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    9 views17 pages

    Ghertyb

    Uploaded by

    NikhilLoka

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 17
    12 {Sh Figs Ge ed it, Bam, on on Rei, Sati oS he fa oes : Sorption of Water by Solids 1a, eb rr 80 te i chm 118 ae ae ‘nC in 3908, Mark J Kontry Siete ae lt Pe et Pci [etna stn Parmoceteas n, idee Comnset a A Coy iN 0 Sh Phe halon eae . a haere WrninModion Madion, Wao n ‘em WP R011. 5 Pat fog 1 0 a Pm 18) 2: Rl ct Pm. 11830 (0, 1h Fog named 1S. AN a Bn Ram Chon Sa 8. 1. stRooucTION 154, EJ. Valet, J. Zubrowshi, and. S. Eggleston, Chitin, 4, 498 (1992), ©. THE WATER SRF OTE .ATER SORPTION BY CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS (General Mosel ‘tr Spon ono Noskydats Below RH Water Srtion ome Hyaates Below RH The Cea! Relate Homa, ‘The Kinetes of Dqusceace Above Ro moneeg mene> eeSgee Seeeee SeEe2 Bs 388 Kontny and Zograti VL. WATER SORPTION BY AMORPHOUS SOLIDS as ‘AW Tuoerm Azaljaes tAmbietTempernes as 3. thm Anuj Fuecton of Tempore a0 The Meming of pei Serice Arar Goes from Wier absorion Suds a0 1D. The Role of Water ar Pale a SUBJECTED TO PROCESSING a2 VIL TRANSFER OF WATER BETWEEN SOLID COMPONENTS ‘VIA THE HEADSPACE a 1X. SUMMARY as REFERENCES, as 1 mrrooucrion “The psc and chica prope of pharmaceutical slide ae cielly pene on te presence of soitue. Pace! scents an cit turers exarpls den and unfree ht vl an aed eels of mole asociated wah purus or frmalatons consing| fates of sols. Flow, conpucton, cling, dsiegratan, dsl, ards, eel stabi are ju some of the rope acon By ‘monre, Since mart presat in ul lia frm ovo some relive ‘my in viually al ages of aod manufacture active apes sd lpi) sue, posing un frmulon. so fe prot packaging * uniamewl vdesundng of te rl of water in lfectng Sold popes (and vce ver) i neces. "Tough he proper ofndvdul wii and the performance of slid ose fers aependet oe mote, charcterztin of the eedeying ‘wns inert soem pets or example my sods reseed {ygscopi” witht futher eleacts wher do hs ees eae {nd amcun of mise ups» un ofl humit and engerae Ui. To dase tis anbigaty, consider tat watersohile, nobydeaing ‘Shute sibtunce ach wc say lw lev oot (Ge ess an 0.1) Blow tcl line Due, yrs signet {Gites of ose above thecal lave homie, where te sold ‘ual danolvesinthe rbd mise One oer ban, ome ypeaespet eri wed ia sob dosage forms, sachs tc, allow, and plate Sortion of Water by Sos 909, ples, sx sigan quaites of moist (28-50) andewen tough they do ot dle they do undergo significa’ morphol chang at igh ‘lave hamster (ue, sveing) Fo thse subtunes, ose Up ae ‘eyens on he nive hamid of he enviar a he ne depadet tmtrconent fhe sod. Ont thd sum clre wae 3 ery [Gms spn rtetat wil deceaseto erie evionmeiaeve ‘amity kept stow cel ete hom, eh pia rw Be ‘mich preter and coetinas) ut al he sa as csv fhe wate ri eave te etic tale. For stations in which he envicnmet ‘latschamiiy sigeeanly ital om the lave humus the ‘rch, alas, or gltin were pevioly equaled th nial pak ose ate willbe significa batt wil approach 2 overtime acon amount ‘tserbed mare we ane a ier elas hamii) vin. vry “ieee mecha water sro dere cect orb iret ses nti igh deserting oom corde anrstarch a "hygronconc” fen vey Iie toward enertnig the wae oi rac tht mip el ‘pigs chemical rperes.These tamper the needa derstand he Snceryngmachaniem) of pine lori so hse ere ‘esting the follwing queons provides 1 bast Sr sing he ars ‘mechanism of waters eration 1. Mow mach water iss and what isthe corespnding wate ati (opened by slept prs rive Rarity 100)? 