atelier Olgiati

site
program
dimension
function
type
material
idea
 site
program
dimension
function
type
material
idea
parking garage

one additional
function
etymology

Parking “ranking“ of horse carriages awaiting hire standing arrayed at curbside

“park“ the placing of gun carriages parallel to one onother in both battle
and parade formations
T H E P A R K I N G G A R A G E P H E N O M E N O N
WHERE
the phenomenon was born mainly in America and in Europe (Paris)

Europe → just few buildings, that had to carry the meaning of being the example and the paradox of
the “new” architecture, of the modernity

America → rapid diffusion, free and easy realisations, great success,

looking beyond at styles and cultural advant-gards
Countries density : number of cars for 1000 persons
WHEN
WHEN

• history
WHEN

• history
Parking garages are relative newcomers to the urban scene
obviously was born after the car invention

the horse-drawn carriage garage → new concept → car parking garage

↓                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ↓    

aristocratic and familiar character bourgeois and collective character

Parking garages are relative newcomers to the urban scene
obviously was born after the car invention

the horse-drawn carriage garage → new concept → car parking garage

↓                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ↓    

aristocratic and familiar character bourgeois and collective character

1890s-1920s - the progenitor of the parking garage is the service station,

started to combine mechanical repairs, battery recharging, washing and waxing,
body repair with the storage activity

- mainly parking lots

1920s → parking garages started to proliferate
1920s → parking garages started to proliferate

- patronized primarily by wealthy to preserve their cars

- many contained “chauffeur rooms”, where chauffeurs could play cards and occupy the hours,
it was a kind of elite club

- parkings were handled by attendants

- included other facilities; for the sale of gasoline, lubrication, washing and mechanical repair
1920s → parking garages started to proliferate

- patronized primarily by wealthy to preserve their cars

- many contained “chauffeur rooms”, where chauffeurs could play cards and occupy the hours,
it was a kind of elite club

- parkings were handled by attendants

- included other facilities; for the sale of gasoline, lubrication, washing and mechanical repair

technological improvements → mechanical garage

- elevators to raise and lower vehicles between floors
1920s → parking garages started to proliferate

- patronized primarily by wealthy to preserve their cars

- many contained “chauffeur rooms”, where chauffeurs could play cards and occupy the hours,
it was a kind of elite club

- parkings were handled by attendants

- included other facilities; for the sale of gasoline, lubrication, washing and mechanical repair

technological improvements → mechanical garage

- elevators to raise and lower vehicles between floors

↓  

new constructions
and materials → stout interior pillars of reinforced concrete were necessary
for bearing the great loads combining upper floors plus vehicles
- columns and walls between every second parking stall
- the width of a parking stall was typically 2.15 m
- facade echoed impressive apartments, emporiums buildings
or mainly civil buildings
The Automobile club of America
3 buildings, New York, 1908-1915
Parking in La Salle street
Chicago, 1918
Holabird e Root
1920s-1940s → the Great Depression, World war II
1920s-1940s → the Great Depression, World war II

↓  

- the automobile became the strongest symbol of American luxury

- collapse of land values + the increase of traffic → prevailing multilevel garage
1920s-1940s → the Great Depression, World war II

↓  

- the automobile became the strongest symbol of American luxury

- collapse of land values + the increase of traffic → prevailing multilevel garage

diffusion, evolution and development of parking typology

1920s-1940s → the Great Depression, World war II

↓  

- the automobile became the strongest symbol of American luxury

- collapse of land values + the increase of traffic → prevailing multilevel garage

diffusion, evolution and development of parking typology

↓  

- elevators became relics of the first-generation storage garage, ramps became

the main character
1920s-1940s → the Great Depression, World war II

↓  

- the automobile became the strongest symbol of American luxury

- collapse of land values + the increase of traffic → prevailing multilevel garage

diffusion, evolution and development of parking typology

↓  

- elevators became relics of the first-generation storage garage, ramps became

the main character

↓  

functionalism gained acceptance wit garage architecture

1920s-1940s → the Great Depression, World war II

↓  

- the automobile became the strongest symbol of American luxury

- collapse of land values + the increase of traffic → prevailing multilevel garage

diffusion, evolution and development of parking typology

↓  

- elevators became relics of the first-generation storage garage, ramps became

the main character

↓  

functionalism gained acceptance wit garage architecture

↓  

introduction of open-deck garage

Cage Garage,
The first open-deck parking garage,
Boston, 1933
Sam Eliot
open-deck parking garage, Pittsbburgh, 1937
(the second-one in the Nation)
William Hoover
1945-1965 → big boom in garage construction
1945-1965 → big boom in garage construction

↓  

“the bigger is better” syndrome became popular and many cars increased in size.
1945-1965 → big boom in garage construction

↓  

“the bigger is better” syndrome became popular and many cars increased in size.

