|Chapter 1. (1.2.Bearing Capacity and Settlement of shallow foundations }!.2.1.Ultimate Bearing Capacity Theories:- Centric Vertical Loading [!-2.2.Ultimate Bearing Capacity under Inclined and Eccentric Loads 7.0 INTRODUCTION ‘Loads froma structure are transferred o the soil through a foundetion. A foundation ise isa structur often constructed from concrete, stel,or wood. A geotechnical engineer must ensure that a foundation sities the following two stability conditions: 1. The foundation mast not collapse or hecome unstable under any conceivable loading, 2 Settlement of the structure must be within tolerable limits, Both requirements must be sitisied. In addition, the foundtion must be construct ‘economical Th this chapter, we wil consider methods mostly simplifiedethoxl that have been used in design practice—to determine the geometry of « shallow foundation to prevent soil failure and co limit fcitlement toa tolerable value. Often, iti settlement that governs the design of shallow foundations. ‘When you complete this chapter, you should be abe to: Wl be + Calculate the sate bearing capacity of sol + Estimate the settlement of shallow foundations + Estimate the size of shallow fouxdations to satisfy both ultimate and serviceability limit states, DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS Foundation isa scucture (usualy a dab of concrete) that transmits loads to the underlying soils. Embedinent depth (D7) isthe depts below the finished grade (nished ground surlace) where the base ‘of the foundation rests Shallow foundation is one in which the ratio of the embedment depth, Dy tthe minima plan dimension. which i usually the width, Bis es or equ 25 (ie. <2). Uluimate net bearing capacity (q,) is the maximum net foundation pressure (pressure in excess of ‘overburden pressure) thatthe soil ean support. [Ulimate gross bearing capacity (qu) is the maximum foundation pressure that the sol can support Allowable bearing capacity or safe bearing capacity (qq) isthe working pressure that would ensure 8 ‘margin of safety against collapse of th structure from soil shear failure, The allowable bearingeapacity is tually a fraction of the ultimate net hearing capacity 200ra ryeesorsuattow rounosrions 201 leimate limit state defines alimitrg load or stress that should not be exceeded under any conceivable ‘or anticipated loading during the design life of a geotechnical system Serviceability-limit state defines. limiting deformation or settlement ofa foundation that ifexeeeded, ‘ill impair the function of the structure that it supports. Factor of safety or safety factor (FS) is the ratio of the ultimate net bearing eapacity to the allow- fable bearing capacity oF to the arplied maximum vertical stress. In geotechnical engineering, a factor of safety between 2 and 3's used (3 most often used) to calculate the allowable bearing capacity. 72_TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS. Tere are several types of shallow foundations. Some are shewn in Fig. 7.1. An isolated foundation, also called a spreailor individual foundation, tanslers individual column loads directly to the soil Figs 7.1ab). If single spread foundation overlaps with anorher spread foundation, the two ean be combined to form a combined foundation (Fig, 7.1e). When there are a large number of spread foundations required for a structure, it may be more economical to use a mat or raft foundation, We will consider mat or raft foundations separately in Chapter 9. Walls are normally supported using a strip foundation (Fig, 7.1de). A strip foundation is one in which the width (8) to length (L) ratio is small (BIL > 10}. On sloping ground, foundation can reston top of the slope, on the slope, or ean be stepped as illustrated in Fig. 7.1L ‘Choice ofthe type of foundation is based on experience and is governed by: 1, Geological conditions (cg. topography. sol type. soil layering, and groundwater conditions) For example, an undulating topogeaphy may requite stepped ‘oundations;soft soils may require a mat foundation (Chapter 9) or deep foundations (piles, Chapter 8). 