12.3 Chapter 3 637 33 Principal radii of curvature @ © Fora sphere with radius R, we have 1/R; + 1/Ry = 2/R. The field outside the sphere is E = g/4reqr?, 50 dE/dr = —2g/4reor! (2/1). Atthe surface of the sphere this equals —(2/R)E, as desired. For aeyinder with radius R, we have 1/R} + 1/ft = 1/R + 1/00 UR. The field ouside the cylinder is E = A/2zeor, $0 dE dr = “A/2regr? = —CU/NE. At the surface of the cylinder this equals UU/R)E, as desired, Fora plane we have 1/R} +1/p = 2/oe = 0. Te il from a plane takes on the constant value of E = 0/2eq, so dE fdr =O, as desired Consider « pillbox with an approximately rectangular base that ies {ust outside the surface of the conductor. Let the edges of the base {with lengths ¢, and €) be aligned parallel to the directions of the ‘rincipal curvatures, Let the sides of the pillbox (with beight dx) be normal to the surfce, so that they follow the field lines. One of the cross sections is shown in Fig, 1248 [Note thatthe top face of the box is larger than the bottom face {assuming the principal rai are positive), From similar triangles in Fig. 1248, the top edges are longer than the bottom edges by factors of (Ry +d0//Ry and (Ry + de)/R. So the area ofthe top face is, 28) (cot na tun (Io f)a-(t4f)oneea(ieu(deg)). 2.42) ‘where we have dropped the (dt) term. Now, the net flux through the ‘box is zero because it contains no charges. There is no Mux through the sides since they are parallel othe field lines, so equating the ux ‘inward through the bottom withthe flax outward through the tp gives Buasver = Frop cop = Bratt = Eop ti bap (eee n ap Bua(t=an(2ee2.)). canes ‘The change inthe Held from bottom to tp is dé — Eiap — Biya. $0 wwe have wanton eg) ® > E—~(R te) (124ay “This results where we have writen Fy 38 i for negative rac of curvature as well that i, where the surface is concave). The top ‘surface is now smaller than the bottom surface, but the derivation is ‘exactly the same. We could also have one positive and one negative Figure 12.48,