↓  

the capacity of early garage having columns every three parking spaces was
not appropriate anymore
1945-1965 → big boom in garage construction

↓  

“the bigger is better” syndrome became popular and many cars increased in size.

↓  

the capacity of early garage having columns every three parking spaces was
not appropriate anymore

↓  

construction innovations
- clear-span system (no columns within parking bays)
- pre-stressed concrete
- lower ceiling heights → lower ramp grades
- steel skeleton structures
- open deck construction rendered unnecessary some elements :
windows, ventilation, 10% costs of fire encasement and much artificial lightning
1945-1965 → big boom in garage construction

↓  

“the bigger is better” syndrome became popular and many cars increased in size.

↓  

the capacity of early garage having columns every three parking spaces was
not appropriate anymore

↓  

construction innovations
- clear-span system (no columns within parking bays)
- pre-stressed concrete
- lower ceiling heights → lower ramp grades
- steel skeleton structures
- open deck construction rendered unnecessary some elements :
windows, ventilation, 10% costs of fire encasement and much artificial lightning

greater attention to internal traffic flow, to design of ramps and to rapid handling
of both entering and exiting traffic
- enclosing walls were eliminated to save cost and to provide better ventilation and
visibility - it was possible also because car batteries improved
 ↓  

in the middle of 1950s → significant innovation : self parking

chances in design concepts and dimensional standards:
- gently sloping and continuous floor system
as a substitute for up and down ramps
- different angle rather than 90-degrees stall
(the standard for parking facilities with attendants)
a clear span in the Maryland Parking Garage, Indianapolis, 1950
gently sloping and continuous floor system
from the middle of 1960 → 4 principal components:
- open deck
- sloped floors
- self parking
- clear-span construction
from the middle of 1960 → 4 principal components:
- open deck
- sloped floors
- self parking
- clear-span construction

construction
- concept of long clear-span without cumbersome interior columns
- pre-stressed concrete and cast-in-place post tensioning became
as common as precast system
- clear span of 18.30 m became the standard for parking bays
from the middle of 1960 → 4 principal components:
- open deck
- sloped floors
- self parking
- clear-span construction

construction
- concept of long clear-span without cumbersome interior columns
- pre-stressed concrete and cast-in-place post tensioning became
as common as precast system
- clear span of 18.30 m became the standard for parking bays

proliferation of garages designed for special types of parking demands:

- sports stadium, office parks, hospitals, shopping centers, hotel,
apartment houses
from the middle of 1960 → 4 principal components:
- open deck
- sloped floors
- self parking
- clear-span construction

construction
- concept of long clear-span without cumbersome interior columns
- pre-stressed concrete and cast-in-place post tensioning became
as common as precast system
- clear span of 18.30 m became the standard for parking bays

proliferation of garages designed for special types of parking demands:

- sports stadium, office parks, hospitals, shopping centers, hotel,
apartment houses

garages began to take on their own look

- modernism: function means how a design worked not how it looked
- the garage visual appeal must be thoroughly coordinated to produce
the most economical and practical design
1970s → large increase in the price of gasoline
- caused a large increase of small cars in the autombile population
1970s → large increase in the price of gasoline
- caused a large increase of small cars in the autombile population

↓  

parking designed specifically for small cars can reach a gain in capacity of 15%-25%
WHY
reasons of the parking introduction
1920s - when car became available for the masses across all class barriers
↓  
the increase of cars caused a general caos situation

• traffic congestion reached emergency proportion every workday

• traffic congestion focused on central business districts

• general lack of curb space for parking

• vehicle in competition with pedestrian

first reactions to the problem → reach urban space to create parking place

• creating parking lots

• widing streets

• block of buildings demolition

• cutting of new streets

• vehicular traffic in two directions

limits of parking lots

• parking lot started to be considered a mere urban void, a vacant space

• no respectful structural and architectural expression,

• temporary character in landscape

• land costs increase because of the Great Depression and of the World War II
→ only one level parking started to be too expensive
multilevel parking building as a solution

