Declaration

we ,the undersigned ,declare that this project shall be our original work ,and the Project work has
not been presented for a degree in this or any other universities ,and all sources of materials that
will be used for the project work will have been fully acknowledge.

Name Signature

1.Elias Mandefro
2.Maru Yehualaw
3.Simeneh Abie
4.Yohannes Berihun

This Project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor

Project Advisor Signature

Mr.Tewodros G. ________________

i
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who supported the conduct of this
project by providing us benchmark information, direction, and insights to fulfil this project. We
would like to acknowledge Faculty of electrical engineering encouraged us to dig out more about
the project. We would like to give our recognition to our project adviser Mr.Tewodros Gera who
extended exceptional support to the conduct of this project without which the conceptualization of
the project undertaking would not have been accomplished. Finally we would like also to thank
the electrical and computer engineering staff members helped us to attain succession of this
project.

ii
Abstract
Induction motor is one of the most important motors used in industrial applications. The aim of
this project is to design an over voltage and under voltage control system to protect the induction
motor from damage. The fluctuation in AC mains supply is frequent in homes and industries. The
sensitive electronic devices in these conditions can get easily damaged. For example an induction
motor normal operating voltage is 220 volt AC. If voltage input to induction motor become greater
than or less than about 10% of normal operating voltage of induction motor it may burn the
induction motor or excessive current may flow which in turn cause short circuit in the winding of
motor.
This project is designed to avoid all these issues which automatically turn on and turn off main
power supply in case of issue in AC main power supply and on one need to control it manually.
Microcontroller is embedded into this system to make it smart enough to handle all the issues
intelligently and to provide control signals to turn on and off AC main power supply. The over
voltage and under voltage control system of induction motor is preferable to have a tripping
mechanism to protect the induction motor from any damage. This over voltage and under voltage
control system of induction motor will trip the induction motor in the event of the input voltage
falling over or under the sated value. Microcontroller is used to detect under and over voltage and
send signal to switching device to trip the fault from damaging the induction motor. A switch is
then operated to cut off the induction motor for safety reasons. The hardware materials required
for this over voltage and under voltage control system of induction motor project are the
transformer, microcontroller, voltage regulator, resistors, potentiometer, capacitors, diodes,
switch, and induction motor.
Keywords: Microcontroller, under voltage, over voltage, Motor protection

iii
Table of Contents
Declaration ....................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................ ii
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii
List of figure .................................................................................................................................. vi
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii
Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Objective of the project ......................................................................................................... 2
1.3.1 General Objective ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3.2 Specific Objective........................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Methodology Used in this Project ......................................................................................... 2
1.5 Scope of the Project............................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 4
Literatures Review .......................................................................................................................... 4
Evolution of over voltage and under voltage control system ...................................................... 4
2 Expected Outcomes and Significance of the Project ................................................................... 6
2.1 Expected Outcomes of the Project ........................................................................................ 6
2.1.1 Significant of the Project ................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Feasibility of the Systems ............................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Conceptual framework ................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................................ 8
System Design and Analysis ........................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Modelling of the project ........................................................................................................ 8
3.2 System Components and Operations..................................................................................... 9
3.2.1 AC power supply ............................................................................................................ 9
3.2.2 Voltage Transformer....................................................................................................... 9
3.2.3 Voltage Sensor .............................................................................................................. 10

iv
 3.2.4 Bridge Rectifier ............................................................................................................ 10
3.2.5 Diode ............................................................................................................................ 11
3.2.6 Capacitor ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.2.7 Resistor ......................................................................................................................... 12
3.2.8 Potentiometer ................................................................................................................ 12
3.2.9 Voltage regulator .......................................................................................................... 13
3.2.10 Microcontroller ........................................................................................................... 13
3.2.11 Relay ........................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 Over voltage and under voltage protection circuit .............................................................. 15
3.3.1 Overvoltage protection ................................................................................................. 15
3.3.2Under voltage protection ............................................................................................... 15
3.4 System Design and Analysis ............................................................................................... 16
3.4.1 Design calculation of material with given specifications ............................................. 16
3.2.2 Relay drive circuit ........................................................................................................ 20
3.4.2 Development of the study ............................................................................................. 22
3.4.3 Cost analysis of the study ............................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 25
4. Results and Discussions ........................................................................................................ 25
4.1The design and simulation.................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1 The simulation software ............................................................................................... 25
4.1.2 The Under voltage and over voltage control system circuit design ............................. 25
4.1.3 The Under voltage protection design condition ........................................................... 28
4.2.2 The normal voltage condition ....................................................................................... 29
4.2.3 Over voltage protection system circuit design ............................................................. 30
CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 32
5. Conclusion and Recommendations for future work ................................................................. 32
5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 33
5.3 Future work ......................................................................................................................... 33
References ..................................................................................................................................... 34

v
List of figure
Figure 1.1: Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..3
Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework of the project………………………………………………....7
Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system ………………………………………………………....8
Figure 3.2: AC power supply ……………………………………………………………………..9
Figure 3.3: Transformer……………………………………………………………………….......9
Figure 3.4: Voltage Sensor……………....………………………………………………………10

