THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA AN INTERNATIONAL WORK OF REFERENCE ON THE CONSTITUTION, DOCTRINE, DISCIPLINE, AND HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH EDITED BY CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, Pu.D., LL.D. EDWARD A. PACE, PuD, DD. CONDE B. PALLEN, Pu.D., LL.D, ‘THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D. JOHN J. WYNNE, SJ. ASSISTED BY NUMEROUS COLLABORATORS FIFTEEN VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME IX ‘Rew Work THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC.Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1910 REMY LAFORT, S.T.D, omxson Imprimatur ‘KJOHN CARDINAL FARLEY ARCHBISHOP OF NEW TORE Copyright, 1910 By Rosert AppLeton CoMPANY Copyright, 1913 Br THE ENCYCLOPEDIA PRESS, INC. ‘The articles in this work have been written specially for The Catholic Encyclopedia and are protected by copyright. All rights, includ- ing the right of translation and reproduction, are reserved.Colonisation Society until the. political exigencies of ‘commercial intercourse with other countries, espe- Gially with England, forced Liberia, 26 July, 1847, to make a declaration of independence a3 8 soverei State, It is divided into four counties, Mesurado, Gran Baan, Sinour and Maryland cca and largest town a Monrovia, a seaport on Cape Menirudo, led after James Monroe, President of the United States, under whose administration the colonizing ‘seheme was begun. There are no harbours, and uc- ‘ceas to the most important rivers is prevented for ves- tals of deep draught by a sand-bar. "The temperature ‘varies from 56 to 105 dogreen Fahrenheit, with an average of 80 and a aifall of about {00 inches year. ‘season begins in ends in R&veriber, the hove! month being Descuerand the coolest August. ‘The climate is deadly to white men, African fever being prevalent. ‘Some 12,000 quast-American negroes constitute the gayering clam. With these are aiated about 30, ‘who are civilized, native born, and native bred. ‘The wilder tribes of the interior, estimated as number- ‘about 2,000,000, are the descendants of the abor. i ‘The Americo-Liberian settlers aro to be found ‘on the sea-coast and ut the mouths of the two most imi- Tivers. Of the native tribes the principal are the Veys, the Pesehs the Burlines, the Bass, the motos of hinean orig ot taty Ube sre negroes ‘origin not many are Christians. The converts have been made chiefy ‘among the Kroos and the Frebos, "Methodist, Bap- fist, Presbyterians, and Episcopalian missions have been established for many years with scant results. ‘Aganumber of the frst Americar colonists wero Cath- ual Deeds ‘more in 1833 undertook to meet the difficulty. Tn accordance with the measures taken, the Very Rev. Ed- ward Barron, Vicar-General of Philadelphia, the Rev. John Kelly of New York, and Denis Pindar, a lay cato- ‘hist from Baltimore, volunteered for the mission and ‘tailed for Africa from Baltimore on 2 December, 1811. ‘They arrived there safe and Father Barron said the ‘Maas at Cape Palmas on 10 Feb, 1842. After a ‘og to scmplahnything practical, Father Bare ssccompliah any , Father fon returned to the United State, and thence went to ‘Rome where he was made on 22 Jan., 1842, Vicar Aj tolie of the Two Guineas, and titular Bishop of Con- Stantia, Withseven priests of th he Holy Ghost he returned to Liberia, arriving at Cape Palmas on 30 Noy., 1843. Five of these priests died on the mission of fever, to which Denis Pindar, the lay eatechist, also fell a victim, 1 Jan., 1844. ° Bish¢ Barron and Father Kelly held out for two years, anc then, wasted by fever, they determined to return to the United States, feeling that it was impossible to withstand the climate any longer. Bishoy Goorgie"12 opts T8tt a after a long pastorate Fe! ” 1864, and after along e iter thy rs, i ther Kelly died at Jeney City, New Jerey, 28 Apri, ‘The Fathers of the Holy Ghost, who took up the ‘work, ware also forced by the climate