Limites fundamentais

Para an → ∞ e x ∈ R:  x an
1+ → ex .
an

Para εn → 0:

sin εn 1 − cos εn 1
→1 2
→
εn εn 2

aεn − 1 (1 + εn )a − 1
→ ln a, a>0 → a, a∈R
εn εn

ln(1 + εn )
→ 1.
εn

Velocidade dos infinitos em ordem crescente

(ln n)α , α > 0 nα , α > 0 an , a > 1 n! nn .

Séries
Para α, β ∈ R:
∞
X 1
< +∞ ⇔ α > 1
n=1
nα
∞ 
X 1 α=1
< +∞ ⇔ α > 1 ou
nα (ln n)β β > 1.
n=2

Polinômio de Taylor
Forma geral do polinômio de Taylor de ordem n da função f no ponto x0 ∈ R:
n
X f (i) (x0 )
Pn (x − x0 ) = (x − x0 )i .
i=0
i!
Desenvolvimento de Taylor das funções elementares na origem:
1 1 1
ex = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xn + o(xn )
2! 3! n!
1 2 1 3 (−1)n+1 n
ln(1 + x) = x − x + x − · · · + x + o(xn )
2 3 n
1
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + · · · + xn + o(xn )
1−x
2

1 3 1 5 (−1)n 2n+1
sin(x) = x − x + x − ··· + x + o(x2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
1 1 (−1)n 2n
cos(x) = 1 − x2 + x4 − · · · + x + o(x2n+1 )
2! 4! (2n)!
1 2 17 7 62 9
tan(x) = x + x3 + x5 + x + x + o(x10 )
3 15 315 2835
1 1 (−1)n 2n+1
arctan(x) = x − x3 + x5 − · · · + x + o(x2n+2 )
3 5 2n + 1
1 1 1
sinh(x) = x + x3 + x5 + · · · + x2n+1 + o(x2n+2 )
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
1 1 1 2n
cosh(x) = 1 + x2 + x4 + · · · + x + o(x2n+1 )
2! 4! (2n)!
1 3 2 5 17 7 62 9
tanh(x) = x − x + x − x + x + o(x10 )
3 15 315 2835
1 1 1
arctanh(x) = x + x3 + x5 + · · · + x2n+1 + o(x2n+2 )
3 5 2n + 1  
α α(α − 1) 2 α(α − 1)(α − 2) 3 α n
(1 + x) = 1 + αx + x + x + ··· + x + o(xn ),
2! 3! n
α ∈ R.

Funções analı́ticas
Para x ∈ R:
P+∞ xn
P+∞ (−1)n 2n+1
ex = n=0 n! sin(x) = n=0 (2n+1)! x

P+∞ (−1)n 2n P+∞ 1 2n+1

cos(x) = n=0 (2n)! x sinh(x) = n=0 (2n+1)! x

P+∞ 1 2n
cosh(x) = n=0 (2n)! x .

Para x ∈ (−1, 1):

1
P+∞ n
P+∞ α

n
1−x
= n=0 x (1 + x)α = n=0 n x , α∈R
P+∞ 1 2n+1
arctanh(x) = n=0 2n+1 x .
P+∞ (−1)n+1 n
Para x ∈ (−1, 1]: ln(1 + x) = n=1 n
x .
P+∞ (−1)n 2n+1
Para x ∈ [−1, 1]: arctan(x) = n=0 2n+1 x .