2. Wharaethekntesf maser paolo, and isthe cons changing oer ie? 2, Whereis the water cae (Le, aborbed othe extra ste of ‘cys, soot lan cys ape nonapeciic water of Iain, sted ino amrpts veins, cndesed int POs, ey 4, Whats the sat of he moire szcinte with he ali, Pu are, water of yon pyre wae et)? Wht orm he i presen (pre morpbolog, ply phic see, dre of enya, (nyu), and ts form Themdymanicaly sabe oer th eprtt drelieBuDiy Tange hat he sold expe ener” ste objec otis chy dcusthe various mechanisms wet eer an inert wi soi snes, preset tolls hat canbe se ‘Sein the cesta, td thn dca ite pak or ony ang toying eyline olds elo an above ther tea rave bie, {fr amerpns vals td for pmacescaly proceed oan. Fal. Arner moire rom ne ttc ate il be ASCE, 90 Konty and Zora THE WATER SORPTION ISOTHERM “The moet andi! manter of demonstrating the reaoship Rewer seed ‘ter vpor ands slide water sro desotion oe. The wae Serpoa-sscrton em descibes de elaboesip bene teem ‘toon of water apr sed to sh (sal expresed ams Perit ‘ss or peru sree ae sold) and he themodyric quanti, wate ‘evi (a) at onsanttnpertare and pes. At equim the chemical Potential of water seb te sold mast eqlhe chem poco wat the var pase. Water acy Inthe Yapor pase reed to chemical pote » sehr th uml oti of wae in he ptr gi, te snr! cher! ptt wars pci tere eet ai resus ath as Const, and uote temperate ews ea (2) ‘ine he relive iyo an) pre substance or compe uch Wa) a a of fpacis “sake a + aT In, o @ where fa 6 he fac of wate inthe stent eqbram and te ‘esky of pe wera anda epee and peste. Fo al pact pus, te fgny (or “epg tendo) of water tape at be spre fe by te water vapor per ntesjtem Tis sceypion i al | fing a the water vapor skaes on et ga Fate lr pestis nde ‘ol ners temperate ls than M7. the spronmain sce (£0.24 eave eno [1 Tus, te ee pes of wae vapor, PP" ‘ly elayd na exit oh live water cby te ose wes ° were eh water var per ne sytem nd Pe vapor peste ‘Bove pure wart thee of terest Relate hui (EDs ined 1 the eave pressure expressed on» peerage Bs w= 10, ‘he spn brah of the Mote shined expeinenaly by merng the elim sou of wae sob oa at known re Frenne, being ih» hoows macs of bla ry soit and thet Frowressvelyncesing te relate peste in he system. Drying he sob Soroton of Water by Soe ao mpl ude eat poly sig vaca fat the enol ered ‘ete vapor. rly ect limite resale One tt be thr, bower hls sch condone on he ema and pyc Stbity ofthe sol. The derpton portion of the therm ond hy wogresively deceang the reve presare Inthe system fen reve frente of approximates ony, ais oat the equim aoa Of Imes sorte teach relate prone. Generation of wert etry ion ters fra prc oid can conser ight it th atte ff the water arwll a tesa charset ofthe sl. ‘hie inforaton realy snd rom the aoa cf ste sere lower elie hunidiesm comparison withthe spre surface wea of he ‘ple fom he ener shape eh thr om wither oot wer tae [St comply revere pees (ce, hte yer cherve Ketmeen Sorton desorption) and rom the ae he yrs loop ten. With knowlege fhe afreneetoned, oe can wal obi a nation | the mechani of matte srt rhe meri ner, For example, + ‘nel that cats spon a lower relive umiiey i ach eit owns than ne ight expt a onthe psi ice te oe see tnd texts ysere ever the eomplt range of rive Mamie os hy absorbing Wat lata nal sere On the ther