2. Loading conditions (eg. the typeof loading, such as vertical loads, moments cecentric loads) and magnitudes ofthe loads. For example, shallow foundat large moments oF large horizental forces. 3. Construction methods (c-., heal construction methods: type of equipment required and avail. ability; labor requirements, suchas skilled or unskilled, and availability) 4. Local codes and regulations ee can cottons etd oP cnctn el Fsten any ‘+ (ninco io naan ear tm iain) emacs sg deter by saltyng ences an stent tak, ries otra (elt etn ad oor ab FIGURE 71, Somorypes of slow footings202 cueTER7 ANSI AND DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS ea Tm? \ cours \ hisel Fa 05, (mi) cae Ton a Fen! (© Combines footing (a) Sip toting (@)A stp toting under constuction Tepot cetcond 12 m (40K) Ma ut nossretSxcoes 46 m (15%) (Location of ootng near topes (86 2008) The manumsiope ang or whic ths tre apps ie 4 — 26 (nny —4 1 600m (28m) (0) Latin of fotings on alone 0 Steppes footings FIGURE 71 (Continued)7S.0EARNG CARRCITYOF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 203 . Environmental conditions such as rainfall, noi 6. Impact on neighboring structures, For example, isolated foundations may have to be combined bbecause they would otherwise infringe on adjacent property 7. Needs of owner such as desired construction completion tine and costs traffic, and disposal of site-excavated material 73_ BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS. WRI) ncoess spreadsheet at htipiiwww sily.com/cllegerbudhu. Click Foundations and Earth Struc- {ure, Chapter, bealstocalculate bearing capacity factors and wo estimate the geometry of shallow foundations to satisfy uimate mit sate, Select the worksheet "hormogencous sil 734. Goneral Bearing Capacity for Homogeneous Scils Importance A large number of bearing capacity equations ere available ro estimate the bearing capacity of soils. All generally give different values ofthe bearing capacity forthe same soil conditions. {is importane that You understand the assumptions and limitaions of these equations for shallow {foundation design. In this section, only afew equations have been selected based on their widespread ‘use in practice ‘The theoretical bearing capacity equations in common use in design practice were obtained using the limit equilibrium method (Chapter 3). Prandtl (1920) showed theoretically that a wedge ‘of material is trapped below a rigd plate when it is subjected to concentric vertical loads ‘Terzaghi (1943) applied Prandil’s theory to stip foundation with the assumption thatthe soil isa semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, weightless rigi-plastic raterial. Based on Prandi!’s theory. failure of the foundation occurs by a wedge of soil below the foundation pushes its way downward into the soil The failure mechanism postulated by Terzaghi (1943)and modified by Vesie (1973) isshown Fig. 72a, The zone ABC isa rigid wedge ofsoil trapped beneath the foundation. Zone ABD is fanlike with radial sip lines stopping on a logarithnic spiral slip line. The other zone, ADE, consists of slip lines vind at angles of 48°44 and 45 — 6 to the horontal and ve al planes, eepectvely. The Zone ADE i clled the Rankine passive zone The surfaces, AB end AD. ae fitional hiding srfaces ind her action are sim to rough walls being pushed ito the soi The presse exerted x called pease crth presse peo the surface BD dependson he ratio 3#, whore vs the nit weight of the soiland ois BD T the overburden pressure. Fora weightless soil, 22-70, BD is» logrithmie sia: for ‘sale foc. BD is between a circle and ogaitmie pi For clean coarse rained s BD ialmaysa circle (Ves, 1973), For dense. couse-praned soisorhenilyoverconsliated e-grned si, the fale planes are expected to reach the pound surface andthe lure mode (collage chain) called gener sear Jatre mene, For loose conse grained sis or lightly overeonaidated ine-rained sis the failure planes. they develop. are expected tlie within the si layer below the ase of the foundation and Extend ltrally-This ure