Figure 3.5: Bridge Rectifier……………..……………………………………………………….11

Figure 3.6: Diode symbol………………………………………………………………………..11
Figure 3.7: A typical capacitor…………………………………………………………………..12
Figure 3.8: Rated resistor…………..…………………………………………………………….12
Figure 3.9: Rated potentiometer…………………………………………………………………12
Figure 3.10: Voltage regulator…………………………………………………………………...13
Figure 3.11: Arduino UNO ……………………………………………………………………...14
Figure 3.12: Atypical relay………………………………………………………………………14
Figure 3.13: Circuit diagram of overvoltage protection…………………………………………15
Figure 3.11: Typical bridge rectifier……………………………………………………………..17
Figure 3.15: Design of voltage sensor…………………………………………………………...19
Figure 3.16: Typical voltage regulator…………………………………………………………...19
Figure 3.17: Transistor…………………………………………………………………………...20
Figure 3.18: Design of under voltage and over voltage control system using Proteus software...23
Figure 4.1: Output of transformer, rectifier and regulator……………………………………….26
Figure 4.2: Output voltage for voltage sensor………………………………………………...…26
Figure 4.3: Simulation of overall system……………………………………………………...…28
Figure 4.4: Output during under voltage………………………………………………………....29
Figure 4.5: Output for Normal voltage…………………………………………………………..30
Figure 4.6: Output for Over voltage protection system………………………………………….31

vi
List of Tables
Table 3.1: Cost analysis of the study ..................................................................................................... 24

vii
Acronyms
AC Alterative current
DC Direct current
MC Microcontroller (Arduino uno)
V Voltage
A Ampere
I/O Input output
IPO Input process output
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read Only Memory
ADC Analogue Digital Converter
USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter
V0 Output Voltage
Vs Supply Voltage
R Resistor

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
1.1 Background
Protection against fault in power systems is very essential and vital for reliable performance. A
power system is said to be faulty when an undesirable condition occurs in that power system. The
undesirable condition might be short circuits, over current, under voltage, overvoltage etc. An
Induction motor is one of the most significant electromechanical equipment, so it needs protection
against voltage instability. Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system, for a
given initial operating condition, to regain a state of operating equilibrium after being subjected to
a physical disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that practically the entire system
remains intact. Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages
at all electrical buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance .On the contrary, voltage
instability is mainly caused when a power system cannot meet its demand for reactive power. The
dangers of power instability are observed to be tremendously serious not only to the power grid
but also in the mainstreams users of power utilities. An overvoltage and under voltage condition
is a form of voltage instability that also may occur in the household electrical system. Often times
the aforementioned condition is detrimental to the life of electrical devices affected by it. An
overvoltage condition in an induction motor occurs when the voltage in the motor rises above its
upper design limit. Such occurrence in the system damages sensitive electronic and electrical
devices which are designed to operate within predesigned rated voltages. Consequently during
under-voltage condition, an induction motor is also heated up quickly because the torque and the
speed of the induction motor are correspondingly be reduced, hence causing an increase in
induction motor current. It is therefore desirable to protect electrical installation zones against
overvoltage and/or under voltage condition to minimize risk of damage to induction motor
connected to the electrical installation zones.
Therefore a proposed solution is chosen to develop a microcontroller based induction motor over
voltage and under voltage protection because the microprocessors based relays provides greater
flexibility, more adjustable characteristics, increased range of setting, high accuracy, reduced size,

1
and lower costs, along with many ancillary functions, such as control logic, event recording, fault
location data, remote setting, self-monitoring and checking, etc.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The dangers of power fluctuation on electrical equipment is a serious problem. An essential
concern in an induction motor protection is the high cost of the motor and the relative downtime
cost when induction motor and other relevant equipment fails during voltage instability. Under
voltage and over voltage are the main types of voltage instability. Power fluctuations especially
in Ethiopia prompted the consumers to suffer from these inefficiencies which often times
detrimental to the life of every power utility installations aside from the discomfort of power
brown-outs.

1.3 Objective of the project

1.3.1 General Objective
 The main objective of the project is to design and simulate under voltage and over voltage
protection system for an induction motor

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To design the over voltage and under voltage protection system
 To design transformer ,bridge rectifier, voltage sensor, voltage regulator, transistor, relay
 To simulate the over voltage and under voltage protection system in accordance to the
established design parameters

1.4 Methodology Used in this Project

For successful completion of this project some steps will be followed to carry out different tasks.
Power fluctuation was burning issue as we saw in Ethiopian electric power utility during internship
program. So that we were decided to solve this problem. Different literatures were revised relating
to this project and data was collected about condition and control parameter of induction motor.
Based on this parameter system model was designed. Proteus software was selected to develop the
software programming and to simulate the designed system.

2
 Identify Revised System Software Software
problem literature model design Simulation
and data design
collection
Figure 1.1: Methodology

1.5 Scope of the Project

The coverage of the study outlines the design and simulation of the over voltage and under voltage
protection circuit through electronic simulation using Proteus software. Physical electronic
components and other auxiliary equipment are not implemented in this current study however; this
circuit design may be developed for future physical implementation. In the proteus professional
software have also its own limitation based on the tolerance of each components in the over voltage
and under voltage control system of single phase induction motor. At the end of the year prototype
will be developed if the materials are available.

