3.

Binomial Theorem
) Factorials
(a) nl=1x2x3x...x(n-1)xn (b) 01=1!=1
n!
() Binomial Coefficient "C, =

(ii) Binomial Theorem

(x+y ="C,"+"C,x"y +"Ca"*y* +..+ "C,"

(iv) Product Formulas

(a) (a+b =a+ 2ab +b

(6) (a-b) =a*-2ab +b2
)(a+b=r +3a?b+3ab +b
(d) (a-b) =a-3ab+3ab-b3
(v) Factoring Formulas

(a)a-b =(a-b)(a+b)
(b) a-b=(a-b)(a* +ab +b)
()a+b° =(a+b)(a* -ab +b)
(d)a-b-("-b")\" +b")
a-=(a-b)(a"l+db+db+...+ ab2 +b"1)
Example: (1-x")=(1-x)(1+x+x +r+...+x"
(Ifn is odd then,
d +b = (a +b)(a"1-d2b+a3b-...- ab"2 + b"-1)

Example:
()a-b=(a -b)(a*+a'b+a?t +ab' +")
(b) +b =(a+b)(at -a'b+ab-ab +b)
4. Sequences
) Arithmetic sequence
a, a+d, a+ 2d, a + 3d,..
 6) The standard formula of ahyperbola: =1
x-a/e xa/e
M B
F2 1 C
-ae, 0) ae, 0)

Transverse axis: The line segment AA' joining the vertices

Conjugate axis: The line segment joining the points B(O, b) and
B (0,-b) Principal axis: Major axis and Minor axis
Length of Transverse axis: 2
Length of Conjugate axis: 2b
Equation of Transverse axis: y =0 (a-axis)
Equation of Conjugate axis: x =0 (y-axis)
Vertices: A(a, 0) and A'(-a,0)
Eccentricity: e =
Foci: F-ae, 0) and
F(ae, 0)
Equation of the directrix: * = t

LL'= 4
Length of Latus rectum LL': a

(ii) Parametricequations of the hyperbola: r =a sect y=b tant

7. Planes in three dimensions

i) General form:
Ax + By + Cz + D 0
where direction (A, B, C) is normal to the plane.
(ii) Intercept form:

1
this plane passes through the points (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0), and (0,0, c).
(ii) Three point form
X-X'3 y-Y3 273
=0
1-3 V1 -Ys -23
2-3 /2-Y3 Z2-23
 (a) Number of positive real roots Number of sign changes in
coefficient off(x).
(b) Number of negative real roots Number of sign changes in
coefficients of f(-x).

Note:
I f all the coefficients are positive then the equation has no positive
real root.
I f the coefficients of even powers of x are all of one sign, and the
coefficients of the odd powers are all of opposite sign, then the
polynomial equationf{r) =0 has no negative real root.
I f the equation contains only even powers of x and the coefficients
are all of the same sign, the equation has no real root.
I f the equation contains only odd powers of x, and the coefficients
are all of the same sign, the equation has no real root except x =0.

4. In a Polynomial Equation
a0 +a1 ..ta-1X +a, =0
Sum of roots = -"

Sum of the products of the roots taken two at a time = (-1)

Sum of the products of the roots taken two at a time = ( - 1 ) *

Product of roots = (-1)" "

VI Theory of Equations
1. Linear Equation in One Variable
ax +b=0
r=- b
a

2. Quadratic Equation
ax +bx+c =0

Roots: x - -btVb-4ac
2a

Discriminant: D =b-4ac
If D>0 then Roots are real and distinct
If D =
0 then Roots are real and equal
IfD<0 then Roots are complex conjugates
Algebraic equation: Anequation fl) =0 where ft) contains algebraic
functions (Polynomial, Rational functions).
Transcendental equation: An equationf(x) =0 where f(x) contains non-
algebraic functions (Trigonometric, Exponential, Logarithmic,
Hyperbolic functions).
3. Polynomial Equations
A polynomial equation has the form

P(x) = a, +a-1*"+...+a1X +40 =0

Results
) a is root of f(x) = 0 if and only if fla) = 0.

