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Bio-markers based oil to source rock correlation and paleo-

environmental interpretation: A case study from Talang Akar Formation,
South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia
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Bio-markers based oil to source rock correlation and paleo-

environmental interpretation: A case study from Talang Akar
Formation, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia

E Syamsuddin1, Jamaluddin2, Maria1, K Shehzad3,4 and S Wahyuni1

1
Geophysics Department, Science and Mathematic Faculty, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar, Indonesia.
2
Department of Geological Engineering, STT- MIGAS Balikpapan, Indonesia.
3
Department of Geological Engineering, School of Geosciences, China University of
Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China.
4
Department of Geology, Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak, KP, Pakistan.

Email: jamaljamaluddin1994@gmail.com

Abstract. Talang Akar Formation is a proven hydrocarbon source rock in South Sumatra
basin. This study used 3 crude oil sample and 6 well-cutting obtained from Talang Akar
Formation. Biomarkers analysis has been used to determine the depositional environment of
Talang Akar Formation. The techniques utilized include gas chromatography (GC) and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of normal alkanes, isoprenoids,
triterpene, and steranes. The most commonly used, pristine (Pr) to phytane (Ph) ratio is a good
indicator of the depositional environment. The results in this research show that Pr/Ph ratios
range from 5.90-10.08. Pr/Ph indicating abundant terrigenous plant input deposited under oxic
to suboxic conditions. The oil/source rock correlation analysis using biomarker data shows that
the oils field is correlated with the oils in source rock of Talang Akar Formation. This study
concludes that the source rock in Talang Akar Formation was deposited in a transitional
(Fluvio-deltaic) to marginal marine environment under oxic conditions.

1. Introduction
Hydrocarbon production in the South Sumatra Basin is ranked at the 2nd place for Indonesia after Kutei
Basin in term of total productions. The primary reservoirs are within the Talang Akar, Baturaja and
Gumai Formations and a smaller amount in the fractured basement [1]. Geochemical research has been
carried out to increase petroleum exploration and exploitation. Starting from research on the chemical
composition, oil–oil and oil–source rock correlations. Organic geochemistry is generally used to
evaluate basins, plays and prospects. As a prerequisite for understanding organic geochemistry, the
formation of oil and gas beneath the earth's surface must be well understood [2].
Biomarkers are used to identify compounds contained in sediments that have a clear structural
relationship with compounds of biological results. One of the uses of biomarkers in petroleum
exploration is to identify the depositional environment and organic material. This study aims to
characterize the samples by using biomarker were obtained from gas chromatography (GC) and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

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2. Stratigraphy and environment of deposition

The principal source rocks in the South Sumatra Basin are fluvio-deltaic marine, locally lacustrine and
coaly facies of the Late Eocene to Middle Oligocene Lemat, and Late Oligocene to Early Miocene
Talang Akar Formations. These rocks were deposited in the grabens and half grabens forms during the
Late Cretaceous to Early Oligocene, and contribute to terrestrial derived oils [3]. In addition, shales of
the Telisa Formation provide a marine/paralic hydrocarbon source. Talang Akar sandstones constituted
the main reservoir target and the potential traps are anticlinal structure that developed in response to
Plio-Pleistocene compression. The Baturaja limestones are the other prime reservoir target; the traps
are structural or combined structural and stratigraphic trap potential has also been indentified in the
Baturaja Formation, with the potential trap dependent on facies change from porous reefal to tight
platform carbonates [4].

Figure 1. Lower Talang Akar Formation reservoirs – type section and interpreted environment of
deposition [5].

The Talang Akar Formation represents the second phase of Tertiary deposition in the South
Sumatra Basin and contains a continental fluviatile sequence composed of thickly bedded, very coarse
sandstones, alternating with thin shales and some coals. The thickness of the Talang Akar Formation
varies from 1500-2000 feet (about 460-610 m). The Upper part of Talang Akar Formation (TAF-
TRM) was dominated by siltstone and sandstone and shale. Siltstone are dominan grey to dark grey,
soft to medium hard, calcareous. Sandtone are poor to medium porosity, gray to light grey, white, fine
to medium grain, medium to hard, medium sorted, sub angular to sub rounded, calcareous cemented,
with oil window. Shale are dark grey, firm to medium hard, plety to sub blocky, and non-calcareous
[6]. The Lower part of Talang Akar Formation (TAF-TRM) was dominated by siltstone and sandstone
with shale and coal streak. Sandstone are medium porosity, grey to brown grey, medium to hard,
medium sorted, sub-angular to sub-rounded, quartz, glauconite mineral, calcite cement, with oil show.
Siltstone are grey to dark grey, firm to medium hard, sub-plety, sub-blocky, locally sandy, carbonate,
calcareous. Coal are black, brittle and wood structure [6].

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1341 (2019) 082023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/8/082023

Study Area

Figure 2. Stratigraphy of South Sumatra Basin [7].

Talang Akar Formation (TAF-GRM) is a member of the lower Talang Akar Formation was
dominated by conglomerate, sandstones, quartz , shales and coal. Talang Akar Formation consists of
sandstones derived from delta plain, shale, silt, quartz-sandstone, carbonate, coal and conglomerate.
The thickness of the Talang Akar Formation varies from 1500-2000 feet (about 460-610 m) [6].