3
 CHAPTER TWO
Literatures Review
Evolution of over voltage and under voltage control system
Voltage regulators have been in existence for some 158 years with the simple purpose of reducing
or increasing voltage. Voltage regulators are used to reduce electricity costs and CO2 emissions.
This use of voltage regulators is commonly referred to as voltage optimization, or more correctly
power optimization. Voltage optimization is more in demand today than at any other time. This is
because power demand is constantly growing and now outstripping supply. This produces a
resultant deterioration of power quality irregular voltage which is mostly too high and sometimes
too low. This constant change in main voltage damages user’s electrical equipment and causes
them to pay too much for their electricity. Consumers want to protect their sites from electrical
equipment damage caused by poor power quality and the ever increasing cost of electricity. Power
optimization has become the proven method in over voltage supply areas to save energy and
electrical costs, increase the lifecycle of electrical equipment, and reduce electrical equipment
maintenance and repair of costs.

Causes and Effect of Voltage Unbalance Mitigation Techniques

Annette von Jouanne and BasudebBanerjee (2001) proposed on causes and effects of voltage
unbalance and to discuss related standards, definitions and mitigation techniques. Several causes
of voltage unbalance on the power system and in industrial facilities are presented as well as the
resulting adverse effects on the system and on equipment such as induction motors and power
electronic converters and drives. Standards addressing voltage unbalance are discussed and
clarified, and several mitigation techniques are suggested to correct voltage unbalance problems.
This study makes apparent the importance of identifying potential unbalance problems for the
benefit of both the utility and customer (Annette von Jouanne and Basudeb Banerjee, 2001).

The purpose of power system protection is to detect the faults or abnormal operating condition and
to initiate corrective action. Relay must be able to evaluate wide variety of parameters to establish
that corrective action is required. Obviously, a relay can’t prevent the fault. Its primary purpose is
to detect the fault and take the necessary action to minimize the damage to the equipment or to the

4
system. The protective relay requires reasonably accurate reproduction of the abnormal and normal
conditions in the power system for correct sensing and operation (Grigsby, 2007).

Sensitivity Analysis of Frequency and Voltage Stability in Islanded Microgrid

HannuLaaksonen, KimmoKauhaniemi (2007) describes their study on the voltage and frequency
stability of an islanded micro grid and the sensitivity of these quantities to certain changes in
system configuration. In conventional power systems the system frequency is coupled with the
rotor speed of the directly grid connected large synchronous generators and power unbalance can
be seen as changed system frequency. But in an islanded micro grid it is possible that all generation
units are connected to grid via converters and there is no inertia of rotating masses to affect the
frequency. In that case the frequency has to be created by a power electronic device and the
frequency is more of less fixed and power unbalance cannot be detected in the classical way. The
studied urban low voltage (LV) network based micro grid consists of three converters and one
synchronous generator based distributed generation (DG) units. The studies are made with PSCAD
simulation software.

Voltage multi-stability in distribution grids with power flow reversal

Hung D. Nguyen, Konstantin Turitsyn (2014), describe in their study that high levels of penetration
of distributed generation and aggressive reactive power compensation with modern power
electronics may result in the reversal of active and reactive power flows in future distribution grids.
The voltage stability of these operating conditions may be very different from the more traditional
power consumption regime. Stability characteristics of distribution networks with reversed power
flow were also studied. After introducing a universal algebraic approach to characterize all the
solutions of the power flow equations, we show that new solutions appear in the reversed power
flow regime even in the simplest three bus systems. Some of these solutions are shown to be stable
and the system may exhibit a phenomenon of multi-stability, where multiple stable equilibrium
co-exist at the given set of parameters, and the system may converge to an undesirable equilibrium
after a disturbance. These predictions are validated with dynamic simulations of two different
systems. Under certain conditions the new states are viable and may be characterized by relatively
high voltages. Possible approaches towards reactive power/voltage regulation as well as
permissible distributed generation capacity in future power systems are proposed and discussed in
the end of the paper.

5
2 Expected Outcomes and Significance of the Project
2.1 Expected Outcomes of the Project
The expected outcome of this project is to protect the induction motor from voltage instability by
tripping the supply voltage in the range between“200-240volt” the induction motor operates at
normal condition but when the voltage is out of the range the relay is open and the motor is safe
from damage.

2.1.1 Significant of the Project

The significance of the project is perceived to satisfy the household consumer’s needs for efficient
power utility, safe from detrimental power fluctuations there by offering longer service life and
quality services to electrical household equipment. The protection circuit design is also perceived
to serve as a model for induction motor protection and home safety. Furthermore, the project
intends to provide valuable learning experiences to the students of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and other relevant courses in Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia, Africa.

2.1.2 Feasibility of the Systems

This project reduces the effect of voltage instability on induction motor safely, cheap and it gives
fast response as compared to other voltage stabilizer. So this project is more acceptable in the
society since voltage instability is currently occur in any industry, home and any organization that
uses electric power.

2.1.3 Conceptual framework

The framework of the project covers the integration of the following electronic components that
comprise the over voltage and under voltage protection. This project utilizes the input, process,
and output (IPO) paradigm as reflected in Figure1which comprises the design of the transformer,
bridge rectifier, voltage regulator, Voltage sensor, Microcontroller, resistance, diode,
potentiometer, transistor, power supply, relay, and load. The IPO paradigm is simulated through
simulation using acceptable software most preferably Proteus software.

