Cnsoûf co prfyodtfs co ngvostnmkdnôg

Skrok ? - Uokjnzkr trkgsborogdnks coj dfgfdn`nogtf

Yrosogtkcf pfr

Ufeortf Bkenf Dkgf Euojvks

Dôcnmf1 ;>2;2;?4

Yrosogtkcf k1

Ocgk ^urkgy @frk Ufcrnmuoz

Mrupf< ??;;9;V=

_gnvorsnckc Gkdnfgkj Kenortk y k Cnstkgdnk _GKC

Osduojk co Dnogdnks co jk Ocudkdnôg (ODOC_)

Yrfmrk`k co Jndogdnkturk og `kto`ëtndks

DOKC Rkjjocupkr

Cndno`ero - 59;>
 

;.  Ojkefrkr ugk tkejk co df`pkrkdnôg pkrk ospodnbndkr jks dkrkdtoràstndks, jks cnborogdnks
y jks so`oakgzks ogtro jfs cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos y jfs cnsoûfs gf oxporn`ogtkjos
co ngvostnmkdnôg.
Cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos  Cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos 
Cobngndnôg  To trktk co ugk dfjoddnôg co cnsoûfs Uoqunoro co ugk
co ngvostnmkdnôg quo utnjnzkg jk `kgnpujkdnôg rnmurfsk co jks
`kgnpujkdnôg
vkrnkejos f
y jks pruoeks dfgtrfjkcks pkrk ogtogcor
bkdtfros oxporn`ogtkjos,
jfs prfdosfs dkuskjos. Og mogorkj, ugk f
y coj dfgtrfj cnrodtf
`ës vkrnkejos sfg `kgnpujkcks pkrk
f pfr prfdocn`nogtfs
cotor`ngkr su obodtf sfero ugk
ostkcàstndfs kj kzkr, co ftrfs
vkrnkejo copogcnogto. 
bkdtfros quo puocog

kbodtkr oj

oxporn`ogtf. Uokjnzkg

ropotndnfgos co jfs

oxporn`ogtfs pkrk vornbndkr

cotor`ngkcks hnpôtosns

rokjnzkcks pfr oj

ngvostnmkcfr. To puoco

rokjnzkr og ug jkefrktfrnf

f
Dkrkdtoràstndks  Uoqunoro co ugk `kgnpujkdnôg rnmurfsk og oj dk`pf 

co jks vkrnkejos f Gf so prfcudo `kgnpujkdnôg

bkdtfros oxporn`ogtkjos, y coj dfgtrfj
co jks vkrnkejos ostucnkcks.
cnrodtf f
Os `uy df`ñg quo so
pfr prfdocn`nogtfs ostkcàstndfs kj
utnjndog og ngvostnmkdnôg
kzkr, co ftrfs bkdtfros quo puocog
kpjndkck, yk quo ostucnkg jfs
kbodtkr oj oxporn`ogtf. Uokjnzkg
hodhfs tkj y df`f
ropotndnfgos co jfs oxporn`ogtfs
fdurrog co `kgork
pkrk vornbndkr cotor`ngkcks hnpôtosns
gkturkj. Os kprfpnkcf
rokjnzkcks pfr oj ngvostnmkcfr. To
dukgcf pfr rkzfgos
puoco rokjnzkr og ug
prëdtndks,
jkefrktfrnf f og oj dk`pf 
odfgô`ndks f îtndks, gf

os
 pfsnejo rokjnzkr

oxporn`ogtfs. 

Cnborogdnks  Os ugk tîdgndk ostkcàstndk. Os ug ostucnf snsto`ëtndf y

o`pàrndf co ugk sntukdnôg.
Ncogtnbndk y dukgtnbndk jks dkusks co ug Fesorvk jfs bogô`ogfs tkj
obodtf cogtrf co ug ostucnf. df`f sfg og su
k`enogto gkturkj.
To `kgnpujkg ugk f `ës vkrnkejos Jks vkrnkejos gf so puocog
`kgnpujkr
Os utnjnzkck og dk`pfs df`f jk To utnjnzkg sfjk`ogto
ngcustrnk, jk kmrndujturk jk og k`enogtos gkturkjos.
`ordkcftodgnk, jk `ocndngk, ogtro
ftrks N`pjndk `kgtogor jk  Gf `kgtnogo jk
ngvostnmkdnôg ekaf
ngvostnmkdnôg ekaf dfgtrfj.
dfgtrfj. Cogtrf co jfs dk`pfs
To`oakgzks  Cogtrf co jfs dk`pfs co kddnôg og jfs co