(i) Factor Theorem: If a is root of flr) = 0 if and only if (r -a) is factorof

fo).
(ii) Every polynomial equation of nth degree has exactly n roots (real or
imaginary).
iv) Every polynomial equation of odd degree has atleast one real root.
(v) Descartes' rule of sign: A polynomial equationf(r) =0 cannot have
more
positive roots than there are changes of sign inf(), and cannot
have more negative roots than there
changes of sign inf(-1).
i.e., in a polynomial equation f(r) =0.
6. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Function Domain Range Graph
1/
1.y sinx
iff -1Sxs1 = sin x

sinyx

2.y cos x y cos *

-1Srs1 0SyST
COS y=X

/csC
3. y = csc X

iff xs-1 or x21

sys,y+0
CSCy
Tt/2

1
4.y sec X ySec X
iff xs-1 or x21 0 y ST, y*
sec y

1/A

5.y tan x ytanr

-0o<<
tan y=x

-- ---
-

y cot ax

6.y c o t x
Tt/2
0<y<T
cot y =x

-2
(vii) Sum-to-Product Formulas

sin(x)+sin (y)=2sin|

sin()-sin(y)=2sin cos
cos(r) t cos(u)-2eo o

cos(")-cos (u)=-2sin2S2
(viil) Multiple Angle Formulas
sin 3x = 3sin r-4sin'r

cos 3x=4 cos x-3cos.

tan3x=
3 tan x-tanx
1-3tan x
(xi) Relations to Hyperbolic functions
sin ix = isinhx

cos ix = Cosix

secix = Sechx

cscix -icschx
tan ix = i tanhx

cotix=-icot hx
 cos(X+)= cosxcos y-sin x siny

cos(x-y)=cosxcosy +sinxsin y

tan(r)+tan (y)
tan(x+y)1-tan(x )tan ()
tan(x)-tan (y)
tan-1+ tan(x) tan(y)
(iv) Double Angle Formulas

sin2x=2sinxcosy
cos 2x cos x- sin x

2 cos x-1
= 1-2sin2x

tan(21)=4tan()
1-tan(x)
2tan (x)
sin(2x)=-1+ tan (x)
r
tan
Cos2r=
1+ tanr
(v)Power-Reducing/HalfAngle Formulas
sin (x)=-cos(2x)
2

cos (x)= tcos(21r)

2

=cos(2x)
tan ()1+ cos(2x)
(vi) Product-to-Sum Formulas

sin(r)sin(y) -;[cos(r-y)-cos(x+ y)]

cos(x)cos(y)=;lcos(r-v)+cos(x+y)
sin(x)cos(y)=;[sin(r+y)+sin(x-y)]
cos(x)sin (y) -;[sin(r+y)-sin(r-y)]
 tfn (0) n is even

fnn.n/2*0)tco-fin (8) n is oddA

The t sign is decided by quadrant rule

Example:
(a) sin(T+0)=-sin0 (b) tan(T-0)= - tan0

(cos -sin0 d) cot +0|-tan

4. Properties
Function Domain Range Period Zeros Graph

Sin x =0
ysin

1. sin x -oo X -1 Sysi iff 3n/2/

n is integer

2+

cOs x = 0
cOS
iff
2. c o s X -0ox<o
-1sys1 2Tt
(2n+1)5
1 is integer

CSC r=sinx

yS-I or y21 27 No zeros

3,cscXX1T
******
ZT
Tt/2
 Horizontal Translation
y flr+c) Shiftthe graph left c units.
y =f(r-) Shift the graph right c units
Reflection
y -f(x) Reflect across the x-axis.
y f(-1) Reflect across the y-axis.
Vertical Stretch or Shrink
y c.fx) Stretch by a factor of cifc>1.
Shrink by a factor of cif c<1.

VTrigonometry
1. Definition of TrigonometricFunctions
sin 0=
opp
CSC 6=
hyp
hyp
adj
oPp

hyp
nypotenuse
COs 0 =
sec0=
hyp adj
Pp adj
tan
tan 0 adj
=
Cot 0=
opp
adjacent

2. Trigonometric Functions of common angles

0 3045 60 90
sin0 0
3
2 2
N3 1
cos6
2 N2 2
tan

3. Signs ofTrig Functions by Quadrant (Quadrant rule)

Signs of Trig Function by Quadrant

Sln sin +

COS COS

tan- tan +

Sin Sin

COS COS +

tan+ tan-
 (h) Exponential Function y = a* a>0 (a+1)

() Logarithmic Function
y= log, a>0 (a+1)
y=log. x =Inx
a
loga
>1
0<a<l a>1
,0)
(0, 1) 0<a<1