6
• Transformer
• Capacitors Process
• Over and Under
• Resistors Voltage Protection
• Transistors induction motor
• Relay • Microcontroller
• AC motor • Simulation
• Power supply Software
• Diodes Output
Input

Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework of the project

7
 CHAPTER THREE
System Design and Analysis
3.1 Modelling of the project
In the block diagram shown below, the transformer, bridge rectifier, microcontroller, voltage
regulator, voltage sensor, transistor, power supply, switch, and induction motor are interconnected
to perform circuit protection from over voltage and under voltage occurrence. The primary
winding of the 220v AC transformer is connected to a variable AC input voltage and the output is
connected to an induction motor. At the primary side of the transformer is a step down transformer
and which is step down from 220v to 12v AC. By the helping of bridge rectifier it is converted to
a pure 12v DC at the secondary side of the transformer. While monitoring the induction motor
parameters, whenever the induction motor voltage exceeds high voltage, the microcontroller
detects an over voltage and it sends a trip signal to the switch, thereby protecting the induction
motor from damage. Moreover, when the supply voltage is decreased from its specified voltage,
the microcontroller detects the under voltage and it sends a trip signal to the switch and the
induction motor will be protected from damage.

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system

8
3.2 System Components and Operations
3.2.1 AC power supply
This over voltage and under voltage control system project the AC power supply typically takes
the voltage from the main supply and lowers it to the desired voltage. An AC powered unregulated
power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet to a different
measurement of voltages by the helping of step down transformer on this over voltage and under
voltage control system project. If it is used to produce DC, a bridge rectifier is used to convert
alternating voltage to a pulsating direct voltage, followed by a filter, comprising by the capacitor,
and resistor, to filter out (smooth) most of the pulsation. Figure 3.2 shows the AC power supply
electronic symbol.

Figure 3.2: AC power supply

3.2.2 Voltage Transformer

In this project, a step down transformer is used to step down the AC power supply from higher
voltage value to a lower voltage value; one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary
voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding.

Figure 3.3: Transformer

9
3.2.3 Voltage Sensor
Voltage sensor is used to measure voltage of AC main power supply. Voltage sensor is used
difference amplifier to step down voltage level from 220 volt AC to 2.8 volt AC or 311 volt peak
of AC voltage to 3.96 volt of peak voltage of sine wave. Difference amplifier is used as a signal
conditioning circuit to convert high voltage of AC main supply into low voltage which
microcontroller can easily read. Because microcontroller analog to digital converter cannot read
voltage more than 5 volt and voltage more than 5 volt damage microcontroller. So difference
amplifier as a signal conditioning circuit is used to step down voltage by adjusting the gain of
difference amplifier.

Figure 3.4: Voltage Sensor

3.2.4 Bridge Rectifier

A bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit configuration which
provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. It is used for converting an alternating
current (AC) input into direct current (DC) output. The primary application of bridge rectifiers
which is used for the purpose of converting an alternating current (AC) input into direct current
(DC) output. All electronic devices require direct current, so bridge rectifiers are used inside the
power supplies of almost all electronic equipment. The signal may be amplified before it is
detected; if it is not then a very low voltage drop diode or a diode biased with a fixed voltage must
be used.

10
 Figure 3.5: Bridge Rectifier

3.2.5 Diode
The most common function of a diode as shown in Figure 3.5 is to allow an electric current in one
direction (forward direction) while blocking current in the opposite direction (reverse direction).
In electronics a diode is a two terminal electronic component that conducts electric current in only
one direction.

Figure 3.6: Diode symbol

3.2.6 Capacitor
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors
separated by a dielectric. When a potential difference exists across the conductors, an electric field
is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the
conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of

11
conductor; hence capacitor conductors are often called plates. Figure 3.7 shows a capacitor
electronic symbol.

Figure 3.7: A typical capacitor

3.2.7 Resistor
Resistors are used to maintain a constant relation between current flow and voltage. Resistors are
used to step up or lower the voltage at different points in a circuit and to transform a current signal
into a voltage signal or vice versa, among other uses. The electrical behaviour of a resistor obeys
Ohm's law for a constant resistance; however, some resistors are sensitive to heat, light, or other
variables. Variable resistors, or rheostats, have resistance that may be varied across a certain range,
usually by means of a mechanical device that alters the position of one terminal of the resistor
along a strip of resistant material. Figure 3.8 shows an electronic symbol of resistor.

R
Figure 3.8: Rated resistor

3.2.8 Potentiometer
This component acts much like a tapped/split resistor, except that you can adjust its resistance. The
variability of the potentiometer allows flexibility in the resistance as it resists the flow of current
into a particular branch. Figure 3.9 shows a potentiometer.

