vth SEM _ HYDRAULIC MACHINES LAB (MEUS10) EXPERIMENT NO, 2 TRIAL OF FRANCIS TURBIN. 2.1 Objective 2.2 Apparatus Required 2.3 Theory 24 Experimental setup 2.STechnical Specifications 2.6 Procedure 2,7 Observation Table & Calculation 2.8 Results & Discussions 2.9 Precaution 2.1 Objective: To study the characteristics of Francis Turbine to calculate the efficiency and to draw the following curves, + Efficiency Vs Discharge ‘+ BHP Vs Discharge 2.2 Apparatus Required: Francis Turbine Test rig, Tachometer 2.3 Theory: The model Francis Turbine is an inward mixed flow reaction turbine Le. the water under pressure enters the runner from the guide vanes towards the center in radial direction and discharge out of the runner axially. The Francis Turbine operates under medium head and also requires medium quality of water, A part of the head acting on the turbine is Wansformed into kinetic energy and rest remains as pressure head. There 1s a difference of pressure between the guide vanes and the runner, which is called the reaction pressure and Is responsible for the motion of the runner. That is why a Francis Turbine is also known as reaction turbine. In this turbine the pressure at the inlet is more than that at the outlet. This means that the water in the turbine must flow in a closed conduit, unlike the Pelton type where the water strikes only a few of the runner buckets at a time. In the Francis turbine the runner is ffected by the change of both always full of water, The movement of runner is the Kinetic and potential energies of water. After doing work the water is hhanical Department of MVth SEM HYDRAULIC MACHINES LAB (MEUS 10) discharged to the tailrace through a closed tube of gradually enlarging section ‘This tube is known as draft tube, The free end of the draft tube Is submerged deep in the tailrace water, Thus the entire water Passage, right from the headrace up tothe tailrace, totally enclosed. 2.4 Experimental setup: The turbine Is placed on a substantial concreted base. The supply pump set draws water from the main tank and supplies it to turbine. A venturimeter is mounted to measure the flow, A gate valve is provided just above the inlet of the turbine in relation to the guide vane setting. A set of guide vanes is provided around the periphery of the runner to contro! the load. The whole guide vane mechanism is being operated through a hand wheel by suitable link mechanism. ss Department of Mechanical Engineering — GCoEA aVth SE — HYDRAULIC MACHINES LAB (MEUS 10) 2.5 Technical Specification: A. FRANCIS TURBINE “+ Rated Supply head 25 Meters “Discharge : 2000 LPM “Rated Speed 11250 rpm * Power Output : SUP “Runner Speed +2700 rpm “Runner Diameter :160 mm “No. of guide vanes 10 P.C.D. guide vanes : 230mm Brake Drum Diameter +330 mm “Rope Diameter : 16mm B. SUPPLY PUMP SET: “Rated Head 219m “Discharge 000 LPM “Normal Speed 21440 rpm “Power Required :15 HP Size of Pump :100 mm X75 mm “+ Impeller Diameter 280 mm C. FLOW MEASURING “Inlet diameter of venturimeter :100mm ‘Throat diameter of venturimeter —:60 mm “Pressure gauge (2 numbers) 0.7 Ke/cm2 Department of Mechanical Engineering GCoRA 9Vth SEM 2.6 Procedure: * Prime the pump and start it with closed gate valve. “Guide vanes in the turbine must be in closed position while starting the pump, Now slowly open the gate valve and open the chock fitted to the pressure gauge and see that the pump develops the rated head. + Ifthe develops the required head, slowly open the turbine guide vanes by rotating the hand wheel until the turbine attains the rated speed + Load the turbine slowly and take the readings. + Turn on the starter. Pump is started and water is allowed to flow through the turbine. ‘+ Adjust the spear valve for a particular nozzle opening. ‘+ Adjust the bypass valve for the desired inlet water pressure. ‘Record the pressure reading, Manometer reading, speed readings of the circular spring balance. 4 Repeat the experiment for electrical load of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 amp + Repeat the above procedure for full, % and % Gate opening 2.7 Observation Tables: Applied load (higher side reading) (W) = Supply’ Dischare | | Brake | Spring | yy | ll sr. Head | Gate 0 ‘ie lout reading ‘ ied Noo [prenine (ms) (ke sgn RPM | (m) | | | | | [1/2_| | |_| j2 | 3/4 | | | (3 | Tully | | | | | Department of Mechanical Engineering GCOEA 102.8 Calculations: LJnput power (water power) = pgQu = WQH Where, P = Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3 W = specific weight of water = 9.81 KN/m3 Q= Discharge in m3/sec H = Supply head 2, Discharge Q) = Cy x Ay % Az where, IV = Difference in pressure gauge of the venturimeter + vacuum head at draught tube if any. D; = Convergent diameter of inlet of venturimeter. D2 = Throat diameter of outlet of venturimeter. Cy = 0.962 AyGAz= Area of cross section of inlet & throat of venturimeter. 3. Output power (o/p) =2 4. Efficiency = output/input *100 where, T= Torque in Kg-m N= Turbine speed in rpm Re = Effective radius of brake drum in meter (0.166)*w, the net brake Load in Kg. Department of Mechanical Engineering GHYDRAULIC 1.9 Results and Discussions: Plot the graph between the following: Efficiency Vs Discharge % BHP Vs Discharge a. For full gate opening b. For half gate opening © For 3/4th pate opening 1.10 Precautions: © The main valve should be closed before starting the machine. * Do not load the turbine suddenly. Loading should be done gradually and at the same time supply of water should be increased so that the run at normal speed. Theoretical data (Standard Data): + Specific speed = 150-240 Overall efficiency = 80-85 % Viva Questions 1) Why the runner of a reaction turbine runs full? 2) What is the function of guide vanes ina reaction turbine? 3) What is the function of draft tube in a reaction turbine? 4) Explain the phenomenon of cavitations. 5) What is the surge tank? Where it is installed and why? 6) Explain the term ‘Degree of reaction? Department of Mechanical Engineering GCoEA ri