(vi) Properties
Function Domain Range Symmetry Bounded Increasing Decreasing
1. ldentity -o+ o) +)
function or or Odd No or None

y =* all x all y all a

2.Squarin +0 [0,) Bounded

(0,+ ,0)
Function or or Even
Below
or

all x x>0 x<0

y=x
3. Cubing -o,+oo
Function or Odd No (0, +oo) None
all x all y
y
4.Reciprocal ,0)u(0,)| (-,0)u(0,) -,0)u(0,)
Function or Odd No None or

x#0 x#0

5. Square root 0,o) [0,) Bounded [0,)

ction or or None or None
Below
20 20 x20
y=v
6.Exponential , + o) Bounded too)
Function or
(0, + None None
Below
all x all *
y=e
7.Logarithm +
(+o) (0,+)
Function or r None None or None
> 0 all y x>0
Inx
8. Absolute Value 0+) 0,) (0, 0)
Bounded
Function or or Even or or
Below
all x y20 x>0 x<0
9. Greatest integer ,to)
Function or None None None None

all
(Setof integers)
y=int(r=[x)
(vii) Polynomial Function

Px) = a,x" +4,-1a +...+a+40

 (ix) Hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic function Domain Range Graph

y sin hr
-0, t o -oo
. hr- or or

all x all y

y= coslx
-oo) [1,
h or
2. cos x =

2 all x y21
---

y = cschx

(-,0) u (0,c)(-,0) u (0, ) |

3.cschx= or or

x#0 y0

2 -o, too) (0, 1]

y sec ix
4.sec hx
+ or or

all x 0<ys1

y tan ix
-0, too -1, +1)
. tanh x sinh re-e|
cosh x e+
or or
all x lyl1
-1

y cot lhr

(-oo, 0) (0,)(o, -1)u (1,)

6. coth r =Osh X _ e t e t or
1
sinhx e-e X+0
-X

- - - - -

x) Function Transformations
Vertical Translation
y =f(x) + cShift the graph up cunits.

y
=
f) -cShift the graph down cunits.
(vi) Basic Functions
(a) Identity Function (b) Squaring Function

) Cubing Function (d) Reciprocal Function

fr)= x fo)=

()Square Root Function ( Absolute Value Function

So),=T

()Greatest Integer function (int(x) or [x): Greatest integer less than

or equal to x

y=x

y=Lxl

2 3
0-
 (iv) Angle between two planes:
The angle between two planes:
Ax+ B,y + Cz+ D, =0
Azx+ By+ Cz+ D, =
0

COs 6F AAg +BB +C1C2

A +A+A VB +B+B
Note: *****

T h e Planes are parallel if and only if

T h e Planes are perpendicular if and only if

AA +B,B +CC2 =0
*****************************************************************************************************

(v) The Distance of P(1, Y1,22) from the plane Ax+ By + Cz+D = 0 is

d =A +Bx2 +Cr3 +D
VA +B +CC

IVElementary Functions
A function ffrom set A to set B (f:A > B) is a rule which assigns every
element of A to a unique element of B.
Where A is domain; B is co-domain; f(A) is range
G) Monotonicity (A monotonic function preserves or reverses the given
order) fr) is
(a) Monotonically increasing ifmSn=fn)sfr).
b) Monotonically decreasing if m Sn =fm) >for).
()Strictlyincreasingifm<n=fn) <fon).
(d) Strictly decreasingifm<n=fm) >fn).
i) Bounded Function: m sflx) sM for all x e Domain
(ii) Even Function: f(-) =fa) Graph is symmetric about y axis
iv) Odd Function:f(-x) =-f) Graph is symmetric about origin
(v) Periodic Function of period T:fla+ T) =f)
 Eccentricity: e =1
Length of Latus rectum: LL'=4a
Equation ofthe directrix: x +a =0
(i) Parametric equations of the parabola: x =at; y=2at

5. Ellipse
The locus of a point (P) whose distance from a fixed point (S and S')
bears a constant ratio (e < 1) to its distance from a fixed line (KZ and
KZ) is called an ellipse.

) Standard Equation of an ellipse:

S(-ae, 0) C N

S(ae, 0)
B'y
Major axis: The line joining the two vertices A' and A
Minor axis: The line passing through the centre perpendicular to
the major axis, i.e.,BB
Principal axis: Major axis and Minor axis
Length of Major axis: 2a
Length of Minor axis: 2b
Eccentricity: e= Va-b2

Foci: S(-ae, 0) and A" (a, 0)

Vertices: A(-a, 0) and A(a, 0)