toabandon tina vot years and the permanent mission lapsed until 33 Bob. Get.” “The Fathers of Monttors (Company of Hay), inder Father Blanchet ast Lares id ‘The proadent of the republic, Mr Jehnron, and the \e republic, ir Johnon, sn People generally gave om agordal welcome but the Rotarian ministte organized a cabal against them, tnd endeavoured to thwart all their efor to spread the Faith ‘hey made some progress in spite of this, tnd in the following year, having Tevsivod reinforce: ‘Dents (rom Frances opened a sth) for boys and ex- Yeuded their opertioar into other places. Fi 217 ‘LIBERIUS Bourzeix learned the native language, in which he compiled a catechism and translated 'a number of fymns. Later, when he returned to France, he wrote a history of Liberia. He died in 1886. Deaths amon, ‘the missionaries and the health of the others shat by fever forced these priests also to abandon the Li- Doria mission, After this it was Vieited occasionally by missionaries from Sierra Leone until 1906, whet Propaganda handed its eare over to the Priests of the African Missions (Lyons), and three Irish priests, Fa thers Stephen Kyno. Joseph Butler; and Dennis O'S livan, with two French assistants, went to work with much energy, and continue (1910) to make much Progress among the 2800 Catholics the vieariate is Extimated to contain (ace Arica, aubtitle The Cathe ‘olie Churel), “The British Colony’ of Sierra Leone on the west, and the French colonies of the Ivory Coast to the east and French Guinea to the north have gradi ally "been encroaching on its territory, and internal troubles over deficits adding other complications, Li- Bria sent i 1008 an urgent appeal to, the nted Slates Government for help to preserve its integrity, ‘To learn the conditions there, and find out what as sistance could best be given,’a commission of three as appointed by the president; it sailed from New York 21 April, 1009, dnd returned in te following August. ‘The diary kept by Father John Kelly dur- ing bis stay in Liberia wag published in the United States Catholic Historical Society's * Records” (New York, 1910), Spake The Repl of Litera (New Vor, 1869): An- yet Rept Smtonoin foe Wahinaton, 105) Bio Won. Cat V"CParee 1903, 1722 Crate, biver of Desaad os. append; Cali ae ‘pang? (Haiore, 1650); Sard, ia GULCH in C08 (Nowe ork, (a8 Rass, Catholic tm Philadephia. (Okiader ‘i,' 1000; sen, Phe Cath Faw, 1904), 92 1a. burch tn New Tercy (Sorts. ‘Taowas F, Meeuan. Liberius, Pore (352-66) —Pope Julius died on 12 April, according to the * Liberian Catalogue”, and Lit ius was cgnncrated on 29 May. Aa fis wa not funday, 17 May was probably the day. OF his pre- ‘ious fe nothing is known save that he waa a Roman deacon. Anepitaph preserved in a copy bya seventh century pilgrim is attributed to Liberius by De low, followed" by many crits, including Duchesne. The incipal points in it are that the pope confirmed the Nicene Faith in a council, and dled in exile for the Faith, unless we render “a martyr by exilo”. The epitaph is attributed by Funk to'St. Martin 1. De car, however, declared that no epigraphist ould doubt that the of the fourth and not of the 8 not easy to ft the lines to 1,208. SS, Abbandl,", 1 (Paderbor chenlex.*, &. vi; Suvio, First Yeans op Poxtivieate, Constans (Jan., 50), Constantin of the whole empire, aint ‘wag bent on uniting, all Christians in a modified form of Arianism. Lletius, Tike his predecessor Julive ‘Athanasius at Sanica, a ‘Nieta the teat of orthotoxy, ‘the usurper Magnentius and his death. }, Liberius, In accordance with the wishes of a large number of Italian bishops, sent legntes to the einperor ia Gaul begging him tohold a council, Constantius was presse ing the bishops of Gaul to convtemn Athanasius, and auembled a number of them at Arles where he hed Mintered. ‘The court bishops, who constantly accom Fated ths emperor, were tin ul of the eeune pes legntes (of whim one was Vincent of Capua ‘whoa beet ane of the papal legates the Cannel