NAME ALFRIDGE T MANDAZA

REG NUMBER C15126039B

MODULE REAL TIME SYSTEMS
TITLE IMPLIMENTATION OF EFSM ON PIEZOELECTRIC
UPS POWER CONTROLLING SYSTEM
EXTENDED FINITE STATE MACHINE

The project title is to design a piezoelectric power generating system for powering traffic lights.
EFSMs are a simple and natural class of models for synchronous systems.

OFFLINE UPS

In the piezoelectric power generating system for secondarily powering traffic lights, the most
essential part is the power controlling system responsible for switching source of power in case
of a power outage in the grid system is the UPS (uninterrupted power supply). The UPS
incorporated in this design is the offline UPS which has a low cost.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM.

In the system first power is generated from the piezoelectric material through mechanical stress
applied to the material. If the piezoelectric is subjected to mechanical stress voltage is produced
which in AC voltage. This voltage produced is in small quantity therefore it has to be stored for
later use such that it can be able to power the traffic lights. The problem now arise in the sense of
transmitting the little voltage produced with little resistance involved such that very little power
is dissipated. To tackle the previous mentioned problem SSHI (synchronized switch harvesting
interface) was used which dissipates very little power. The synchronized switch harvesting
interface delivers power to the battery after signal mode conversion into DC form.

The battery is linked to the traffic lights through offline UPS such that in case of a power outage
from the grid, the UPS simply kicks in a time period of at most 30milliseconds. If for instance
power is restored in the grid the system will be in hybrid mode in at most 10milliseconds and it
is at this instance that the power controlling system will have to disconnect or cut off the battery
connection to the traffic lights such that the grid will be solely powering the traffic lights.

It will take the system 10milliseconds to switch from hybrid mode to disconnect mode in which
the system will state transit from disconnect mode back to the grid mode in 10milliseconds.

TIMING CONSTRAINTS
 i) Stimulus response (SR)

When there is a power outage the UPS must respond by switching to the battery mode in at most
30milliseconds.

ii) Response stimulus (RS)

Once the power is restored in the grid the system will transit from battery mode to hybrid mode

iii) Response response (RR)

Once the system responds by moving to the hybrid mode it must disconnect from the battery
mode to the grid mode through disconnect mode.

The extended finite state machine (EFSM) in this system is basically aimed on the UPS power
control. The state transition is event driven with different tasks periods.

G H

D
G; grid mode

B; battery only mode

H; hybrid mode (both battery and grid)

D; disconnect mode

Arrow G is T0 which is 5ms (loop on grid mode)

Arrow GB is T1 which is 30ms (grid to battery mode)

Arrow BH is T2 which is 10ms (battery to hybrid mode)

Arrow HD is T3 which is 10ms (hybrid to disconnect mode)

Arrow DG is T4 which is 10ms (disconnect to grid mode)

The UPS is composed of different transitioning elements which include event and periodic
outcome. For instance for T1 to occur

State transition logic of UPS power control

Transition Logic

T0 If P=1 (loop)

T1 th
 T2

T3 h

T4 h

The subscripted Ro are for the time at that particular transition like T3 and T4
respectively.

T0 is a loop in which if the grid mode is on, power will be considered as 1 hence the system will
be on repeat loop on T0.in the event that there is a power outage power will be 0, hence this will
cause a state transition under T1 from grid mode to battery mode in 10ms.Whilst the system will
be on battery mode if power is restored in the grid ,that is when power is greater than 1 then this
will trigger T2 in which under 10ms will transit to hybrid mode.in the hybrid mode the system
only has to delay for 10ms then transit to disconnect mode under T3.in disconnect mode the
system will only take a period of 10ms to transit back to the grid mode under T4.