Ban = Iatrilexibiing a cloed hysteresis oop oer te ihe relate bundy ‘ange whl ting rit verte lave lative yng se © ‘hat mip be expected based oni specie surice ae, is probably qe ou amie a 8 mest ly soins wer vin alia condemn Over {fe hipher eave hon rng. ‘ML MODELS DESCRIBING VAPOR ADSORPTION |A. Brunuer, Emmett, and Teller Equation ‘The model most commonly refered 10 in the tere desing vapor sept omo sll sacs asp Eta 1938 by Draser, Emet sed Teler[4. The socal BET mol wor nga dered wing Kine nguent lawn vey Wo a wed by Langmuir (3). The BET ‘mol hs since so Hen dered wig stl estan (68). The BE ‘lames ht vapor moles, behing sa ea a, ext in ae ot egulbaum win 2 sald hat conse of ntl, bamogeeoa kerson Ses! The fat vapor melee adel fo an aston sie oe Sd ‘opened 1 be bound, wheear moles aabng tan th fit tr ae Seomed fo uve te properties of alk lg. Foemore soon ‘ropes ooar nc the forest dont mer arly. The Aaa form of be BET equation 382 onany ar Zoo L (= ver 1 WORT Wace Wel ner W ithe mas wer ard per rim of st a parca lative Pressure, PI. Ws the teeta quantity of vapor adel when each sorption se tb Vga moe athe wan ca = bene © © sans eat of oon ofthe fin ape males ard ase, isthe beat of condeanion of bulk absorb ithe nivel ge coma, Ts smote empertue, and conan, ual sumed 1 be hove o iy, Th two BET coats, Wy at Cy, can esl be oie fom te ine pling loro the BEY egtion given in Eg). Poin he gant WLP) = I] serie POP givens le equal to (Cy ~ DY Wa sl mere equal © WC, Aleta aspen aes, We o ca ee Oo ‘lave esr thin ¢expermenaly cere. Tis comin wth an ‘Srumpan Bune the BET deat ata aie mabe of les Minted at sree peste of uty. Appian of he BET eaioa fo noe as msrton er cred ut ate equa w etn estima te spe srtes ae of saps. By assuninga rset tea eet adore mle, ob ear we Wy caluate pcif srac ae Y ‘he following ean oS 2 sees ic cg mn Wee fate ae SSAA Toten a tate ere soe ae SSO stig 62 £m 8 ican hs en ama ema ma SGPT i ae denny ci ot ALS operon Soreton of Water by Sods 299 (te incomplete coverge (Seton VB] sage nthe oi (Seton ‘ILC wil eatin Goes) valves ht hve no py mesg. 18. Guggenheim and deBoer Equation Mary ates © modi the BET adssion tory tae been made saci cial dervmon 1s simpy and ait to tarpon da exe ell Tower lative pret, however, have made ee model of eis Tot smating sri ua fom nonpolar gas arp. Most modifications of the BET moll, developed to amlyae tit over the ete rage of relive esses, sual al at et ene fing amet fo he eqn, Tis makes ‘Soper ting ees since oly we meme prametey, W sd PIP fe avaiable. From a moising perfective, don iting params of knows or angen physical rening tat are fo sich apyonces ae ‘ena deren the we of mulprumeter modes Deas the cnsegues ‘tc in inert eats. tis repr href, oly a sige a ‘ation oe BET vel, whch hs en shown exeed the eae peste ‘ange over which Vapor adcepton daa ae abet be wil Be cones ‘re This eneson ofthe BET mol, Indopemdeny derived by ggeneis 1) and ceboe (12), account fort adeion fan iterate ate of ‘apr terveen te igh bound at mace shor to an adosion se the condeniedmalecies ase very high ele resus, Meals Score nthe inemedie range an be conser fo erat wth he ai ti the ietscton i ume fo be comely ls than tha the fs rece sorted at aden ste. THs egaon gen st . WoC, T= RPA ~ rr GR ere P,P, Ms Wal Wy are eco the prance in the BE eosin, nd w 0) ay whore is const ad Hy he hes of adorn ofp red in the Imemeiae ier The eootat Ce ied ne Co = Depth te