af Niewa) were so weak su to consent to renouues the After the final defeat of‘aus of Athanasius, on condition that all would con- demn Arianism. The court party accepted the com- pact, but did not carry out their part; and the legates Jwere foreed by violence to condemn Athanasius, with- ‘out gaining any concession for themselves. Liberit fn receiving the news, wrote to Hosius of Cordova Is deep gref at the fal of Vincent; he himself desired to die, lest he should incur the imputation of having agree toiintion and beteraory,” Another letter {ihe same strain was addressed by the pope to St. Euse- bius, Bishop of Vereeli, who had formerly been one of th Foran cera Eaalier than this, a letter against Athanasius si by many Eastern bishops had arrived at Rome. emperor sent a special envoy named Montanusto Alex- svi where he arived 22 ay, 359, to inform the viarch that the emperor was wii at him a personal interview; but Athanasius had never asked For this; be recognized that trap had been set for hit, tad dil noc moss. “He quitest Alecantsiaoniy in tbe following Rebruary, when George an Avia, wa act up as bishop in his place, amid disgraceful soenes of vio- fence. But Athanasius had already hell's council in hia own defence, and letter in his favour, signed by seventy-five (or eighty) Egyptian bishops, had ar- Fived at Itome at the end of May, 353." Constantine Publicly accused the-pope of preventing peace and of Tuppreasing the létterof the Hastorns against Athana- bers replied with o diguted and ter (Obseero, tranquilissime tmperator), in wl to dodares thie he fad the letter of the Kastor toa counel at Rome (probably an anniversary coun- 17 May, 353), but, as ‘the letter ‘which ar Wed simultaneously. from Egypt. was signed by 5 greater number of bishops, it was impossible to con demn Athanasius; he iymself had never wished to be pope, but he. had followed his preecessors fa all things; he could not make peace with the East. ferns, for some of them refused to conJemn Arius, and titey were in communion with George of Alexandria who accepted the Arian priests whiom Alexander had Tong ago. excommunicated,” He complains ofthe Couneil of ‘Arie, and begs for the assembling of ane other counell, by means of which the exposition of faith to which all had agreed at Nieaa may be en forced for the future. The letter was earrie by Tn fer, Bishop of Calaris (Cagliari), the priest Pancratius, ‘and the deacon Hilary, to the emperor at Milan. ‘The asked St. Busebias to assist te legates with his fuence, and’ wrote again to thank him for having done v0.” A eounell was in fact convened at Milan, ‘and met there about the epring of 355. "St. Eusebius ‘was persuaded to be present, and he insisted that all should begin by signing the Nicene decree, The court Bishops declined. The military were ealied in. Con- stantlus ordered the bishops to take his word for the azul of Athanasius, and condemn him." usebiue shed, together with Lucifer and Dionysius of Milant"Libetiussent another letter to the experor; and his envoys, the priest Eutropius and the deacon Hilary, were also exiled, the deacon being besides cruelly’ beaten. The Arian” Auxentius was ‘made Bishop of Milan. ‘The nerally Jenown as“ Quamuis subimazine ", tothe exiled bishe ‘ps, addressing them as martyrs, and ex; his regret that he had not been the first to suffer 20 a8 to fet an example to others; be aska fr their prayers that be may yet be worthy to share their exile. "That these were not mere words was proved, not only by Liberius’s noble attitude of protest during the wiing years, Dut by his eubsequent conduct, Con Stantius was not satiated by the renewed condemna- tion of Athanasius by the Italian bishops who had lapsed at Milan under pressure. He knew that the Pope was the only ecclesiastical superior of the Bish of Alexandria, and he “strove with burning desire" ‘ays the pagan Ammianus, “that the sentence should 218 be confirmed by the higher authority of the bishop of the eternal