quo dfgvormo dfg jk gf kddnôg og jfs quo

oxporn`ogtkj ostë jk Ysndfjfmàk dfgvormo dfg jk

oxporn`ogtkj ostë jk
Ysndfjfmàk

Ojkefrkr ug cnkmrk`k co ërefj pkrk ncogtnbndkr jk djksnbndkdnôg co jfs cnsoûfs gf

oxporn`ogtkjos y sus dfrrospfgcnogtos tnpfs co cnsoûfs.
 Cosdrneo y `nco
vkrnkejos tf`kgcf mrupf c ofeaotfs f porsfgks
Cosdrnptnvf
Srkgsoddnfgkj
(@f`ogtf ñgndf coj tno`pf)

Jks hnpôtosns so
Dfrrojkdnfgkj ostkejodog k trkvîs co ostucnfs cosdrnptnvfs

Cnsoûf Gf
Oxporn`ogtkj
Jk vkrnkejo os dogtrkck
Co togcogdnk
og ugk pfejkdnôg.

Jfgmntucngkj Dkck voz quo so `nco

(Cfs f `ës `f`ogtfs) Co ovfjudnôg oj mrupf so tf`k ugk
`uostrk

Jk `ocndnôg co jfs
Co pkgoj suaotfs so hkdo og tfcfs jfs tno`p

5.  _g ngvostnmkcfr cosok ovkjukr jk rojkdnôg ogtro jk oxpfsndnôg k vncofs `usndkjos dfg
kjtf dfgtogncf soxukj y jk kdtntuc hkdnk oj soxf. Oj ngvostnmkcfr gfs pnco quo jo
kyuco`fs k dfgstrunr ug cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj pkrk kgkjnzkr cndhk rojkdnôg y
tk`enîg ug cnsoûf trkgsoddnfgkj-dfrrojkdnfgkj. ¶Dô`f soràkg k`efs cnsoûfs6,
¶quî kdtnvnckcos so coskrrfjjkràkg og dkck dksf6, ¶duëjos soràkg jks cnborogdnks ogtro
k`efs cnsoûfs6, ¶dô`f so `kgnpujkràk jk vkrnkejo ‚dfgtogncf soxukj‐ og oj
oxporn`ogtf6, ¶dô`f so ngbornràk jk rojkdnôg ogtro jks vkrnkejos og oj cnsoûf
trkgsoddnfgkj-dfrrojkdnfgkj6, y ¶pfr quî jks vkrnkejos yk hkeràkg fdurrncf sn so jjovkrk
k dkef6

Uosfjudnfg coj dksf1

Oj ug tnpf co cnsoûf so eksk og oj coskrrfjjf co todgndks oxporn`ogtkjos tkjos df`f

jk rokddnôg co jks porsfgks brogto k cnborogtos dnrdugstkgdnks< y jk ftrk so ogdfbkrnk kj
kgkjnsns co jfs cktfs fetogncfs k trkvîs co ogduostks pkrk dfgfdor quo tnpf co proborogdnks
`usndkjos tnogo jk pfejkdnôg dfgsujtkck, pfr oao`pjf. To puoco `kgnpujkr jk
vkrnkejo ‚dfgtogncf soxukj‐ k trkvîs co oxpfsndnôg co cfs sntukdnfgos ospodàbndks og jfs
vncofs, y promugtkgcf kj dfjkefrkcfr coj oxporn`ogtf1 ¶duëj os su drntornf kgto jks cfs
sntukdnfgos oxpuostks6
.Cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj

Oj cnsoûf prfpfgo oxporn`ogtkr dfg vkrnkejos df`f ‚dfgtogncf co soxf‐, y ‚kdtntuc hkdnk
oj soxf‐. To trktkrë co oxporn`ogtkr dfg ugk `uostrk co porsfgks co  cnborogtos
ockcos y mîgorfs, pkrk dfgfdor quo pnogskg sfero jfs vncofs quo so jfs trkgs`ntkg, y
tk`enîg so puoco

tf`kr dkgdnfgos proborncks co ug mrupf co porsfgks (`uostrk), y sferopfgor og cfs

osdogkrnfs1 ugf dfg dfgtogncf soxukj, y oj ftrf gf< pfr oao` pjf1 dfg jk dkgdnôg ‚Bjfr pëjnck‐
coj krtnstk ‚@krd Kgthfgy‐, ug vncof dfg dfgtogncf soxukj, y oj ftrf dfg pknskaos f ovogtfs
co jk gkturkjozk (sng osdogks co soxf)< y oxporn`ogtkr jks rokddnfgos fetogncks co dkck
 porsfgk, og dkck dksf. Oj feaotnvf os trkekakr dfg oj mrupf co porsfgks co cnborogtos
ockcos y mîgorf, pfgnîgcfjos vncofs dfg y sng dfgtogncf soxukj y ovkjukr su
df`pfrtk`nogtf kgtos, curkgto y cospuîs co jk oxpfsndnôg.

Oj oxporn`ogtf dfgsnsto og ncogtnbndkr jks rokddnfgos, sogtn`nogtfs, o`fdnfgos, otd., trks vor
vncofs quo ngdjuykg soxf, y kj `ns`f tno`pf skeor dukjos sfg jfs drntornfs quo tnogog
kdordk co jfs `ns`fs.

Cnsoûf trksoddnfgkj dfrrojkdnfgkj

Oj cnsoûf trkgsoddnfgkj dfrrojkdnfgkj ostë ekskcf og jk utnjnzkdnôg co ngbfr`kdnôg rodkvkck

k trkvîs co ogduostks, pfr oao`pjf. Cogtrf co ostk ngvostnmkdnôg, so prfpfgo rokjnzkr
ugk ogduostk tost quo snrvk pkrk dfgfdor jfs ngtorosos og dukgtf k jk proborogdnk
`usndkj, broduogdnk og quo jfs `nrkg, proborogdnks, fpngnôg co jk oxpfsndnôg co soxf
og vncofs

`usndkjos y ovkjukrjfs copogcnogcf co jk ockc, djkso sfdnkj, mogorf, gnvoj co ocudkdnôg. Co

nmukj bfr`k so rokjnzkràk ugk ogduostk pkrk ovkjukr su gnvoj co dfgfdn`nogtf co ocudkdnôg
soxukj, y pugtf co vnstk brogto kj soxf< y ksà pfcor cotor`ngkr sn oxnsto kjmugk rojkdnôg
ogtro îstks cfs vkrnkejos, y sn ugk kdtntuc cotor`ngkck brogto kj soxf copogco coj mrupf og
oj quo jf dktomfrnzk`fs pfr ockc, mogorf, otd. Cogtrf co osto cnsoûf tk`enîg so puoco
tf`kr og duogtk jk ngvostnmkdnôg rokjnzkck kgtornfr`ogto
 CNBOUOGDNKT OGSUO CNTOÛFT 
Cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj  Cnsoûf dfrrojkdnfgkj cnroddnfgkj
To puocog `kgnpujkr vkrnkejos df`f1 To utnjnzk ngbfr`kdnôg fetognck k trkvîs co
proborogdnks `usndkjos, pfr oao`pjf ogduostks k ugk `uostrk co jk
pfejkdnôg, cfgco jks vkrnkejos sorëg1
ockc, mîgorf,
 proborogdnk `usndkj, sntukdnôg
odfgô`ndk, tno`pf ngvortncf og jk
To oxpfgog cfs osdogkrnfs (vncofs dfg fesorvkdnôg co vncofs `usndkjos, rojnmnôg.
y sng dfgtogncf soxukj), pkrk To puoco rokjnzkr drudo co
ovncogdnkr rokddnfgos kgto sntukdnfgos vkrnkejos, oao`pjf1 ockc, mîgorf,
ospodàbndks. sntukdnôg odfgô`ndk, proborogdnks
Jk ngbfr`kdnôg co proborogdnks so puoco `usndkjos.
fetogor k trkvîs co oxporn`ogtf. Tfjf so rodfjodtk ngbfr`kdnôg k trkvîs co
`ocnfs osdrntfs, tkjos df`f1 pornôcndfs,
Uodfgfdn`nogtf co o`fdnfgos,
jnerfs, otd.
rokddnfgos y sogtn`nogtfs k trkvîs co Tfjf rodfjodtk ngbfr`kdnôg k trkvîs co
oxporn`ogtf. `ocnfs cnmntkjos, tkjos df`f pfrtkjos
`usndkjos y rovnstks cnmntkjos.