o 7 where ie coment, Hy tthe Bet of adaption of the fine males sate 2 se and Hythe hea of soon fhe terme ved tee 20 ontny and ogra (©. Water Vapor Absorption by Amorphous Solis though water vps bbe ito apo sls an mt simply asked on te Srae, sl hasbeen oud tha sac stron teres can be fi {6th BET egaon pt a PP of tot O40 ap wit vapor sso, ad ‘rer te enti range of PIP sng eesion, Eg (0). Since hs was st ‘needy Andon (13119 e the efor water abun, Ey (10), an plied water rape sbsorsion i olen eld the GAB equation fr (Gtagestcn, Andon, and GeBoe 14. Since the teretcal bss for the ‘econ of the erp ition does no rnste iecyto th sbsopon rover ich invsier daslton of water ite amerpoos wld te “picance a to the GA enon some tel However, 3 ‘eyelet ice es alow oe wo eerie ele ode a {o dean oat some fl parameters (be discussed in what fll) ‘Sioce sur vapor dase in thes ring aberptin, ever mode ‘ed om ston try roping tate sate taken pin te Sl 5 of slain, dane teen deed and wd wo dscnbe water soon oo Petyes (es Flr)-Hoguias 13}, Hailwon!-Horobin (6). The Seveop- ‘ew of the sein Gores i ted on meaning phen cbt Iminipes Ar wih the many mations of te BET akon mee However, pyscl sige o he conan nthe meaning Fe vale llged em computer fing) om sch ales ae often of ited wii inlping gain a tscandestacig ofthe mechani of sre fom & ‘molec viewpoint. Pom tis pespecive er mols tse ently ‘rest ese concet wil at become in his chap. Fo futhet| ‘elvence, te fede dete 0 seve eae irate eviews of he tne snption tos ta have een proposed [17.18 ._Caplary Condensation ‘epost oo pore sls ier rom vapor puke onto the sae ft mata in hs vapor Gn the ave of terest, at) wil condense © {ig in pre sre a8 rapor pes, Below the por pss, ‘Peobere conden acs cf sacs Thi i eteraly sited ‘readin foes betwen ar scaler hour srs ‘Rooms highly cuned: uchasn po orcupulay,Tipheomenoe elemed ‘oa api) coodetston an ie ested Wye Kevin equ [11 2, wtp 2a 49 m5; - ite a sere ys tess eso ofthe sted i (sumed equa to tat of he Tai iu, Vee he molar cme of the gu, rs te poe ads, se ‘Sorton of Water by Sates 205 conta, andi temper. The Kelvin tons been sbown tbe “pleco poe rai wa for wr sorption nt mca 20-2 ‘Atmeatonsdin Sion capa cannon wil elm hosed oops inte sdboton Sorption terme of prous mata Cauaing PP" essing sate eon fer nero 728 exe a ey of (0994 gm? at 238K shows ht conden odie at eave press ‘0.998, 0 589,098, and 0.340 for pore di of 100, 10,10, Tam ‘especel. tn his vega Iris cw at capil cnet ned ot be nsiered fr very sl pre imeson. In praca tems, doe sould be Concerted sou his echasomo water pak fr mscropous amass wert exhib elaely lage specie sce ae he.» 100m), 2 determined rom ong gu adorn sais . METHODOLOGY ‘A. Control of eatve Humid Maieonc f constant lve bamiityeminmens i cso ting ‘atrsoll intercon. Tee te ray Yor ekg ate en ployed wo tan cnn line ham 1. Saad al sto 2 Sate wei sole 3 Temperate ection of apes shtion 44 Miuing wet and ry a sueans Strat st soon an sf ai salons eb rive iy by ‘elacing te apo pesre above an aicoussalaton (a oligave ef ‘Sette sa Sluts a contol Temperate maintain scott reaive nis aeg ther exces st and lk wr preset. As wae aed rremove from te slim, mitre rom he beatae wil conden ep ae, with suber csltopesptton oft maine eulitiae ‘apr presive ince the dere of vapor pers dqrenng Spender ot {he nanber o specs in slo ad ute, see clay of ost sas Issomewhutdopendeat o empraare,te rte Hani generated abo