city". St Athanasius assures us that from the beginning ‘the Arians did not Liberius, for they calculated that, if they could but persuade ‘him, they would soon get hold of all the rest. Con tho eunuch Eimear evry powefal personage, wi unt A : a letterand gifts. Obey the emperor and take ti” ‘was in fact his message, says St. Athanasius, who pro- ceeds to give the pope's repl at ler 1: He could not decide against At rius, who had been : itted by fe general ayaa, and ad bee dni in peak by the Roman Church, nor could he condemn the ab. sent; such was not the tradition he had received from hhis predecessors and from St. Peter; if the emperor desired peace, he must annul what he had decreed poe ‘Athanasius and parole council er ‘mithout emperor or counts or judges present, 80 the Nicene Faith might be prescrved; the followers of ius must be east out and their heresy tized; the unorthodox oust not sit n'a synod; the Faith must first be settled, and then only could other mates ened it Uacion and Val, the rat 5 the from Pannonia, be disregarded, for they already once disowned their bad actions, and were onger worthy of eredit. eunuch ‘was enraged, and went off with his bribes, which he laid before the confession of St. Petar. Tiberius severely rebuked the guardians of the boly lacs for not having prevented this unheard-of exon [gee He cast the gifts away, which angered. the eniich yet more, 60 that he wrote to the emperor that {twas no longer a question of simply getting Liberioa tocondemn Athanasius, for he went oo far as formally Seated by his eunuch ean Palatine aces bi ou is eunuchs to send Palatine Flee, and counts, with leters to the Prefect of Rome, Leontius, ordering that Liberius should be seized either secretly or by vielenee, and «lespatched to the court. ‘There followed a kind of persecution at Rome. Bishops, says St. Athanasius, and pious ladies were obligal to hide, monks were not safe, foreigners were expelled, the gates and the port were watched. "The Bthiopisn eunuch”, continues te saint, “when. be understood. not. what he road, believed’ St Mnereas the eunuch of Constantius do not believe Power when he confesses Christ, nor the Father indeed, ‘when He reveals His Son ”—ar allusion to the declare: ons of the popes that in condemning Arianism they spoke with the voice of Peter and repeated his confes- ston, “Thou art (the] Christ, the Son of the living God, which the Father Himoelf had revealed to the ‘Liberius waa dragred before the emperor at Ho spoke boldly, bidding Constantive ease fighting against God, and declaring his readiness to go at once into exile before his enemies had time to tramp Upeharges against him. Theodoret has the minutes of an interview between "the ‘eonous ibe Pu Constantia” which ery he says, ak the time, {cloiowielle the decision of the Gouna of ‘Tyre and to Tenounce Athanaaius; the Mareotic acts again him ‘were false witness, and Ursacius and Valens had com. {eased as much, an had asked pardon from the Synod af Sarica, “pictus, the young intruded Bishop of tumeelie, Interposes, saying ius only ‘ranted tobe able to boaet to the Roman senators that hie had beaten the emperor in argument.“ Who are you”, adds Constantius, “to stand up for Athanasius Against the world?” Liberius replies: “Of old there wwere found but three to resist the mandate of the ing." The eunuch Eusebius cried: “You compare the emperor to. Nabuchodonosor.”_ Liberius: “No, bout you condemn the innocent.” He demanda that all anhseribe the Nicene formula, then the exiles ‘aust bo restore, and all the bishops murt assemble at ‘Rlexandrin to give Athanasius a fair tral on the epotConstantius: “G eral synods must not be too ntimerous; you alone hold fut against the judgment of the whole world, He has injured all,and meaboveall; notcontent with the mur- det of my eldest brother, he set Constans also against te. Tahould prize a victory over him more than one over Silvanus or Magnentius.”