2 HOME» BACK 2 CHZ 2 CHS CHa CHS 2 __CH6 2 _CHS . NS + CHAPTER 1 + CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 =+ CHAPTER 4 + CHAPTER 5 + CHAPTER 6 + CHAPTER T + CHAPTER 8 B+ CHAPTER 9 3+ CHAPTER 10 Axial Pile Capacity 6.1 Introduction Selection of pile geometry: + In order to reach a safe and economic design, the designer should seek the suitable diameter and length of the used piles such that the excess number of piles used is minimum, + Length of end bearing piles is chosen such that they are rested on a firm stratum. + Length of friction piles is determined from the load to be transmitted to soil. + The cross-sectional dimensions of piles are determined from the properties and strength of the used material. The Ultimate axial capacity of piles depends on both the pile and the ‘he two major parameters that control the axial capacity of surrounding soil. piles are: 1- Pile Geometry (Length and Cross-sectional Area) 2- Soil Strength. Loads on piles are transformed to the surrounding soil either through friction between the pile shaft and the surrounding soil or by end bearing at the pile tip or both, This depends on the strength of the surrounding soil. Loads on piles are transformed to the surrounding soil either through friction between the pile shaft and the surrounding soil or by end bearing at the pile tip or both, This depends on the strength of the surrounding soil.‘Column f — Pile Cap Pile o Or ‘TypeofDexp The Foundations Piles ai. wegen vias canrusaesvns aid Pre ased on the application of ultimate axial load in the particular soil conditions at the site at relatively short time after installation, When pile is subjected to gradually increasing compressive load in maintained load stages, initially the pile-soil system behaves in a linear-elastie manner up to point (A ) on the settlement-load diagram and if the load is realised at any stage up to this point the pile head rebound to its original level. When the load is increase beyond point (A) there is yielding at, or close to, the pile-soil interface and slippage occurs until point (B ) is reached, when the maximum skin friction on the pile shaft will have been mobilised. If the load is realised at this stage the pile head will rebound to point ( C ), the amount of permanent settlement being the distance OC. When the stage of full mobilisation of the base resistance is reached ( point D ), the pile plunges downwards with out any farther increase of load, or small increases in load producing large settlements. » m rata loading © Pie need verted seitlement (6) Pile heed vertical settlement (6)Loan er tae FRICTION MOVEMENT POINT [LOAD sy rorst_|spp.ie0| Loan Typical Load —Movement Curve Desplacement, § a 2H * Pout re- ‘Skin re- sistance sistance + At what load will the pile fail? + How much will pile deflect under service loads? © Prediction: On basis of Site investigation and laboratory testing. © Verification: By some method of loading tests: Ultimate capacity is the load required to cause failure, whether by excessive settlement or irreversible movement of the pile relative to the soil. + Allowable capacity is the ultimate capacity divided by a factor of safety + The pile ultimate load eapacity can be determined by the following methods : 1- Pile Load Tests (load test on piles at the site) (Goat S51 Jess ula eit plaka 2- Pile Driving Formulae (G8) aSLySI Asal ual pain) 3- Correlations with SPT or CPT data id) GIS) gulid placa) 4- Correlations based on soil shear strength parameters. 2 Pile Load Pile load test are usually carried out that one or some of the following reasons are fulfilled: 1. To obtain back-figured soil data that will enable other piles to be designed. 2. To confirm pile lengths and hence contract costs before the client is committed to over all job costs, 3. To counter-check results from geotechnical and pile driving formulae. 4. To determine the load-settlement behaviour of a pile, especially in the region of the anticipated working load that the data can be used in prediction of group settlement. 