mode sealed cal shear (p72). For very lowe coarse-grained si the flue surfaces may be conned tothe surfaces ofthe iid wed. This typeof tre mode is termed2) Roni, i ne qarned m, \ é Sean Lopmbtompne Ly wdreorndidated wns Suemaneen qained 40d (cent seer taten ut! is na coarne gained 042 i Uy dvercientidar oe Ty (0) Leal ower ———_3—____ Lowe J ag Aegrtune Setloment (o Punting ‘FGURE 72 Falue mechanism punching shear (Fig. 2c). For coarse-grained soils, each of these collapse mechanisms depends on the relative density (D,) ofthe soil and the depth of embedment (Fig. 73). For ‘mos shallow foundations, general shea failure tends to occur in coarse-grained soils with D, > 70% and loeal shear failure when 30% < Dy < 70%. ‘The settlement to mobilize generat shear failure under a surface foundation resting on a saturated fine-grained soil is 3% 107% of te foundation width and about 15% for deeply ‘embedded foundations. For coarse- grained sols, the eorre- nding settlements ar 8% to 15% for surtaee foundations and 25% for deeply embedded founda:ions ‘A number of bearing capacity equations, based on limiting equilibrium (e-¢, Terzaghi, 1943; Meyerhof, 1963; Hansen, 1970; and Vesie, 1973) have been proposed. The ultimate net bearing capacity from all these equations is @ function ofthe plane strain strength parameters (peak friction angle, 4, oF undrained shear strength, ,), soi unit weight, a toad Z0rDY & wT eu. _toad Relate densty of sand D, o% 0204080810 & a! \ fe 27 tea : Sear ia é 5 ” a fora sare ocelot B22 BLA ef ra rectangle botng FRGURE 73. Collopsemechanismtom ‘model tests basedon eave density and lenbedant depth Source: Ves 1973)7A.BEARNGCAPRCITYOF SHALLOW FOUNORTIONS 205 emetic ctor, and compressibility, We can write the ultimae net hearing capacity ws ge = fistongth |] -unit weight geometry compressibility) on We will consider two limiting conditions, short-term aad Jong-term, separately rather than lumping them into a single equation By doing so, we ean clearly distinguish which shear strength parametersand method of analysis to use foreach condition. Short-term condition requites a oul sess ‘analysis (TSA). TSA isapplicabe to fine-grained soilsand the shear strength parameter ithe undrained shear strength, s,- Long-term condition requires an effective sress analysis (ESA). ESA is applicable to yom plane strain tests, ‘Ueno et al. (1998) recommended that the strength parameters should be obtained at a mean effective stres,p', within the range yp < pl MP the difference in the various meth ‘ods increase exponentially. In this book we will primarily use the Booker and Davis (1971) equations, “Thecracial andonly soilparamter to determine the bearingcapaeity factorsis¢,.The attainment of, {depends om the ability othe soil to late, which canbe supprese by large normal effective stresses. Since neither the loadsnor the stressesinduedby the loads onthe soil massare certain, the we of sthen uncertain, Weeanwite d= + where stefctin agent ita ae (fundamental i prt and ‘ap isthe peak dilation angle. The urcertaity in 6, comes mairl from the uncertainty inthe vale of ey ak vin conalons Ive Seen acd is declopiag the waoreeal Desay copay ene tions. Thus, the values of should.come from plane train tet such as the direct shear or direct imple shear ests, Triaxial tests onthe same soil generally give valuesef lower than planestrain tests. Various ‘conversions have heen proposed. Fer practical purposes, the following conversion isuficiently accurate: (yn 2049 an wher he uberis ps andr denote plane sin an NT reepectvey "ough foundation denotes oundtion ioe fl ears developed tte foundation mori iscmmon const uso racic oconoctalserocoase grainedsols forthe foundation ene (1973) eommended thi equation these equations were oained ty curve ting he toot resales of Dian Booker (971) by Poulos ea. (2). “Ts equation was bi by curve ting the theoreti ea eno ea (1998) bythe autor.TS BEARNECAPACTTYOF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS — 207 to ret on. In this caso, NY, for rough foundation ie appropriate, When a foundation est