. Liberiua: “Do. not employ bishops, whose hands are meant to bles, to your own enmity. Have the bishops restored and, i they agree with the Nicene Faith, let them con tultasto the peace ofthe world, that an innocent maa Be not condemned." Constantive: “Tam wiling to i) iy A 219 ‘Arian Bishop Acacius of Casares had been mt ignored the satfpope, Consianti poe is foe inored ‘the antipope.- Consiantius fiat vit to Rome on 1 Apal, 357, and was able to seo for himself the failure of Eis omie. He was aware that there was no eanonieal justiteation forthe exile of Liberius and the fatrusion of Fela in other eaves he had alwayy acted in accordance with the decision of a Howas alto greatly moved by the grandeur ot rma Cty eo Aula sere He wan impressed by the prayers for the return of the pope oldly addressed to htm ‘by the pobieet ofthe Homan insuflelont courage for the ne tat Felix ome, unleas be ladies, whose husbands hs venture. “There iano reason to sup waa recognized by any bishops outa Tamentos raaciva rie Pax or St. Many Mason's 14 rie Sow send you back to Rome, if you will join the commun- the Chureh. Make peace, and sign the eondem- nation.” Liberius: “I have already bidden farewell at Rome tothe brethren. The laws of the Church ai ‘moro important than residence in Rome.” The em- three days for consiieration, and im to Berera in ‘Thrace, sending him five hundred gold pieces for his expenses: but. he re- fused them, saying Constantius nerled them to pay is soldiers. ‘The empress sent him the sume amount, but he sent it to the emperor, saying: “If he does 9tneed it ot hi give it fo Abxentiu of Epictetus, ‘who want such things.” Eusebius the eunuch Brought him yet more money: “You have nid aste the Churches of the world”, the pope broke out, “and do you bring me alms as to a contiemned man? Go ‘first become a Christian. "ExiLe.—On the departure of Liberius from Romo, ‘the clergy had ewom that they would receive no ‘bishop. But oon many’ of tlem accepted as ‘Pope the Arehdeacon Felix, whose conseerntion by the Fi Mino da Fiesole, St Mary Majors, Nome by the court party and a few extreme Arians, and the Ero prominen gttitwe of fberius through at teens the greater part of is ha rmore harm to the eause the emperor had at heart than his constaney had done when loft st Itome in peace. Ty is not surprising to find that Lilerius retumed to Tome before the end of 357, and that it was noises abroad that he must have signed the eoulemnation of ‘Athanasius and perhaps some Arian Creed. His rex {oration is placed by some cities ia 255, but this ia impossible, for St, Athanasius tlle us that he endured the rigours of exile for two years, an the " Gesta inter Libertum et Felicem episeopos”, which forma the pref ace to the “Liber Precum’ of Faustinus and Marcel Tins, tells us that he returned “in the third year”, ‘The cause of his return is variously related. lo- ret says that Constantius was moved by the Roman matron to restore him, but when his letter to Rome, saying that Liberius and Felix were to bo bishops aid by silo, was read in the circus, the Itomans jecred at it, and filled the air with cries of “ One God, one Christ,‘one bishop”. ‘The Arian historian Philostorgius also Senks cf th Romans having eager domaade tp Ramm of thelr pope, and so doce Rufous. "St. Sulpr ‘us Severus, on the other hand, gives the cause as ge- ditions at Rome, and Soromen agrees, Socrates amore ‘and declares that the ‘Romans rose against fread drove him out, and that the emperor was Re eh taonne hee a aed “Chronicle is doubtful. ‘He aaye that a year ater the Roman clergy had perjured themselves they were driven out together with Felix, until (or beoause) LE bperius ad re-entered the city ia triumph. Ifwe read *"intil”, we shall understand that after Liberus' re- tum the forsworn clergy returned to their allegiance, If'we read boeauso", with the oldest MS, ie wil seem rather that the expulsfon of Felix was subsequent to tnd consequent ou the return of Liberus, St Prow- Per seems'to have understood