5. _g mrupf co ngvostnmkcfros ngtogtk kgkjnzkr oj obodtf quo tnogo jk oxtogsnôg co ug cnsdursf

 pfjàtndf sfero jk kdtntuc hkdnk oj to`k trktkcf y kj frkcfr. Jk oxtogsnôg coj cnsdursf os jk

vkrnkejo ngcopogcnogto y tnogo duktrf gnvojos1 `ocnk hfrk, ugk hfrk, ugk y `ocnk hfrk y cfs
hfrks. Jks vkrnkejos copogcnogtos sfg jk kdtntuc hkdnk oj frkcfr (bkvfrkejo-cosbkvfrkejo) y jk
kdtntuc hkdnk oj to`k (pfsntnvk-gomktnvk), jks dukjos so `ocnrëg pfr pruoeks quo
ngcnquog cndhfs gnvojos co kdtntuc. Og oj oxporn`ogtf ostëg ngvfjudrkcks porsfgks co
k`efs mîgorfs, ockcos quo bjudtñkg ogtro jfs ;8 y ?9 kûfs, y cnvorsks prfbosnfgos co cfs
cnstrntfs ojodtfrkjos. Oxnsto jk pfsnenjnckc co ksnmgkr kj kzkr k jfs pkrtndnpkgtos k jfs
mrupfs oxporn`ogtkjos. Coskrrfjjo y cosdrnek cfs f `ës cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos quo
puockg kpjndkrso kj ostucnf, dfgsncoro dkck ugk co jks buogtos co ngvkjnckdnôg ngtorgk
(¶kjmugk kbodtk jfs rosujtkcfs coj oxporn`ogtf6 ). Ostkejozdk jks hnpôtosns portngogtos pkrk
osto ostucnf.
Tfjudnôg1

Jk ngvostnmkdnôg pfcràk utnjnzkr ug cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj tnpf oxporn`ogtfs ‚purfs‐ yk quo

osto cnsoûf puoco ngdjunr ugk f `ës vkrnkejos ngcopogcnogtos y ugk f `ës copogcnogtos. Ksà
`ns`f so puocog utnjnzkr pro-pruoeks y pfs-pruoeks, sng o`ekrmf og osto dksf so utnjnzkràk

ug cnsoûf dfg pfs-pruoek ñgndk`ogto y mrupf co dfgtrfj, cfgco so uskg cfs f `ës
trktk`nogtfs oxporn`ogtkjos. Jfs pkrtndnpkgtos so ksnmgkg kj kzkr k jfs mrupfs, y jfs obodtfs
co jfs trktk`nogtfs oxporn`ogtkjos so ngvostnmkg df`pkrkgcf jks pfs- pruoeks co jfs mrupfs.

Oj bfr`ktf mogorkj sornk1

;    ;  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj frkcfr) 9;  

5   5  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj to`k)  9 5 
4   4  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj frkcfr) 9 4 

3   3  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj to`k) 9 3 

?   ô  9? 

Sk`enîg so pfcràk utnjnzkr ug cnsoûf trkgsoddnfgkj cosdrnptnvf, yk quo tnogo df`f feaotnvf
ngckmkr jk ngdncogdnk co jks `fckjnckcos f gnvojos co ugk f `ës vkrnkejos og ugk pfejkdnôg.
Oj prfdocn`nogtf dfgsnsto og uendkr og ugk f cnvorsks vkrnkejos k ug mrupf co porsfgks,
soros vnvfs, sntukdnfgos, dfgtoxtfs, bogô`ogfs, df`ugnckcos< y ksà prfpfrdnfgkr su
cosdrnpdnôg.
Uoborogdnks

Ngvostnmkdnôg Oxporn`ogtkj. \Dfgsujtk og jàgok1 ;;/9>/;8P. Uoduporkcf co 1

https1//oxpjfrkejo.df`/os/ngvostnmkdnfg-oxporn`ogtkj

@fgtkgf Afkquàg. (59;4). Ngvostnmkdnôg Gf Oxporn`ogtkj1 Cnsoûfs, Dkrkdtoràstndks, Snpfs y

Oao`pjfs. Uoduporkcf co 1 https1//www.jnbocor.df`/ngvostnmkdnfg-gf-oxporn`ogtkj/