directly on fin ied sols, Ny for smooth foundation should be used. Geomettie Factors Geometric factors a the shape and slope of the foundation (hase tit). the Toad inclination and load eccentricity, and the ground lope (Fig. 75, Several equations have been proposed for these factors. In this book, we wil Use a st Of factors proposed in the literature that are generally accurate for practical applications (Table 7.1) All the factors listed in ‘Table 7.1 musi be tegarded as estimates. The bearing capacity equations apply fora single resultant load with normalcomponent, V,.andshea (parallel to the base ofthe foundation) component, T. The shear component can be decomposed into a component Tn parallel to the width, # (the short side), and a component, 7. parallel tothe length, 1 (the lon side. ‘When investigating potential failure along the short side, use T= Tp. For failure along the long sie, use 7, Al loads are assumed to Ee acting at the base ofthe foundiution, ‘When the location of the resu tant load (load center) is not coincident with the centeoid (center of area) ofthe foundation, the foundasion dimension is theoretically adjusted to align the load center with the centroid. Some possible eases are shown in Fi. 7.6. The effective width Ban effective length L’ siving an effective area A' = BL must he used in the theoretical bearing capacity equations, The factors siven in Table 7.1 are for failure along plane parallel tothe srt sie, 8, For failuee along the long side, replace B? and 1 “The normal streses for eccentrialy loaded foundation are assumed to be distributed linearly across the foundation base (Fig. 7.7) with maximum and minimum values cakulated from: ‘Along foundation width: 4 FQURE 7S. Footingona sone ras) 49) Along foundation length: 2) om ‘where Vs the resultant normal load component, and &y ande, are eecentticites along the width and length, respectively. iy Use Btn he cinton loonie contre (2 Vert eccentsc for and ee » ° (rte! enti oas “San ntbe cunts FAGURE 26. Some postibleloadcates,pst oy ES) j comses a era pene cosotp (3) hmepenre 0 50 Suevas mu Jed] Agave weet y “6 “g = Vaan SL ty 905 cet 06> A+ booed cer ma at aes. meort — Jeors 6 oa * » : Valens aR 208{TBBEARNGCAPRETYOF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 209 1 wsoxamine tun Hep — Pores ~ then nin =0. Ih, however. ex > oe er > f then ‘rnin <0, snd tension develops. Since the tensile Strength ofsoilis ero part the foundation wll not Aransmit leads tothe soil. You should try to avoid psi dering he fount eh ha ae net load Py = guBll! 02) For cireuler foundation, B = L.= D, where D is [ROURE?7 Assunedveressessdsibuton diameter. The equivalent foundation area for & Below an ecentealy oad toting. ‘Sreular foundation subjected to an eccentric load is a [= om where eis the eccentricity. The equivalent width, Bis 2y/# Incaleulatng he factor of safety, FS replace an E915) by a ha i Sis |S=z-%m) a9 When the foundation rests on sloping ground the postive divetion of the slopes and the foundation depth are as shown in Fig. 75. Compressibity Factors Thecompressiblity factors (Vsic, 1973) are intended to approximately compensate for soil conditions (relative density and embedment depth) for which a general failure ‘mechanism may not develop. For practically incompressible coarse-grained soils, [, > I. (see note 3 in le 71), general shea failure is licely to occur and the compressibility factors should be set to I, For fine-grained sil, you must know the shear modulus G to caleu ate the compressibility factor. However, the value of G is not always known irom laboratory and field tests for many practical situations. In this «ase, you can use empirical relationships between s, and G (see Chapter 4). For coarse-grained soils, use the relative density or G, ifknown. The compressibility factors fo relative densities in excess of 70%. Groundwater Factors You have to make some adjustment to the theoretical bearing capacity ‘equations for groundwater conditiors. The term yD, inthe bearing capacity equations for an ESA refers tw the vertical stress