5. To verify structural soundness of the pile. Limitations of Pile Load Tests: It is important to recognize that a load test performed on a single pile dose not : * account for long-term settlement * take into account downdrag from settling soils * take into account the effect of group actionThe above must be considered when using load test results to design or analyze pile foundations 1- Compression test 2- Lateral-load test 3- Uplift test 4- Torsion-load test Performing pile load tests is the most reliable method to measure axial capacity of piles as it is performed in situ taking field conditions into consideration, . The most precise — if not always the most accurate — method of determining the ultimate upward or downward load capacity of a deep foundation. + Static load tests, however, are time consuming and expensive; must be used judiciou + Object of the test is to develop a load-displacement curve, from which the load capacity can be determined. ‘The design load shall be defined as 50% of the failure load (factor of safety ‘The failure load for the pile shall be defined as follows: 2). For piles 60 cm (24 inches) or less in diameter or width, the failure load of a pile tested under axial compressive load is that load which produces a settlement at failure of the pile head equal to: Sp= A + (4 + 0.008 D) Where: Sr= Settlement at failure (mm). jiameter or width (mm). A= Elastic deformation of total pile length (mm). For piles greater than 60 cm in diameter or width:S p= 4+ D0 The top elevation of the test pile shall be determined immediately after driving and again just before load testing to check for heave. Any pile which heaves more than 6 mm shall be redriven or jacked to the original elevation prior to testing. Unless otherwise specified in the contract, a minimum 3-day waiting period shall be observed between the driving of any anchor piles or the load test pile and the commencement of the load test. The pile capacity may increase (soil setup) or decrease (relaxation) after the end of driving. Therefore, it is essential that static load testing be performed after equilibrium conditions in the soil have re-established. Static load tests performed before equilibrium conditions have re-established will underestimate the long term pile capacity in soil setup conditions and overestimate the long term capacity in relaxation cases. For piles in clays, specifications should require at least 2 weeks or longer to elapse between driving and load testing. In sandy silts and sands, 5 days to a week is usually sufficient. Load testing of piles driven into shale should also be delayed for at least 2 weeks after driving. + Failure of the pile is defined in to two ways that as the load at which the pile continues to move downward without further increase in load, or according to the B.S., the load which the penetration reaches a value equal to one-tenth of the diameter of the pile at the base. Applied load, @ op Bange Q, 25mm Q40 to 0250 Setllement, 5 Compression Tesi + Stress-controlled tests are performed by applying vertical loads to the pile and observing or measuring the vertical pile displacement. + The load increments are typically: 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200% of the estimated capacity (the design load of the pile), until excessive pile displacement (failure) is observed.‘iles are loaded to 150% to 200% of their theoretical axial capacity using a hydraulic jack. + Loads are applied according to the following table: Load (% of Design load) Time (hrs) 25% 1 50% 1 5% 1 100% 3 125% 3 150% n 125% % 100% % B% % 50% % 25% % Interpretation of Load Test: The load displacement curve generated from the pile load test is used to determine the allowable pile capacity. The following methods have been used to define failure © Offset Limit Method (Davisson 1972): The failure load is defined as the load corresponding to a movement which exceeds the elastic compression of the pile, when considered as a free column, by a value of 0.15 inches (4 mm) plus a factor depending on the diameter of the pile (D/120), where D is the diameter of the pile in inches. AASHTO (1992) and FHWA recommend that the offset method be used to determine the failure load. * De Beers Method (Fellenius, 1980): The load displacement values are plotted on a double logarithmic scale, where the values may be shown to fall on two straight lines. The intersection of the lines corresponds to the failure load. © Slope and Tangent (Butler and Hoy, 1977): The failure load is defined as the load at the intersection of a line tangent to the initial straight line portion of the load displacement curve and a line tangent to the load displacement curve where the slope of the line reaches 0.05 inches/ton). The results of a pile load test are typically plotted as load versus displacement (movement of the pile butt). The scale of the plot should be arithmetic