• parking garage is an object

• it has an architectural expression,

• structure that could be seen as permanent

• possible future expansion, horizontal or vertical

• parking garage started to be a real commercial business

HOW
HOW

• parking categories

• parking garage typologies

• special use parking facilities

HOW

• parking categories

• parking garage typologies

• special use parking facilities

parking categories

• downtown business districts

• suburban
parking categories

• downtown business districts → static parking

(downtown cars,
employees and
employers)

• suburban → dynamic parking

(shoppers)
parking categories

• downtown business districts → static parking → long time: workday

(downtown cars,
employees and
employers)

• suburban → dynamic parking → short time: in and out

(shoppers)
costumer categories

• shopper → short-time → staying one-three hours

• commuter → workday → entering / exiting once daily

• professional → long-time → entering / exiting several times daily

parking categories

• self parking

• attendant parking
parking categories

• self parking → most common category now

• attendant parking → higher space efficiency

- longer attending time and longer time of entering / exiting traffic
HOW

• parking categories

• parking garage typologies

• special use parking facilities

parking garage typologies

• traditional parking

• mechanical parking
parking garage typologies

• traditional parking → obove-ground parking

→ underground parking → technical, logistical and costly complexities

• mechanical parking
parking garage typologies

• traditional parking → obove-ground parking

→ underground parking → technical, logistical and costly complexities

• mechanical parking → - compact structure, maximum space efficiency

- higher capacity 40%-50%
- high building with small footprint
- longer attending time and longer time of entering / exiting traffic
- higher costs
mechanical parkings

- horizontal system

- vertical system

- horizontal + vertical
system
Autotower, Wolfsburg 1994
Henn Architekten
parking garage, New Haven, 1960
Paul Rudolph
underground parking, Place Vendome, Paris
1991
HOW

• parking categories

• parking garage typologies

• special use parking facilities

with the event of car culture city were decentralizing
with the event of car culture city were decentralizing

↓  

decentralization was the result of

- downtown traffic congestion
- general increasing parking demand
with the event of car culture city were decentralizing

↓  

decentralization was the result of

- downtown traffic congestion
- general increasing parking demand

↓  

- some activities were not anymore a downtown domain, but they started to move to suburbia.
(like department stores, movie theaters, hotels, medical services, middle class residential)

- most of the new garages were positioned close to wealthy residential districts or new quartiers
with the event of car culture city were decentralizing

↓  

decentralization was the result of

- downtown traffic congestion
- general increasing parking demand

↓  

- some activities were not anymore a downtown domain, but they started to move to suburbia.
(like department stores, movie theaters, hotels, medical services, middle class residential)

- most of the new garages were positioned close to wealthy residential districts or new quartiers

↓  

they made to sprawl outward at city margins, in part through accommodation of parking need
special use parking facilities
special use parking facilities → operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
hospitals, hotels, airports…
special use parking facilities → operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
hospitals, hotels, airports…

→ operating only periodically

sports complexes, convention - meeting facilities, theatres...
special use parking facilities → operating 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
hospitals, hotels, airports…

→ operating only periodically

sports complexes, convention - meeting facilities, theatres...

↓  

organize number and location of entrance and exit

control points, to facilitated inbound and outbound traffic flow
airports
- long-term and and short term parking areas
- separeted entry/exit control stations
- vast scale

hospitals and medical centers

- different parking needs : administrators, physicians, nurses, technicians, visitors, outpatients,
volunteers, clergy, students, night-time workers, part-time workers

shopping center
- regulate continuous in and out traffic
- much daily turnover
Towers for people and cars, Chicago 1964
Bertrand Goldberg
New Haven 1965
Roche Dinkeloo
PARKING GARAGE ORGANIZATION
PARKING GARAGE ORGANIZATION

• circulation

• construction

• capacity
PARKING GARAGE ORGANIZATION

• circulation

• construction

• capacity
• entrances - larger parking facilities sholud have more than one entarnce and exit
- is generally more convenient to enter from one-way street or
by turning right from a two way street
- entrances must be designed to be obvious and not to be confused with the exits.
- where a parking facilities is adjacent to a high-velocity street a deceleration lane can help

• exits - should be placed on low-volume streets

vertical pedestrian transportation elements

• stairs - one stairway located adjacent to elevator tower, in case the elevator is not operating
- at least 2 fire exit stairs, depending on maximum travel distance
(in open-deck parking structure a travel distance is 60 m)