RV1
50%

10K

Figure 3.9: Rated potentiometer

12
3.2.9 Voltage regulator
The LM7805 series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the VO=DVs and with
several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of applications. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area protection, making it
essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output
Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
External components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Figure 3.10: Voltage regulator

3.2.10 Microcontroller
The microcontroller controls the induction motor from under voltage and over voltage by sending
a tripping signal to the switch. Modern power networks require faster, more accurate and reliable
protective schemes. Microcontroller-based protective schemes are capable of fulfilling these
requirements. They are superior to electromagnetic and static relays. These schemes have more
flexibility due to their programmable approach when compared with the static relays which have
hardwired circuitry. Therefore in order to achieve this task the ARDUINO UNO microcontroller
was chosen because of its suitability for this project such as speed, power consumption, and
universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter (USART) functionality, in built ADC,
and amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.

13
 Figure 3.11: Arduino UNO

3.2.11 Relay
The relay is an electrically controllable switch widely used in industrial controls, automobiles, and
appliances. It allows the isolation of two separate sections of a system with two different voltage
sources. For example, an induction motor can be isolated from a 220V system by placing a relay
in between them. One such relay is called an electromechanical or electromagnetic relay EMR.
The EMRs have three components: the coil, spring and contacts. In figure 3.12, a digital +12V can
control a 220Vac induction motor without any physical contact between them. When current flows
through the coil, a magnetic field is created around the coil (the coil is energized), which causes
the armature to be attracted to the coil. The armature’s contact acts like a switch and closes or
opens the circuit. The relay serves as the protective device of the entire system. The relay receives
trip signal from the microcontroller and thereby cutting the motor from the input ac source hence
protecting the motor.

Figure 3.12: Atypical relay

14
3.3 Over voltage and under voltage protection circuit

3.3.1 Overvoltage protection

In overvoltage protection system of single phase induction motor, protects the motor from
overvoltage, the voltage which is higher than the rated voltage. In circuit diagram of overvoltage
protection it consists the comparator which compare two voltages one is supply and another one
is drop across the variable resistance. When the voltage drop across the variable résistance is higher
than specified value then comparator generates signals. This signal is fed to microcontroller and
microcontroller takes the appropriate action.

3.3.2Under voltage protection

In under voltage protection of single phase induction motor provides the protection from the under
voltage. When supply system has low voltage less than the rated of induction motor then under
voltage protection section of protection supply is provided to motor. Single phasing works. It has
same concept as overvoltage it also has comparator which compare two voltage one form supply
and another from the voltage drop across the variable résistance. When voltage drop across the
variable resistance is lower than specified value, this signal sends to microcontroller and
microcontroller stop the operation of motor in the case of running and fails to operate in case of
starting. Preset is used to set the specified value as shown in figure 3.13.

Figure 3.13: Circuit diagram of overvoltage protection

15
The over voltage and under voltage protection circuit is capable of measuring and monitoring
voltage from 200 to 240V AC. In this project the voltage can be increased or decreased from the
source and the output of the voltage monitoring circuit is fed to ADC converter, whenever the
voltage is varied to 200VAC, the microcontroller will detect under voltage fault and whenever the
voltage is varied to 240VAC, the microcontroller detects over voltage fault, consequently the
microcontroller sends a trip signal to the relay, and the relays cuts the induction motor from the
AC mains, thereby protecting the motor.

3.4 System Design and Analysis

3.4.1 Design calculation of material with given specifications
Secondary winding calculation of transformer
The 220v AC: 12v AC step down transformer is used to supply the reduced voltage for induction
motor over voltage and under voltage control system. The voltage transformer will pass through
rectification process before fed to a 12v DC. Assume the transformer has 120 turns of coil in the
primary, therefore secondary winding turns calculated as:
N1 V1
=V2
N2
120 220𝑣 1440
= 12𝑣 N2 = 220 =7turns
𝑁2

The above calculation shows that the secondary transformer has7 turns and the turn ratio of
transformer is N1:N2 (120: 7).

Transformer primary current calculation

The step down transformer is a transformer that has low voltage in the secondary than the voltage
in the primary. But in case of current it would step up i.e. the current at the primary is lower than
the current at the secondary side of the transformer. Assume the secondary current is 1A, and then
the primary current can be calculated as:
𝐍𝟏 𝐈𝟐
= 𝐈𝟏
𝐍𝟐
𝐍𝟏 𝐕𝟏 𝐈𝟐 𝟐𝟐𝟎 𝐈𝟐 𝟏𝟐
= = =𝐈𝟏 𝐈𝟏=𝟐𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏= 0.0545A =54.5mA
𝐍𝟐 𝐕𝟐 𝐈𝟏 𝟏𝟐

The above calculation shows that the step down transformer has step up the primary current from
54.5mA to 1A at the secondary.

16
DC voltage design calculation
The over voltage and under voltage protection circuit is capable of measuring and monitoring
voltages from 200 to 240v AC. In this project the voltage can be increased or decreased by using
the autotransformer and the output of the voltage monitoring circuit is fed to ADC convertor,
whenever the voltage is varied to 200v AC, the comparator will detect under voltage fault,
consequently the comparator sends a trip signal to the relay, and the relay cuts the induction motor
from the AC mains, thereby protecting the motor automatically. The secondary voltage of the
transformer is 12v AC and connected to the bridge rectifier, therefore the DC output is
approximated as:
VDC =VAC× √2 − (2 × 0.7)
VDC = 12 × √2 − 1.4 = 15.57𝑉
The rms transformer voltage and the 0.7v is voltage drop across the rectifier. As there are two
diodes conducting for each half cycle, therefore there will be two rectifier voltage drops.