and should be selected so that the slope of the elastic deformation of the pile is inclined at an approximate angle of 20°.The elastic deformation of a pile may be determined using the following equation: A=(QL)/(AE) Where: A= Elastic deformation Q= Test load L=Pile length A= Pile cross-sectional area E = Modulus of elasticity of pile material This equation is accurate for end bearing piles where no stress transfer occurs along the length of the pile. Timber piles, however, are typically friction piles or a combination of friction and end bearing. The elastic deformation will, therefore, typically be less than that determined from the above equation The failure load (offset limit method) of a timber pile is the load that produces a movement of the pile butt (head) (Sp equal to: Sy=A +(4+ 0.008 D) For piles diameter or width < 60 cm Sy=A+(4+ 0.008 D) For piles diameter or width < 60 cm Where: S,= movement of the pile head (mm) D = Pile diameter (mm) A = Elastic deformation (mm) Figure 6-1 presents a typical pile load test load movement curve. The elastic deformation and the offset limit failure criteria are also plotted. The intersection of the failure criterion line and load movement line yields the ultimate capacity of the pile.Figure 6-1 Typical static pile load test results + Results of load-settlement and load-time curves are recorded and their curves are drawn. + Modified Chin method is used to analyze the data90 % The fail] twice that obtaines Penetration sual cyte Bl Goa Gy LAU Ay ¢ paul baguglly all ayaa sGaBAUAY Cpanel pagan) Saal pst of ine Chl ol pdt Al9 ( Gyally Sat AY) Jaa! Jy Yi +1 haly 5 oe Ji Yi Pc papenctill Jaa) 1.75, aly sp) ss papal Jaa) Cute Ay yy 1970 ail) deal jay 1963 Jeb He %IE Q 4 Sq = 0.02 d+ 0.5 QL/AE LDA Lag petal all Ay aga ag Gly le «aR shi d cggtpanail) Jaa!) inal 3 ya Q 6G s30 ab L « Gg JAM gh dates A Fa pA gs peal! 9S Lis Guaall Minhas iy jy dig sang 5 RAN Balad Lay pall alae EL E=14000V fy kg/em? Aika yall il sla A yf Cis pgpacsall Ahan 9S) cp 3) gl Apuaily Lal Ppaal OB 140 Bob Ye ft Aa pl SSN plly UBB 5 ypc iyi ghl) le Hot ay jh pl glo Mipkaal) Ashes os pas Vy Test Setup: Reaction System ™ Loading & Load Measurement Reference System & Displacement Measurements1- Reaction piles may pull out2- Flexib}Highly Formula (1925): Pfficiener fs ng a caplacement el Sets ficiency, k Drop hammer ( uriggereu ran y 10 Steam or compressed air hammer 09 Drop hammer (winch operated) 0.8 Diesel hammer 0.6 - 0.8Cust dus, Micarta Greenhe Other ti 6.4 Correlation 6.4.1- Correla sw. @ Standard penetration test (S.P.T) stl) i) 891 JUs8! Empirical correlations with the results of SPT data usually take the following form:where Ay and By are empirical numbers, and depend on the units of f,, and N SPT value at the point under consideration. A Sin (LR Jaa) (KIN is shy) Maly) Gy eed Fy ok OMd Sa og peal ay ie SGI ASL Aaghhl 2.5 5) Gal Jane Cuetyy yl a Jan) Spall Malee yb 45 (Sina La glial 2 BSW an le 6 figall Sy ct) Mike Bgl GIES) Ayes (gb cuba) asad Ue giall Lath yy pAb 50 Ce AY ay — HSS YI Ais el 3 y hy JAAN Sac Jha of Mllaal Sally igh gj La Sta Fy IAN gba co peli GI GEN! ya (A cial) aad asia) Lill yap Sula ub Cyaan ab Right 59 LN GL 8 Jb /Static Cone penetrometer test (C.P.T) measur 1- Cone Resistance, qe 2- Sleeve Resistanc » fxlakes the following Ag = empirical number, and 4, = cone penetration resistance at the point ASG (Gall Jas) (KN Gigs shill daly) Gy JS dead Eyob GME cla og peal! 996 Ce 26a FAM BSS) Maske 3 5h cal alae asttny yA dS da) bal Asada yb 1 (MSY dati BS yaaa eb Gy SRN eB ih pn ila coh Siti day all 5) SY Alnus gall Ze tall Peal peS150 OF ge Aah HY Sym ASN) op penn Sal hill Na Silja 3Low strain integrity tests examine the response of a pile to a small hammer blow at the pile head. The induced stress wave travels down the pile shaft and reflected waves from significant changes in pile shaft acoustic impedance are registered by a transducer held against the pile head. The measured signals are digitized by the test unit, stored fernally and downloaded onto PC for hard copy reporting. Ideal as quality control for pile integrity. ™ All piles on site can be tested quickly and efficiently. ™ Faults can be detected immediately on site. Pile lengths as well as necking & bulging can be detected. ™ Practical & inexpensive. = Over 200 piles per day may be tested depending on access and pile head condition, = Modern, battery operated data acquisition s Data downloaded to PC for quick reporting