall gle ISSN Me gag i) bainaall ae pile cap Gaj1 80) Gata Jissi jy 50) Kinadtall 4 sl As Gas I uel) Aastha Cape Aya cya pale ae gS ga Aa gt A th eLasLact Aaa gall Agith sundrained strength 4 ,aa) aor ep F Ae gaa) Gaj198 On Ba marall Ay jl) ALS C139 + pile cap Aalgll + Gjt9N) ois Wh A Daa Aa 8 3.0 co shay Glial iiss Gall lead! Ala G4 2.0 suley GLY) dale ES Aish ci ail 35 Guidelines for Practice (Clays)ge ™ Linearly interpolate between 0.7 and 1.0 for intermediate center-to-center pile spacing. 2- For clays with Cy < 95 kPa (2000 psf) and pile cap is in firm contact with ground, use § =1.0 3- For clays with Cy > 95 kPa (2000 psf), use & =1.0 regardless of the pile cap — ground contact. 4- Calculate the ultimate pile group capacity against block failure using the procedure described in section 7.8.1. hypo) ASuabata gue Zit yj) ill ile pane (os 25 jucrall 9 St Tile CH MT BN GSM gle cogy lbLenall CUS Lal Aline haa 9S Ae gaall ci jh yd ard Lally eld Ge iS Lani AS fue Ae panes ary iri) pSUl daa gall tl al Anges BN gS Dlaal NS y Ugie Cieadah line fia) cya Ue gl Y hy jh pS Mada) Adat cls AS gael) shagl flail GLb Gli SY) taza Qube (ila) ales CN Alitios laa 9S Ae gent! Uy 2% i block failure S431 543,98 aad 8 a8 1155 SB loose deposits pte) Ayal ji Ate i 9) Ayla gt ciliy gS) tba dy Aa Ly aj] 98ll Ge bl Aa ll HAS Ag ade GES Ale Ae geal A yA wpyenaill aie 5 alll oda Use! ase yg) ASaaLaa yb Ay) Oe Aisis Aide S19 ip) hl) On Ae gene Gayl Alla iy GaN As gage dant Bab Old Aiea lin Si Ge Miia Cian gS Ae gapall yj 9S aad Gl ysd g gene I AaB) gh Ay lly Ae gemall Gril sd hile alone oy jlgi inl pier Antes dant 5 jah -2 AA RI Ae gemall Gril ghd Alaa GIES pale Qa Upeuall cape ging Uely BNA de penal Qaiall be yagtl lie ys ae By Aa) JL Ghyll Asulele yb A ily Gail sail de gene Goat Ue Vf uM Gysaal JBY Ly glue Ae papell (gle adiSa A ltint arabes _| weed 3x3 aLecRou —y 4 Ba 19 PLEO. a adil -2 f= Vr | C= 48 PIE DAMETERS| iy Adleal LSty pic amr | : 5a ne cue, eel Adie) ile GrCUP EFFICIENCY FOR COHESIVE OLE os a! is 29 25 30 Bs “9 45 rage pile SGN LE OME TERS wy w opume™"gruup! Uapaeny anu aunuuze mstallation problems. The minimum S = 2.5 D is allowed by AASHTO code (1994). For piles in sand soil: Driven Piles § = 1.0 Bored Piles & = 0.67 Avoid pre-drilling and jetting whenever possible. Pre-drilling and jetting can result § < 1.0 When S/D>3 and no pre-drilling and jetting is used, use § 0 = When pile group is founded on a firm bearing stratum of limited thickness overlying weak soil, group capacity is equal to the lesser of : 1, sum of individual ultimate pile capacities or, 2. group capacity against block failure of an equivalent pier, consisting of the pile group and enclosed soil mass punching through the firm stratum into the underlying weak soil. 7.9 Factor of Safety for Pile Capacity The ultimate axial capacity, based on geotechnical considerations, should be divided by the following factors of safety to determine the design pile capacity for axial loading: Method of Loading | Minimum Factor of Safety Condition 5 5 Determining Capacity Compression ] Tension [Theoretical or empirical | Usual 2 2 lprediction to be verified | Unusual Ls 1s y pile load test [Theoretical or empirical | Usual 3 3 lprediction not verified | Unusual 2.25 2.25 y load test Loading Conditions:(1) Usual. These conditions include normal operating and frequent flood conditions, Basic allowable stresses and safety factors should be used for this type of loading condition, (2) Unusual. Higher allowable stresses and lower safety factors may be used for unusual loading conditions such as maintenance, infrequent floods, barge impact, construction, or hurricanes. For these conditions allowable stresses may be increased up to 33 percent.