• elevators - 1 elevator for 250 spaces

2 for 500 and 3 for 1000
1921, Architectural Forum
“Ramps in pubblic parking garage”

• 1 ramp = 4 lifts

• economical efficiency

• comfort

• different traffic ways

Parking for 1000 parking spots, Paris, 1925
Konstantin Mel’nikov
• single-helix ramp, two-way traffic • end-to-end helix ramp, one-way traffic
• two-bay, double-threaded helix ramp, one-way • three-bay, double-threaded helix ramp, one-way
traffic traffic
• four-bay, side-by-side ramp • three-bay, split-level ramp, one-way traffic
• grades in continuous-ramp facilities is 5% or 6%

• speed ramps (nonparking ramps) 12.5%

• ramps > 6% → vertical curve transition

- the most common circulation is the continuous ramp (practice system in shopping center)

- two-bay split-level provides poor traffic circulation and higher structural costs because its
geometry required special ramps

- a shorter travel distances is given by double-threaded helix

- ramps system used by infrequent parker (convention centers, hospitals) should be kept as simple as
possible
Parking in 60 East Lake Street, Chicago
Tigermann, Fugmann, Mc Curry
circular or spiral ramps

• efficient way to provide vertical access

• most common type: double threaded, each complete turn → two parking levels

• shuold be limited to six complete turns → twelve-story structure

• should be as open as possible to eliminate the effects of vertigo

• 20 – 30 m outside diameter, drive aisles 4,6 m

Casa dell’ Automobile, Roma 1929
E. Banchetti
circular double helix overlying ramp reaching the height difference with half turn
the architect took inspiration by San Patrizio‘s well drawings
PARKING GARAGE ORGANIZATION

• circulation

• construction

• capacity
construction methods to produce the most economic solutions
construction methods to produce the most economic solutions

early parking structures

construction methods to produce the most economic solutions

early parking structures → short-span construction

→ large columns having massive capitals
→ flat slab
construction methods to produce the most economic solutions

early parking structures → short-span construction

→ large columns having massive capitals
→ flat slab

later
construction methods to produce the most economic solutions

early parking structures → short-span construction

→ large columns having massive capitals
→ flat slab

later → introduction of clear-span costruction structure

→ spanning of 15-20 m
construction methods to produce the most economic solutions

early parking structures → short-span construction

→ large columns having massive capitals
→ flat slab

later → introduction of clear-span costruction structure

→ spanning of 15-20 m

1950-1960
construction methods to produce the most economic solutions

early parking structures → short-span construction

→ large columns having massive capitals
→ flat slab

later → introduction of clear-span costruction structure

→ spanning of 15-20 m

1950-1960 → advent of prestressed concrete

→ high-tensile steel in conjunction with cast-in-place concrete
→ economy of long spans
→ long slender precast / prestressed concrete members
construction methods

• precast concrete system

• cast-in-place concrete system

• stractural steel system

precast concrete system
precast concrete system → precast concrete coloumns

→ precast concrete beams and spandrels

→ precast concrete deck

precast concrete system → precast concrete coloumns

→ precast concrete beams and spandrels

→ precast concrete deck → double “T” structure

→ single “T” structure
→ hollow-core system
→ protopped system
or precast joist system
double “T” slab system → unit of 2.4 - 3.6 m wide, spanning between supports

→ the depth of the double “T” is governed by the span

→ on top of the double “T” → pretopped unit

→ hardrock
→ lightweight concrete wearing slab cast on top

→ the typical double floor system is supported at the perimeter by

“L“ beam spandrels or pocketed spandrels (that eliminates torsion
considerations)
single “T” slab system → unit of 1.8 – 3 m wide

→ the depth varies from 0.7 – 1.4 m

→ is almost never employed today

Hollow-core slab → shorter-span system with smaller depth than double “T“ unit

→ placed parallel to the traffic flow

→ spanning between girders 4.5 – 9 m

→ used to provide 18 m clear-span

Precast joist system → shallow joists spanning

→ short distance to long-span support girders, greater distances to

shorter-spanning support girders

→ joists can be spased from 1.2 to 1.8 m on center

→ joists can be range from 2.4 to 7.2 m deep

cast-in-place concrete system
cast-in-place concrete system → two-way flat slabs

→ pan joists system

→ slab-beam-girder system

→ flat soffit construction

→ dropped beam construction

cast-in-place concrete system → two-way flat slabs

→ pan joists system

→ slab-beam-girder system

→ flat soffit construction

→ dropped beam construction

These systems can either use conventional or post-tensioned reinforcement

pan joists system → flat soffit construction

→ if pan depths are incresed joists can span 18 m or more

→ efficient in the construction of clear-span or relatively column-free structure

two-way flat slab system → less structural depth

→ it uses more columns, taking up parking spaces

structural steel system
structural steel system → can be easily adapted to short or long spans