3. Research Method
This study used 3 crude oil sample and 6 well-cutting from Talang Akar Formation. Based on
biomarkers data to determine the depositional environment of Talang Akar Formation. The biomarkers
data were obtained from gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-
MS) analysis.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1341 (2019) 082023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/8/082023

4. Results and Discussion

Biomarkers can provide information about the organic content in the source rock, environmental
conditions during the formation process and diagnesis, thermal maturity process with rocks or oil, the
degree of biodegradation, some aspects of rock minerals and age of rocks [8]. Based on kerogen type,
Talang Akar Formation was deposited in fluvial environment (terrestrial), transitional environment and
shallow marine environment [9].

Figure 3. Crossplot Pr/n-C17 and Pr/Ph to identify the depositional environment.

Based on graph Pr/ nC17 versus Ph /nC18 (figure 3), it can be seen that the source rock in Talang
Akar Formation was deposited in the oxic environment with organic material derived from higher
plants. The presence of bicadinane is abundant with high plant biomarkers from the family
angiosperms and other biomarkers. The ratio of Pristane/Phytane ratio in all samples was Pr/Ph ratios
range from 5.90-10.08. Pr/Ph more than 3.0 indicates terrigenous plant input deposited under oxic to
suboxic conditions, while Pr/Ph less than 0.8 indicates saline to hypersaline conditions associated with
evaporate and carbonate deposition [10]. The source rock samples in Talang Akar Formation
predominated by higher plant in oxic condition. The ratio of Pr/n-C17 and Ph/n-C18 in Talang Akar
Formation range from 0.18-10.57 and 0.12-1.29, which reflect that most of kerogen was derived from
humic source and tend towards an oxidative environment of deposition (figure 4).

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1341 (2019) 082023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/8/082023

Figure 4. Pr/nC17 vs Ph/nC18 cross plot maturity level.

Figure 5. Diagram of maturity of some potential source rock from Talang Akar Formation.

This condition is supported by biomarker analyses, which indicate early mature level as shown by
Tm/Ts ratio (Figure 5). A high hopane/Sterane ratio can indicate anoxic to sub-oxic primarily algai
and typical for marine derived petroleum [11].

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1341 (2019) 082023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/8/082023

Figure 6. Ratio of hopane/sterane versus Pristane/Phytane, showing anoxic to sub-oxic condition of

fne sediments in Talang Akar Formation.

Lemat Formation has been considered as syn-rift sediments until now, consist of terrestrial
sediment (fluvio-lacustrine), creating source rock with fluvio lacustrine characterization. While based
on existing publications, showing that oil having fluvio-deltaic characterization and generated by
source rock from Talang Akar Formation with fluvio-deltaic characterization. A number of potential
reservoir rocks in the South Sumatra Basin occur within the regressive and transgressive sequences.
The Muara Enim and Air Benakat Formations from the regressive sequences have good potential as
reservoirs. The transgressive sequences are represented by the Talang Akar and Baturaja Formations
[12]. Based on cross-plot of carbon-13 isotopes (δ13C) showed Talang Akar Formation began in the
Late Oligocene in the form of alluvial fan and braided stream environments filling topographic lows
and depressions. Therefore, the Talang Akar Formation locally occurs overlying the pre-Tertiary
rocks. This sedimentation continued in Early Miocene in a fluviatile, deltaic and marginal-shallow
marine environment. During the time, the connection to open marine conditions became more
significant and the sea gradually encroached into the basin [13].
All samples contain C27-C29 steranes. In some cases the relative abudance of C27-C29 steranes
can be used as indicators of the nature of the photosynthetic biota, both terrestrial and aquatic, while
triterpanes are usually indicators of depositional and diagenetic conditions [11]. Land plant inputs are
usually inferred from a dominance of the C29 steranes. The C29 steranes of this type of crude were not
derived from C29 sterols of land-plant origin (frequently proposed as the source of C29 steranes). The
presence of these compounds shows a high contribution from terrestrial plants, especially from
dipterocarpacceae species which produce resin. Biomarker compound with composition C29> C28 <
C27, giving an indication of the dominant contribution of organic matter from terrestrial plants. The
presence of diasterane compounds that are quite dominant indicates that the source rock of oil is
deposited in an environment rich in clay minerals [14]. The composition of styrene shows C29 > C28
< C27 which gives an indication of the origin of mixed organic matter between algae and terrestrial
plants.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1341 (2019) 082023 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/8/082023

Figure 7 . Facies interpretation using triangular diagram displaying C27-C29 steranes distribution

The depositional environment of the study area is a transitional environment for oxic conditions
with material organic higher plants and marine algae. Based on oil–oil and oil–source rock
correlations, Talang Akar Formation those were depositional environment (transitional) and precursor
(terrestrial) [15].

5. Conclusions
The main conclusions of this research are;
 The Talang Akar formation was deoposited in a transitional environment indicated by
biomarkers, lithofacies and sedimentary charcteristics
 The conditions were oxic to sub-oxic at the time of deposition. This is basede on the relatively
higher values of Pr/Ph ratios.
 The source of organic matter in Talang Akar formation is mainly higher plants as indicated by
Hopane/Sterane and Pr/Ph ratios.

Acknowledgement
First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings
throughout our research work to complete the research successfully. We are grateful to the
management of LEMIGAS R & D Centre for Oil and Gas Technology, Indonesia for granting
permission to use data and to have made valuable comment suggestions on this paper which gave us
the inspiration to improve our paper.

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