Jerome in, the latter Eeuse,” The preface to the "Liber Precumn” mentions tro expulsions of Felix, but does not eny that either of them was previous to the return of Liberiu, ‘On the other hand, the Aran Philostorgius related that Liberius was restored only when be bad con tented to sign the second formula of Sirmium, which Tikope Gerniun, Uractu; Valons; ejected the jerminius, Ureciun, Valens; 16 term homcousion and homotousig, and was some aire eee scept it in this ame yeat, "Hilary is rey wrong in elling ia eather, ‘he ane 0 Ss fall is supported by three it Stenbated tobi inthe sonaiied " Historeal Frage pete Pragmenta ox Oper Hatorog in 13 Bee a i eile eae invaded the See’ of Antioch, St. Jorome seem to havo belioved it, as in his “Chronicle” he aays that Liberivs “conquered by the tedium of exile and sub- teribing to heretical wickedness entered. Rome. in triumph”. The preface to the “Liber Precum” aleo speaks of his yielding to heresy. St. Athanasius, ‘writing apparently at the end of 867, saya: " Liberius, Raving been exiled, gave in after two years, and, it fear of, the death with which be’ war threatened, \”, i. e, the condemnation of Athanasius himself st. Ar. xi); and again: “It he did not endure the {Sato fo ie endlyet be remained nis exe fr toro years knowing the conspiracy againat me," Hilazy, writing at Constantinople in: 300, ndreses pee ig bet rsa tate ae ee : festored him’ (Contr Const, 0. ‘Sozomen tells a story which finds no echo in any other writer. He makes Constantius, after his return from Rome, summon Liberius to Sirmium (357), and Antioch of 267 agai ios was said to have been rejected as Sa- bellian in tendeney), that of the Sirmian assembly which condemned Photinusin 351, and the Creed of the Dedication Counell of Antioch of 341. ‘These formula werenot precisely heretien! and Liberiusssaidto have exacted from Ursacius and Valens a confession that heSonie inal things similar tothe Father” Hence jomnen's story n accepted as giving n moderate account of Eilers’ fall, adinitting fe to be a fact, yet explaining why so many writers implicitly deny it, “But the date soon after Con- stantius was at Rome is impossible, as the Semi ‘Arians only united at the beginning of 358, and their short-lived influence over the emperor began in, the middle of that year; hence Duchesne and many others hhold (in spite of the clear witness of St, Athanasius) that Liberius returned only in 358, Yet Sozomen 220 mentions the presence of Western bishops, and this tute 387; he tays that Eudoxiun spread the rumour that Liberius had signed the second Sirmian formula, fand this suits 257 and aot the time of Semi-Arian ‘scendanoy. Further, the formula "in all thi {oreed upon them in 30, ater Whig they a foeed upon them in 350, ater whi 0 Aclring tat nladed the special formula kein here the lost. compilation of the Macedonian (c & Semi-Arian) Sabinus, whom we know to have untrustworthy wherever, hin sect "wan concerned. Sabinus seems simply to have had the Arian tory be- fore him, but it, probably nightly, ae aa ine vention ofthe party, of Eudoxius; be thi truth must have been that, if Liberius signed a Sirmian formula, it was the ‘one of 351, if he con- demned the™ Hlomoousion”, it waa only in the sense in which ithad been condemned at Antioch; be makes hin aetept the Dedication Creed (which was the Semf-Arians and all the moderates ofthe fand force upon the court bishope the formula ot 360 and after. He ade that the bishops ‘st Sirmium wrote to Felix and to the Roman clergy dng that Liberiusand Felix should both be Ssbisbops. Itis quite incredible that men like tnd his party should have done this, ‘Laren Yeins or Lipenivs.