→ structural components could be greatly repeated

→ it can be easily demounted and reused

• rail girder • “L” girder
• double “T”

• single “T”
cast-in-place concrete with post-tensioning
structural steel system
coloumn location and spacing
coloumn location and spacing → to realize the greatest parking efficiency

→ coloumns should not interfere with traffic,

parking and driver visibility

→ too many coloumns make drivers uneasy

→ coloumns between parking spaces restrict

width and angle of the parking spot
90-degree parking

• 2.75 m wide stall

• 3-4 parking spots
55-degree parking

• 2.68 m wide stall

• 3 parking spots
58-degree parking

• 2.62 m wide stall

• 3 parking spots
 Parking Metro Argoulets, Toulouse 2008

Azéma Architectes

Engineering: Technip TPS

Construction time: 8 months

Costs: 4,3 M€

Surface: 13500 sqm

Levels: 4

Parking spots: 564

Acciaio
Acciaio
Acciaio
secondary beams L = 15 m
distance 3.3 m

main beams L = 10 m

columns filled with concrete

Acciaio Gravità
 Parking molinette hospital, Tourin 2006

Project: Roli associati

Calcestruzzo armato prefabbricato

Calcestruzzo armato prefabbricato
Calcestruzzo armato prefabbricato
secondary beams L = 16 m

main beams

concrete coloumns

Acciaio Gravità
maximum level of efficiency
(design, structure, material, economy) → angle parking layout with one way can be more
efficient than 90-degree layout, because is more easy to park

→ one-size fits all parking tend to be 2.62 m in width

→ the greater the spacing between columns,

the greather the load on them
and the larger they must be, to support that load  

→ the greater the story height, the greater the grade

on required length of ramps between levels

→ while the cost per square meters of long-span

construction may be higher than that of short-span
construction, the difference in cost per stall is reduced
by the higher design efficiency of long spans

→ beams should be placed in columns lines at

recurring intervals, spaced equally. Varying
beam locations and spans, complicate the structure
and increase costs
beams
beams → flat soffit construction
beams → flat soffit construction → the same depth as the joists

→ short spans
beams → flat soffit construction → the same depth as the joists

→ short spans

→ dropped beam construction

beams → flat soffit construction → the same depth as the joists

→ short spans

→ dropped beam construction → as spans increase, the beam soffit must make bigger
ist depth
• flat soffit construction

• dropped beam construction

beams
beams → haunched beam
beams → haunched beam → reducing the beam depth in the center,
the weight of the beam is redused
beams → haunched beam → reducing the beam depth in the center,
the weight of the beam is redused

→ broken beam
beams → haunched beam → reducing the beam depth in the center,
the weight of the beam is redused

→ broken beam → costant cross section, but ist soffit is not level

→ is broken at quarter or third point almost forming an arch

→ cheaper than a haunched beam

The basic materials used for beams are steel or concrete

• haunched beam

• broken beam
• post-tensioned slab and beam
long-span prestressed concrete construction
PARKING GARAGE ORGANIZATION

• circulation

• construction

• capacity
capacity → to estimate the number of parking spots, different parameters:

- the character of the attraction

- traffic accessibility of the site

- time frame factors - peak to daily relationships

- periodic factors (daily monthly seasonal)
parking occupation during a normal day
disabilities dedicated places
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

• parking social effects

• jump of scale

• utopia

• future signs
parking’ s social effects
parking’ s social effects

• car became a status symbol, the central to who people think they are.
for example through having an assigned parking space at work , it can be an important form of territoriality

• opportunity for socializing

for example the diffusion of drive-in

• inhospitable place
sometimes is a scene of violent and opportunistic crimes
driving automobile is a physical experience → represents an unaittanable idea

↓  

- a self-contained unit that shelters

- warms and cools in perfect comfort
- capability of high speed
- possibility to be mobile