ofthe soil above the base of the Foundatios, The last term, 7B, refers othe vertical sress ofa soil mass of thickness B below the base of the foundation. There are three groundwater Situations as shown in Fig. 78. SR scones re cnn nn oe wi ea an wl tg FIGURE 78. Groundwateretfecs below 29300 footingSituation 1: Groundinator Ioscl (GWL) ot level B or grate hslow the base of the foundation (Fig. 78). No correction i required (iy =~ 1) situation 2 I the groundwater level within a depth B below the ase ofthe foundation Dy < = < {B= Dy) (Fg, 78). the the tern Bs (2D) +Y(Dy +B) Out) YDB 2) ‘Te afer equations sed for saturated so, The term Oy remains unchanged Te groundwater ieonew ZL (8-4) a5 Sitwation3 Ifthe groundwater levelis within the embedment depth0 < < Dy(Fig.78c).thenthe term Dy is 2+ Y(Dy — 2) 0F Yuz+¥ (Dy ~ 2). The term yB becomes ¥/B. The groundwater factors = meng 725, ‘A foundation 2m (6) squat isto he located ata depth of 0m (3 below the ground surfacein a deep deposit of ‘compacted sand (39 from plane stain tests and yy ~ INKNin? (114 pe) to support a vertial eens load. The groundwater Kelis Sm (U5 f) Below the ground surface but the sol above the groundwater i saturated. Determine theultimate net hearing capacity ultimate gross bearing pac the allowable Bearing capacity wsing FS 4.and the allowable vrtial centr: load, Use Booker and Davis (1971) beating capacity factors. Strategy. US.unitswillbeusedin svi thisexample problem. is oud poly to sketch diagram llstratng the conditions given (See Fie. ETL}. The groundwater level locate at (15131) ~ 12M romthe foundation base. Thats the groundwate/levelis more than B = 6fUBeOW the bane, We an neglect the effects of groundwater (ie, y= my =I) Shc thesis compacted and no informations piven about the relive inti deni, we il same that generals Tale woul oat (Le 1 ni} and rough foundation contact with the sail. Only am ESA ix Teauite for coas-raned sah ae eae oe soto % 0035 tan? woes) oma enue aint (96> FIGURE E71 Step 2: Caleulate geometric and compressibility fctor PB 6 D3 Bore e Since the ecenticiy is er, Jy <1 + unas’ = 1.7 y= 1-048 sgt + Manel, = 14138" = 1.7 5 = 1-04 dyahe ya 1 Dendy sindyP 2 nL 2m nS 0 Banh wyemyel“7a BEARING CAPRCHTYOF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 211 Step 3 Substitute the values in steps 1 and 2 int the long-term bearng capacity equation to estimated tu = 9D IN — Vsadgg +OSYB'N Sy 511 3 GRIN) ETH LAB HT TOS LA 69: 37 606 1 1 1 = 2883 Step Determine dane dd 8803+ 3 LH = BTS too fe yy 9 ya tt = 5p (2, = lable imate centricoad = 4A! = 998 6 = 358008 = 3583p . le groundwater were located at 2) the base and (6 the round stface in Example 71 eaeulate theultimate ‘bearing capacity and ulimate gross bearing capacity Strategy. Groundwster will now affet the bearing capacity. You red only eaulate the groundwater factors forthe two cases as all other parameters remain the same Solution 72 Step 1: Calculate groundwater fcr. GWL at base (situation 2) wy = 1, 2 = Dy. ¥ = 1462.4 = SLopet Step 2 Cslelate bearing capacity: GWLatbase: gu = 1 3 (983 — 1.79 LI CL 131 40 HEA 6 37 06 Lc x 1 OS Wop. a surface: gy = 28883 + 04S = 12975 pst Note that bearing capacity reduced by 55% ifthe groundwater rsestothe surface, leaking Water pipe or sewage pipe can eats he groundvatr level ors locally. Youshould ake speci precaution 0 drain any potential water (or Liquid) leak avay from the foundation . EXAMPLE 73. Bearing Capacity of » Foundation with an Inclined Lad ‘A foundation 15a (4541) x 3.0m (10F) with thickness 300 mm (1 isocated at a depth of LS (4 blow the ground surface in a deep deposit of saturated oversonsoldate ey. A sce column is fixed 10 the 1 of the Foundation nd imposes a S00 KN (112 kp) load located at the center othe foundation and inlined at an ane of 20" othe vertical long the lng side. Tvixal tests wth porewater pressure measurements were conducted 00 the Soil and the results ae y = 120KPa (250) ps1), 6, ~ 21.3. The grourdwater was measured over a perio of one ‘nook and was stale ata depth of 50m (15) blow the surace- Determine