Figure 3.12: Typical bridge rectifier

Design bridge rectifier with given specifications

Given data:
VDC = 15.57 V,
IDC = 1A
Assume: Von = 1 V, VR< 0.15 V
Vp Vdc+2Von 15.57+(2x1)
V= = = = 12.42Vrms
√2 √2 √2

According to various sources, the ripple voltage of a full wave bridge rectifier is calculated as:
IdcxT
VR= 2C

17
 IdcxT 1Ax 66µs
C= = =221.3µf
2VR 2x0.15v

Where:
T =is the time taken
C= is the capacitor
R =the resistor of motor.
Design of voltage sensor
From internal circuit of voltage sensor the value of resistors calculated as:
Since the input DC voltage for Arduino Uno is in the range between 4.5 and 5.5v.But the minimum
and maximum input AC voltages are 200 and 240v respectively.
V0min=4.5v, minimum output voltage
V0max=5.5v, maximum output voltage
Vin min=200v, minimum input voltage
Vin max=240v, maximum input voltage
Let R1=10Kῼ , R2 and R3 can be found as
Using Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws we can obtain R2 and R3.
V0min= Vin min(R2*R3)
(R1R2+R1R3+R2R3)
4.5v=200v (R2R3)/ (10*R2+10*R3+R2R3) from this equation
R3=55*R2/ (185R2-5.5) …………………………….1
V0max= Vin max (R2*R3)/ (R1R2+R1R3+R2R3)
5.5v=240v (R2R3)/ (10*R2+10*R3+R2R3)
R3=45*R2/ (195.5*R2-45) …………………………….2
Equating equation 1 and 2 gives R2=1Kῼ and R3=310ῼ

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 Figure 3.15: Design of voltage sensor

5V Power Supply using LM7805 Voltage Regulator with Design

In most of our electronic products or projects we need a power supply for converting mains AC
voltage to a regulated DC voltage. For making a power supply designing for each and every
component is essential. Here we select LM7805 voltage regulator type because in our design we
need 5v dc output and have an input 12v dc. As we require a 5v we need LM7805 voltage regulator
IC.LM7805 IC Rating:
 Input voltage 7v-35v
 Current rating Ic =1A
 Output voltage rang 4.8v-5.2v

Figure 3.16: Typical voltage regulator

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3.2.2 Relay drive circuit
The 12v relay‘s coil needs around 30mA to be energized, the current is obtained by V/R
expression. The coil is 12v DC and the coil resistance is 240ohm, a minimum of 30v (12v/240ohm)
is need to energise the relay; therefore a transistor was used as relay driver which is placed between
the microcontroller and the relay.
Transistor used as driver
The transistor is used as the driver and the basic function of the driver circuit is to provide the
necessary current to energize the relay coil. It’s important that the transistor is driven in to
saturation so that the voltage drop across the transistor is minimum thereby dissipating very little
power. The protection diode in the circuit is used to protect the transistor from the reverse current
generated from the coil of the relay during the switch off time.
When the base voltage is zero, BJT will be in cut off IC =0, VOUT=VCC (open switch) When base
voltage is 5V DC, BJT can be in saturated (closed switch) with VOUT=VCE=Vsat~0.2v.

Figure 3.17: Transistor

Cut off condition

A transistor is said to be in cut-off region when the base emitter BE junction is not forward biased.
When IB is near to zero IC approaches zero in a non-liner manner this is known as a cut off region
of operation and in this case the transistor acts as open or off switch.

20
Saturation condition
The transistor is said to be in a saturated condition when the BE base emitter junction is in forward
biased, and there is an enough base current to produce high collector current. In this case the
transistor is said to be closed or on. The collector current can be calculated as:
VBE=0.7v, IB>0A
IC = (Vcc-Vce)/ Rc
Verification of transistor base resistor value
The output from the microcontroller is required to energize the relay with a 240 ohm coil. The
supply voltage to the transistor is 5V. The microcontroller supply a maximum current of
2mA.Calculating the base resistance RB. Therefore:
VCC x hFE
RB= 5 x IL

To find the load current,

VS 5V
IL= IL=240ohm=20.8mA
RL

To find the resistor current gain,

IL 20.8mA
hFE =5 xIinput hFE= 5 x = 52
2mA

Finally the RB is calculated since all the variables are known:

5 x 52
RB=5 x20.8mA= 2.5 Kῼ

With the RB=2.5 Kῼ, the closest resistor value of 2kῼ choose as RB
Verification of transistor VCE in saturated region (closed) by voltage divider
Voltage divider rules states that the voltage across the resistor in series circuit is equal to the value
of the resistor multiply by the total impressed voltage across the series elements divided by the
total resistance of the series elements.
RE
VCE= RC+REx VCC

RE=0Kῼ, RC=240ῼ, VCC=5V and VCE=?