Length of Latus rectum: LL'= 2b

Equation of the directrix: x = +

(i) Parametric equations of the ellipse: x =a cost y=bsint

6. Hyperbola
The locus of a point (P) whose distance from a fixed point (F, and F)
bears a constant ratio (> 1) to its distance from a fixed line is called a
hyperbola.
 Inclination of the line: The angle made by the line with the
positive direction of x-axis
(b) Slope (gradient) (m) of line with inclination 0 is
m =tan 0, 0 90°

a
(Slope ofline ax + by +c=0 is -

i) Equation of line
(a) Point-slopeform: (y-v)=m (r-*) whereslope=mand ( , )
is the point

V2
(b) Point-pointform: (y-y1)=2(x-x1) where the points
X2-X1
are
( , ) and (r V)
() Slope-Intercept Form: y = mx + c where slope = m and

y-intercept=c
(d) Interceptform: + l where r-intercept = a and

y-intercept = b

(e) Point-inclination form: 1- 1=r whereinclination= 0

cose sin
and ( y1) is the point
() Normal form: xcose
p +
ysine =

p=Length of the perpendicular (normal) from origin to the

line.
0=Angle of Inclination of normal with the positive direction
of x-axis.

(g) Vertical line x=a

(h) Horizontal liney=b
(ii) Results

(a) Angle between two lines having slopes 11, and m, is tan-1 111l2_
1+m12
(b) Two lines are parallel if m, = m,

Two lines are perpendicular ifm. m= -1

(d) General Equation of Line isax +by +c=0.
(e) Equation of Line parallel to is ax + by + c= 0 is ax + by +k=0.
 (a) Principal axis: A straight line passing through the focus and
perpendicular to the directrix.
Note:.
Conic is symmetrical about Principal axis.
******************************************************************************* **********

(b) Vertex: The points of intersection of a conic and its principal

axis.

Note:. * ******* ** *

A c o n i c has at most two vertices.

************ **** ********* *. *** * * *

()Centre: The point which bisects every chord of a conic passing

through it.

Note:.
Ifaconic has only one vertex then its centre coincides with the vertex.
*************************************************** .*

(d)Focal chord: A chord passing through the focus.

(e) Latus rectum: The focal chord which is perpendicular to
principal axis.
( Double ordinate: A chord of the conic which is perpendicular
to principal axis.

4. Parabola
The locus of a point (P) whose distance froma fixed point (S) bears a
constant ratio (e =1) to its distance from a fixed line (KZ) is called a
parabola.
G) The standard formula of a parabola: y?= 4ax

M
P(x, )

S(a, 0

Focus: S(a, 0)
Center: A(0, 0)
Principal axis: y = 0 (x-axis)
 (Thelength ofperpendicular from (, ) to the line ax+ by + c=0

is ax +by1 +c
3. Circle
A circle is the set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from a fixed
point in the plane.
)The equation ofcircle having center (h, k) and radius ris
r-h2+(y-k)2 = r2

(i) The equation of circle with center at origin and radius r is x2+y=
ii) Parametric equations of circle 2+yP=2are
* = r cos 0 and y = r sin 0

(iv) The general Equation of circle: + y2 +28x +2fy +c =0;

Center (-g,-f) and radius g+f-c
4. Conic Sections
) General equation of conic
The Equation ar2 + bxy + cy2 + dx +
ey +f=0 represents
Ellipse if b2- Aac < 0
Parabola if b2- 4ac= 0
Hyperbolaif b2 4ac >0
-

(i) Conic sections are the curves obtained by intersecting a right circular
cone by a plane.

Parabola Circle Elipse Hyperbola

(ii) A conic section is the locus ofa point P which moves so that its distance
froma fixed point [Focus S] is always in a constant ratio |eccentricity e]
to its perpendicular distance from a fixed line [Directrix].
The conic is called
Ellipse if e <1
Parabola ife=1
Hyperbola ife>1
Il Analytic Geometry
1. 2D-Coordinate system
) Distance between Two points ( v ) and ( V)

d-y-)+(y2 =y1)*
(i) The point of division of the line joining (t, y1) and(t y») in the ratio
m:n is
11.X2 +1131 2 +1y1
m +n m +n

(i) Midpoint of the line joining (t, V) and (t ) is

tX2 Y1 +y2
2
(iv) Area of triangle formed the vertices ( , ) , ( V) and (ty V), is

A=t2 V2
3 Ys 1
Note:
T h e sign is chosen so that the area is nonnegative.
I f the area is zero, then three points A, B and Care collinear (lie on
same line)

(v) Distance between two points (r,,0,) and (r,,0,) isin polar coordinates is

d=yrr +-25/2cos(02 -0,)

(vi) Equations of transformation
(a) Cartesian to polar coordinates is
= r cos and y = rsin