the factor of safety fr ultimate limit ate. The ratio = 1303nd"yaq = ISKNin! (114 pf). The foundation ase wil est ona 100 mum (in. compacted ‘a pravel aye constructed om top of te cay surface212 METER? ANALYSIS AND DESONOF SHALLOW FOUNORTIONS SHAFEGPM Because the soil is fine-grained, calculate the short-term and long-term bearing capacities. The lesser ‘would gover. Since ial tess were conducied, you need to converte rctionangeto the equivalent plane ait {nction angle. Ako you should check hos andlong sie allure modes Since the loadisneined the shape and.deph Jy] factors ate equalto The loads appliedon the top ofthe foundation so you nced transfer io the base by nding sn equivalent load sem. The foundaticn can be assumed tobe ona rough Base. SI unis willbe wsed in solving this sc | atequt pbc) am eon sony [2008 f 7 aomy: {I pon j aaa a i eee i | ae (ftgroy penton Pn (heart ounces Solution 73, Stop Conve (40 (4 eed daa LaLa (pd pe = gpln = gx” = 28 Step 2 Fin equivalent load system at base T= horizontal fore alonglong side: Ty T= 500» sin 20" = TURN: Ta = 0: Va use thickness orizoxtal force along short side im £0820" = ATOKN Moment = Ti ‘Check eccentricity does not exceed. 13m>ers no tension Step 4 Calculate maximum vertical ses SF: Long side failure SSF: Short side allure io7kPa fen) 410, , 6x04 TL) W3xts\t 3sa. tS = 150, =, = 1.0 (for inctined loads) = 05exp{3.30—045 « 187) = 586 Lah: t= asexn(30— 045 SSF: 1083 seip(200 045%) ~osex330- 045058 1, Ini is practically incompressible and re = 1 Th Lassi 51,0 ~' "54s 0x1 S228 Ishi 1. since Ty =0 tana = tan? = 0236 Lse aa(t #) (1036) —035 SSF: = 10, since Tp = 0 use, (1-200 088 SSF: Hy = 1.0, sine Ty = 0 = ry =15 y= my = 1 (groundwater heb Bom base) Step 6 Calculate bearing capacity factor, esa. 0. (160, exp (96 x HE) ote G4) = 01st. 2) =214 cuAPTER7 ANALYSIS AND DESIG OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Step 7 Calculate bearing capacity TSA, LSE: gy = S14 Slee =S.14% 120 < 091 1 =S61 KPa SSF: gy = 514 6 1201 = 67 KPa PsA LSP: gu = YD41My— Nigra b OSL! 1B 15196 ~ 1) «055 x 11) + (05 «18 «28% 59 «035 x 11) \s0kPa SSP: gu = YD4lMy~ Nitty + OS YBNI 8 1519.6 — 1) x Le 1) + (0S 18 15 59% 111) Ss1kPa Step 8 Determine factor of safety. “The minimum hearing capacity occurs for long side failure under long-term conditions. 180 seis LSF: FS 8 ‘Thefactorofsaety swell below aceplabe values (FS.of2103)-The foundation size andi foundation depth should be increased . EXAMPLE 7.4 Foundation for ‘Retaining Wall A section of Tong conerete retaining wall is Shown in Fig, E74a. The lateral free per unit Jength ofthe wall 30 KN ating Tom fc the hase. The unit weight of eoneret i 24 Nm Determine the factor of safety of the wal fun dation. Groundwater is 10 m Below the Fase of the foundation, Strategy ‘The sing wall slong. you ‘an assume the foundation to be a strip founda tion. Transfer the fod (sei-wejght of eorerete) ‘and horizontal lads to am equivalent fore 8 tem at the bas. SI units wil be used in slvng this example problem, Solution 7.4 Step 1: Cale coventry, Divide the wall nto parts wi shown in Fig ET. e weight of wall ané toad Simple shapes as“7S BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS 215 Centid Moment atO from. (kN) clockwise Part Wight ny ow positive 7 03x2712 1983 582 2 osxots~27-26-49 27 136 3 bigxoa< 2-227 186 388 Sw aa? ‘Moment dustohorzonl foe = S02 1= 30 M76 All loads are per unit length EHTS _ 165, 85158 145= norm Be Fyn Gen Mm cp F-71816 = ee ‘The resultant vertical load isto the right ofthe centerline as shown in Fig. E74o. 4 Bas 150m.1 3 #338 <953 007m; notension—okay ‘ Naran Step 2 Calculate maximum ver Maximum vertical stress wil occur st A oa Wy ,6) a7, , 6x00 a = (1258) = (14802) nro | eatem FIOUREE7Ae Covalent Step % Calculate the equivalent width system B= 26-315 -2)007)=301m Step 4 Cala Dering capacity and geomet factors. dq 2? You only need to calculate sinee the foundation is atthe surface, Assume rough foundation and use Davis and Booker (1971) eat Ny 0rtstapio 10stexp (264 8 Gsae)} + (Bs) 1-0 Foundation ste: ( <0). . (al