↓  

represent a life style

it has another scale → the scale of the movement
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

• parking social effects

• jump of scale

• utopia

• future signs
jump of scale

• by comparison with all around architecture

• streets

• traditional city
Gateshead, in the mid 1960s
Owen Luder and Partners
 parking or driving brought a new dimension to architecture, or rather to the city;

↓  

at the biginning people and medieval centres of cities were not ready for this changement
freeway or expressway construction made a dramatic impact

↓  

cars, streets and parking places stole social space

↓  

attention by architects of modernism that want to bild new, car-friendy cities

↓  

this argoument was also inherent in art avantgards movement as Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism

now people consider it normal

 parking or driving brought a new dimension to architecture, or rather to the city;

↓  

at the biginning people and medieval centres of cities were not ready for this changement
freeway or expressway construction made a dramatic impact

↓  

cars, streets and parking places stole social space

↓  

attention by architects of modernism that want to bild new, car-friendy cities

↓  

this argoument was also inherent in art avantgards movement as Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism

now people consider it normal

↓  

What will be the next scale?

SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

• parking social effects

• jump of scale

• utopia

• future signs
utopia
utopia → car and parking phenomenon were always subjects looking to the future
Philadelphia, 1947 - 62
Louis Kahn
“Urban Future"
E.M. Khoury
“Motopia”, 1961
G.A. Jellicoe
utopia → car and parking phenomenon were always subjects looking to the future
utopia → car and parking phenomenon were always subjects looking to the future

↓  

what’s the future now?

the number of cars on the planet increases in a exponential way
in 2030 → one bilion
SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS

• parking social effects

• jump of scale

• utopia

• future signs
future sign or individual events?
Park and ride
Park and ride → increased after the mid-twentieth century

- car parking connected to public transports to travel into city centres

- generally located in the suburbs of metropolitan areas or on the edges of large cities

- alleviates traffic congestion

small cars effects
 the number of newer vehicles increases and the average size of vehicles decreases
(52% of the vehicles sold each year are small cars)

geometric design of parking spaces for smaller cars

↓  

by decreasing the dimensions of parking module

↓  

contrsucting parking garage with tighter dimensions can reduce the overall construction cost
zoning → parking area for small cars that is separeted from the large-car area
zoning → parking area for small cars that is separeted from the large-car area

↓  

problems - most drivers do not know the size of their vehicles

- most drivers take the first available space

regardless of size

- large cars parked in small-cars spaces create

problems by encroaching on adjacent spaces
zoning → parking area for small cars that is separeted from the large-car area

↓  

problems - most drivers do not know the size of their vehicles

- most drivers take the first available space

regardless of size

- large cars parked in small-cars spaces create

problems by encroaching on adjacent spaces

↓  

a more realistic approach would be to fix an average dimension, one size fits to all
zoning → parking area for small cars that is separeted from the large-car area

↓  

problems - most drivers do not know the size of their vehicles

- most drivers take the first available space

regardless of size

- large cars parked in small-cars spaces create

problems by encroaching on adjacent spaces

↓  

a more realistic approach would be to fix an average dimension, one size fits to all

↓  

In any case, more efficient, cost-effective parking facilities can be designed by considering the type of use
and the actual mix of vehicles
CONSIDERATIONS
new input for the future?
INTERACTION WITH PEDESTRIAN AND OTHER TRANSPORT VEHICLES
INTERNET → NEW WAY OF WORKING → DIFFERENT WORKERS TRAFFIC? → ?
TRAVELLING WITH EASY → APTITUDE TO FLY → PARKING IMPLICATIONS ?
the house or apartment, as home excites affection and attention,
yards and gardens declare one’s personal tastes,
but parking space even at home usually remains a contrasting place, an almost alien world.

is independent from the context, the parking garage is a model of pure functionality :
economy of space, forms, structure, material, and cost
did not need to be anythin other than a container for its function.

its idea is based on programmatic concept, the risult is the creation of typologies
idea
Parking garage
+
Offices
Parking garage
+
Housing
Parking garage
+
Hotel
Parking garage
+
Sport facilities
Parking garage
+
Shopping mall
Parking garage
+
Transportation
Parking garage
+
Airport
size
for parking spots

S 100
M 100 - 1000
L 1000 - 5000
XL > 5000
site
groups → materiale_per_studenti → AA 10-11 → MAS_1 → Olgiati_Progettazione