0
VCE=240+0x 5V

VCE=0V
Calculating base current IB using Kirchhoff’s voltage low (KVL)
The base current IB can be calculated as:
IBRB+VBE-VBB=0

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 VBB−VBE 5V−0.7V
IB= IB= =2.15mA
RB 2Kῼ

Calculating Collector current IC using Kirchhoff’s voltage low (KVL)

The collector current Ic can be calculated as:
VCC=ICRC+VCE
VCC−VCE 5−0
IC= IC= 0.24Kῼ=20mA
RC

Verification of transistor VCE in cut off region (open)

In cut off region IC=IE≈0, therefore the collector current can be reckoned as:
VCE=VCC
VCC−VCE
IC= RC

ICRC=VCC-VCE 0x 0.24Kῼ=5-VCE
0=5-VCE VCE=5V

3.4.2 Development of the study

The design of over voltage and under voltage control system or tripping mechanism section
describes the process of developing the operational circuit design based on the stipulated block
diagram. However, the implementation of this protection circuit will only be simulated using the
acceptable electronic circuit Proteus professional software. The purpose of the simulation
approach is to save financial resources during the development process. Circuit integration of
components according to their specific functionality will be undertaken through simulation. The
overall design of over voltage and under voltage control system of the project is looks like the
circuit in Figure 3.18.

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 Figure 3.18: Design of under voltage and over voltage control system using Proteus software

The inclusion of microcontroller makes the circuit operations many accurate and tripping points
adjustable to any levels as desired by the input supply. In the given mains AC high, low voltage
protector circuit, we can see voltage sensor is used for the required voltage detection that the
microcontroller can understand. The voltage regulator gives a constant dc 5v to the microcontroller
to energize it. The bridge rectifier converts 12v ac supply to 15.5v dc and the capacitor used to
make smooth the output voltage from rectifier. The microcontroller detects the voltage level from
pin A4 and sends a signal to the transistor and the transistor is used as a drive circuit for the relay.

Transistor (Q1)’s base is connected to the above diode junction, and as long as the microcontroller
output remain low, transistor (Q1) is allowed to conduct by getting the biasing voltage through R5.
However at the moment of microcontroller output goes high or which may happen during
abnormal voltage conditions, restricting transistor (Q1) from conducting. Relay resistance R1

23
instantly switches off itself and the connected motor. The protection diode (D5) in the circuit is
used to protect the transistor from the reverse current generated from the coil of the relay during
the switch off time.

3.4.3 Cost analysis of the study

The bill of materials is shown in Table 3.1 where the list of required components is listed.
However, this costing is for reference only if in case some future works will use the outcome of
this study to be implemented physically.

Table 3.1: Cost analysis of the study

Items Quantity Unit price in Birr Total Price in Birr

Comparators 2 46.013 92.026

Bridge Rectifier 1 42.60 42.60

Transformer 1 176.0242 176.0242

Relay 1 83.215 83.215

Diodes 4 9.0068 36.0272

Zener diodes 2 19.58 39.16

Resisters 3 44.055 132.165

Capacitor 1 32 32

Potentiometers 2 313.28 626.56

NPN transistor 1 29.37 29.37

Single phase 1 587.4 587.40

Induction motor

Other cost 200

Total 19 2076.5474

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 CHAPTER FOUR
4. Results and Discussions
4.1The design and simulation
The design of over voltage and under voltage control system of induction motor analysis depends
upon the values of the given electronics circuit of the over voltage and under voltage in the Proteus
professional software. In this project the design of over voltage and under voltage control system
of induction motor is automatically protected from the effect of over voltage and under voltage by
using the circuit concept of the study through the Proteus software. This Proteus professional
software is properly functional when the proper designing calculation is correct.

4.1.1 The simulation software

The electronic circuit ancillary components that comprised the complete control circuit were
chosen in such a way that they are completely available in the simulation software list of
components. The choice of components was undertaken based on its availability in the software
package because there are electronic components that are not available and that it is difficult to
implement simulation without the appropriate electronic components, however, the researchers
were able to find alternative components after a series of benchmarking on its cross reference using
the internet.

4.1.2 The Under voltage and over voltage control system circuit design
The circuit design stipulated in the methodology as reflected in Figure 3 is utilized in the simulation
of the corresponding under-voltage and over-voltage protection parameters. Specifically,
simulations for under-voltage and over-voltage are conducted to determine the range and level of
protection were observed.
The output of the entire system was checked separately. As we designed previously the output of
the transformer, rectifier and voltage regulator is similar with designed values as shown in the
figure 4.1 below.

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 Figure 4.1: Output of transformer, rectifier and regulator
The output of voltage sensor had also checked by using proteus software and the simulation
result is analogous with the desired values and shown below.

Figure 4.2: Output voltage for voltage sensor

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Code for microcontroller

#include "pins_arduino.h"
int LED_PMODE = 7;
int LED_ERR = A4;
int decimal,integer;float analog;
int L;
int H;
float thershold=5;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(LED_PMODE, OUTPUT);
pinMode(LED_ERR, INPUT);
}
void loop(){
int myVolt [5];
float avrVolt=0;
for (int i=0; i<= 4; i++)
{
myVolt [i]=analogRead(LED_PMODE);
}
avrVolt=(myVolt [0]+myVolt [1]+myVolt [2]+myVolt [3]+myVolt [4])/5;
L = (5*avrVolt*40)/1023;
H = (5*avrVolt*48)/1023;
if (LED_ERR>L){
digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, LOW);
if (LED_ERR<H){
digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, LOW);
}
else {
digitalWrite(LED_PMODE, HIGH);
}}}

27
The overall software design of under and over voltage protection system for an induction motor is
obtained by combining the above circuit including microcontroller, relay and transistor.