temper dependent Hence anf ane a fer epee eh ‘alt in feet relive hms. References 22-26 cas be some er Speci sawed sak eludes tt reat in deft rele ames a 3 ‘con of tempera Since elie hamid is rpedet othe mab of ned series, ese at wtrn be ned peo epning ‘xperimentton inhi esd, ping he sa slats several dys bore ‘epinning ssan sy recommended. ‘Saree oon of varying concent [26] ae alo we 10 395 Kenny ans Zograt abla lative hums, Aiton or removal of water or the sltion by ‘esr or serpb of waero esl bower, wl ae the conentaton ‘of sale a od wie in sltion and thr change the mle Buy ‘of the heapace, Ths enue for consoling reve bum te eaaspace spacial more ef when sul amounts of wae are sabe tetbed fom he oi “Tenpersuemaifiaioe of an ageoas slain can abo be wed to ‘mini const flve humidity inthe heaps 14). Ths techie ‘inti oli atone enperate aden age soln omeced ote ‘ue a sot temper, Dae othe Hong apr pete Speen on ‘Sprite, ey Sih temperate cote he ages slain sth so ‘ee ogee ana constae reanve hamid In the Vii of be so ‘Ming dy an wae apcsatined a inetd proportions so an be asd o generate contin relative amity Contl af Nw rts and he ‘wl vapor cnet th dy aed stra alae essen (27.28), 8, Measurement of Relative Humiaty Measurement of lave bumiiy depends oe the sytem wed Sysems ining vchun af aly eaceted pit indian f wate Yat {29}. Tor cos ia whch tee i tot gesfomlag fewcion courting Inet of tol pes inthe sytem can be aed st # mest wale ‘por eure, Syne in which sr esx caced rege sete esse ‘nero wae vapor pes (For the le type of ste, caso sould te {kent are tht Be late Rani soure in cle poy oe sob, Sine te dts of wate apr tog a the so fee to aaa {contents ay inte mene iy ofthe wis) A wide wy ‘St pesre messing ietunentatin i commer vb wih Vang ‘ecurc, poison and cos. (C. Messurement of the Crea! Relative Mumity, Ro “Te reve umiiy at which a said Regi deiqnce, RE can be tein ia two ways ic, by meas the eae mit bore &| ‘Sturt solution of he obsune: or nce by eas the ead ae ise pak ne elie humid sbove RH ad then expla © ‘he relive hemi at vtich hemes upke te 20 (1.303. ‘Altea ahr chau an be sie fo mess the elatve amity stove strated ston, oe elaivelysimpl reeds ie a aEo8 System emove ao th espace (by vapor ease expansions ad he ‘hh the vacuum pumps soled and the sted selon mained a 8 ‘Sevan temper, mearre ater vapor pes, War apo res Sorption of Water by Sous 297 then e comer to lite hid by dividing by the vapor presue ‘Bove pre ater the mpert of nret 32). . Measurement of Moisture Uptake (Kinet of Deiquescence) “The tof moisue up above Rly ques maineence an mesure ‘of mange fran hams, and the aps of mnaing the moire ‘itet of the sold over tine, Use of vain Sym set masiniae apr ‘isin trough te bedi, ths mataning const rete Ramin the vient of te sample. Aho, nce he mest labs of he sea) Ste mitre wake when he egy ofthe Sd saat nde i ‘fried mosis nd stration most ie), save eerie the mote uptake ate early tne pros In ths ead alo bp to be able o view te sali ding the exprien ower hat ep 6 ‘landed exces av (31-3) , Measurement of Equlibrlum Moisture Sorption Generation of water soriondesonsion isthe in conto relive amity extent cen be caret ibe gravel eesoumetel ‘Gravimerne mtd reqie 1 Ay sample weigh, 2 Costa teats of th sample, 3) Mainringpredeteind Sonn relive ities in the bad spaced 4 Atuiig ad measuring an uv weight of sorbed water vapor.

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