(b Polar coordinates to Cartesian coordinates

r=y+y and 8=tan"

2. Straight line
() Slope of line
(a) Slope (nm) of line passing through the points (y V) and (2 V-) is

m=
rise
V2-1
run X2-X1
2. Three-Dimensional Geometry

Shape Figure Surface Area Volume

Sphere
SA = 47trF

r= radius
V
r radius

SA= 21trh + 2tr V trh

Right Cylinder h=height h= height
r= radius of base r= radius of base

Cone
SA = T r l + t r
V-r
I slant height
h= height
r radius of base r= radius of base

SA 2sl+s V-sh
Square Pyramid s= base side length
s base side lengtih
1 slant height
h heiglit

SA 2 (ko + Ih + wh) V= lwh

Rectangular I= length I= length

w width w width
Prism
h = height
h= height

SA = 6 s V=s
Cube s side length
ssidelength
(all sides) (all sides)

SA= Ph + 2B
V Bh
General P= Perimeter of base
Barea of base
Right Prism h=height (or length) h = height

B=area of base

Ellipsoid Ttabc
IGeometry
1. Two-Dimensional Geometry

Shape Figure Perimeter Area

Trapezoid
P=b, + b, + C+d
by, b = bases
A-6,+b)h
b, b,= bases
c, d sides h= height

A ={blh
P 2b + 2c
b = base
Parallelogram b, c Sides
h= height

A = bh
P 2b + 2c
Rectangle C b base
b,c sides h height

Rhombus
s
P 4s
side
A
b
d, d, = diagonals
d,4

Square
P
s
4s
side
A=s-#
d= diagonals

P= ns

Regular Polygon n = number of sides A-a.P

S side aapothem
P= perimeter

C 27tr nd
Circle r= radius A Tt
d = diameter
r= radius

A = Ttri2
P-25+r)
r major axis radius
Ellipse
rmajor axis radius r minor axis radius
2 minor axis radius
 nth term= t, =a+(n-1)d
Sum ton terms S, =
[2a +(n-1)d
(i) Geometric sequence
a, ar, ar, ar,
nh term=t, =ar"-l

ar-1) r>1
| (r-1)
Sum to n terms = S, a(1-r") r<1
(1-r)
na r=1

(ii) Sum to infinite terms of geometric sequence

S =
a+ar +ar +...=
1-r
-1<r<1

5. MeanValues of n real numbers

1 02 , 4n

Arithmetic mean: t l 2 t..ta

1/
(i) Geometric mean:
(a1.a2..,)
(ii) Harmonic mean:
(1/a,)+(1/az)+.+(1/a,)
6. Formulas for summation

1. 1+2+...+n=" 1)
2

2. 1+3+..+(211-1) =n*
3. 2+4+...+ (21) =
n(n +1)
4. 1+2++12="(1+1)(2n+1)

5. 1+23+..=(n+1)
4
 Function| Domain Range Period| Zeros Graph

COs

sec X ( 2 1 +1)5 | S - 1 or y21| 27t No zeros

/2 37t/2

tan x

tan r = 0

iff
. tan x a (21 +1) -oy<o
n is integer -Tt/2

y cot tana

cot x= 00

6. cot r (2n+ 1)|

n is integer

5. Important ldentities
) Pythagorean Identities

sin x+cos* x = 1
1+ tan x = secá x

1+cot x = csc x
(i) Even-Odd Identities

sin(-x)=-sinx
cos(-r)= cos
tan(-x)=-tanr
(ii) Sum-Difference Formulas
sin(r+y)= sin x cosy + cOsXsin y

sin(r-y)=sinxcosy-cos.xsiny
Basic Concepts 1
Elementary Algebra
1. Powers and Roots
a
a=
)a=1;a#0 (i) aa = 11+n
a ii)

(iv) (aby" = a"b" (i)(") =a

(vii) a"= (vii) ab = Wa /6

a - a " =(Va
2. Logarithms
Definition: y = log, (x) if and only if a" = x where a, x> 0 and a +1.

Natural logarithm: e =xif and only if y log,. (a)

= =
In(x)
Where e= lim| 1 =2.71828182846...
i) log, 1=0 i) logaa=1

(ii) log, (nn)=log, m +log, " (iv) log =log,m-log,n

( ) l o g ( )=nlog, m (vi) log6a
1
logab
(vi) losm)=log,
(vii) log,m=log,m-log,b where b>0 and b 1

log, m
ix) loga11=- (x) o8a = y°8a
log, a