Figure 4.3: Simulation of overall system

The simulation of the project complete, we try to check the output of each parts as the designed
parameter obtained above. The expected output of transformer, bridge rectifier, and regulator are
checked and satisfy the desired output. After the program of microcontroller is upload the expected
outcome is to isolate the motor from under voltage and over voltage by sending tripping signal to
the relay.

4.1.3 The Under voltage protection design condition

In the under voltage condition, the relay is tripped or opened when the AC power supply is below
the 200V AC voltage supply setting of 220V.The relay is sensing the signal from the lower tage
voltage sensor which represents for the purpose of sensing the under voltage condition of the
system however, the under voltage condition is processed by microcontroller and the transistor
which triggers the relay to trip thus, the induction motor is protected from possible damage. Figure
4.4 shows the under voltage protection circuit where the relay is tripped as indicated in the
encircled relay.

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 Figure 4.4: Output during under voltage

4.2.2 The normal voltage condition

During normal voltage condition where the AC voltage supply is within the interval from 200V to
240V, the output component represented by the motor performed its normal function without any
treat of damage or possible burnout. Figure 4.5 reflects the circuit in the normal voltage condition
where the relay contact is triggered to provide current continuity to power the motor as indicated
by the encircled relay.

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 Figure 4.5: Output for Normal voltage

4.2.3 Over voltage protection system circuit design

In this over voltage condition the relay tripe when the AC power supply is above the specified
voltage of 240V.The microcontroller is sensing the signal from the voltage sensor which represents
the purpose of sensing the over voltage condition of the system through the operational amplifier.
Then the transistor which caused the relay to trip or opens hence, the motor is protected from
damage as indicated by the encircled relay. The screen shot of the simulated circuit is shown in
Figure 4.6.

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Figure 4.6: Output for Over voltage protection system

31
 CHAPTER FIVE
5. Conclusion and Recommendations for future work
5.1 Conclusion
In this project, the induction motor protection using microcontroller is proposed. For induction
motor voltage sensing circuits were designed and the results have been verified with Proteus
simulation. Through the induction motor voltage analysis in Figure 4.4, Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6
the current of the induction motor is either zero (open circuit) in under and over voltage condition
but close circuit at normal condition as voltage varies in the system. Whenever the supply voltage
goes above the induction motor rated voltage, the voltage sensor detects an overvoltage and
microcontroller receives this voltage and it sends a trip signal to relay thereby protecting the
induction motor from burning. As the supply voltage goes below the minimum voltage of the
induction motor, and then the voltage sensor detects that voltage given for microcontroller and
sending a signal to the relay in order to protect the induction motor from over loaded. When the
supply voltage is at normal condition which is from 200V to 240V, then the induction motor is
working its proper function without damage.

The over voltage and under voltage control system is very important, in order to protect induction
motor from unbalanced voltage and also the purpose of design system is to solve the problems that
takes place due to unbalanced voltage. The results of the study indicate that the microcontroller
based induction motor protection achieves numerous advantages over the existing systems used.
Based on the simulation results, the system has fast response, better isolation and accurate
detection under the abnormal condition and economically efficient. Hence, the design and
simulation on over voltage and under voltage protection circuit satisfies the technical parameters
requirements.

32
5.2 Recommendations
Based on the results and findings of the study, the recommendations are anchored on the least
significant result of the study. The following recommendations are proposed:
1. Since there were difficulties encountered during the conduct of the study relative to the use
of legitimate simulation software, it was observed that with the use of a limited edition
software not all electronic components are available thus simulation sometimes fail. As
such, the purchase of licensed simulation software in electronics and electrical engineering
is highly recommended.
2. Since the simulation of the circuit design on voltage instability has been proven to be
successful, it is recommended that this circuit design shall be physically implemented to
test its actual functionality in real world problem.

5.3 Future work

Based on the work done in this project which protecting induction motor using microcontroller
some modifications need to be made in the future work, instead of relay it will be changed by
cycloconverter. Because the relay needs some amount of time to sense a trip signal to protect the
induction motor from damage, but using cycloconverter the induction motor can get rated voltage
without interruption.

33
References
[1] Annette von Jouanne and BasudebBanerjee, “Causes and Effect of Voltage
Unbalance Mitigation Techniques”, 2001.
[2] Badri Ram and D N Vishwakarma, “power system protection and switch gear”, New
Delhi: Tata McGraw hill, 1995.
[3] Frank D. Petruzella, “Electric motors and control systems”, New York: McGraw-
Hill, 1st Ed, 2010.
[4] HannuLaaksonen, KimmoKauhaniemi, “Sensitivity Analysis of Frequency and
Voltage Stability”, in Islanded Microgrid, 2007, retrieved from
http://www.researchgate.net/publication, accessed 6/4/2014.
[5] Hung D. Nguyen, Konstantin Turitsyn, “Voltage multi-stability in distribution grids
With power flow reversal”,2014, retrieved from
http://www.researchgate.net/publication, accessed 6/10/2014.
[6] Microcontroller Arduino UNO; www.atmel.com/Images/doc2466.pdf.

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