~At the time of his re ture fe Homan cannot ave known tht bei len, for St Jerome (who {8 ao fo ing of the simplici i Sof oe ge in 358, but was re is no ign of bis ever Lava ited that be had fallen, fa as simultaneous Councils of Seleucia and Rimini. At the latter, where most of the bishops were orthodox, the presse and delay, and the underhand machinations ET tho court party entrapped the bushope into eee ‘The pope was not there, nor did he send legates. After the counell his disapproval was goon known, and efter ‘the death of Constantius at the end of 361 he was able publicly to annt i finder “Athanasius 'st “Alexandra! decided, ‘at the bishops who had fallen could be restored on condition of their the sincerity of {heir repentance by thelr seal aguint the Arana About 960 he rece 8 deputation of the Semi-Arians led by Eustathius; be treated them first as Arians (which he could not have done had be ever joined them), and insisted on thes accepting the Nicene formula before he would receive them to communion; he was unaware that many of them were to turn ou later to be unsound on the ques tion of the Divinity of the Holy Ghost. We learn also fror Siricius that, after annulling the Council of Rimini, Liberius iamved a. decreo forbidding the re- baptina of those baptized by Ariane, which Was being practised by the Luciferian schismatics. Fonoro Lerrzws.—In the fragments of St, Hilary aroemborided s numberof letters of Liberian, Frage sent 1V contains @ eter,“ Stidens pect together mrtlra very corrupt comment upon it by Si Miary. The letor has usualy heen constiered a Torpery ince Baronius Gnd ed), and Ducheane expressed the com. fon view when he eid in histoire ancienne de TEglise” (1907) that St. Hilary meant us to under Stat that itisopurious. But fs authentiity wasde- fended by Tillermont, and held by hhas been recently uy Schiktanz and Duchesne (1908), all Catholic writers. Hermant (cited by Coustant), followed by Savi, lieved that the letter was inserted by a forger in the lace of a genuine letter, and he took the first words of Er ilaa's comment toe serous and not kone “What in this letter does not, proceed from pi from the fear of God? In this document Libetua is ‘made to address the Arian bishops of the Eaat, and to declare that on receiving an cpistle against St, Atha‘nasius from the Oriental bishops, which had been sent, tohis| Julius, he had hesitated to condemn ‘that saint, since his hhad absolved him, bbut he had sont legates to Alexandria to summon him to Rome. Athanasius had refused to come, and Liberius on receiving new letters from the East had at ‘once excommunicated him, and was now anxious to communicate with the Arian party. Duchesne thinks this letter was written in exile at the beginning of 357, ‘and that Liberius bad really sent an embasay in 352 5), euggenting that Athanasius should come to Rome; ‘now in his exile he remembers that Athanasius had ex ‘eused himself, and alleges this a8 a pretext for con- demnning him.’ ‘It seems inconceivable, however, that after heroically ing Athanasius for years, and, ‘having suffered exile for more than a year rather than ondetan him, Liberius should motive. his present ‘weakness by a disobedience on the saint's part at Which he had testifed no resentment during allthis etch of time, "On the contrary St. Hilary's come ‘ent seems plainly to imply thatthe letter was forged by Fortunatan, Motropalitan of Aquileia, one of the bikhope who condemned Athanasius and joined the court party at the Council of Milan in 355, "Fortuna {dan must have tried to excuse his own fll, by pre- tending that the pope (who was then still in Rome) had entrusted thiv etter to him to give to the emperor, “'but Potamius and Epictetus ditinot believe it to be ste en they ender he pope wit le ‘Gounel of Riming said of them; else they would not have condemned him to exile, “and Fortunatian seat it aloo to many bishope without geting any gain by it,” And St. Hilary goes on to declare thot For- {natin had further condemned himself by omitting to mention how Atbanasiua had been acuitted Sardicn after the letter of the Easterns against him to Sullus, and how a fetter had come from s councll a ad all Egypt nhs favour fo Libera, ts earlier to Julius. filary appeais to documents ‘hich follow, evidently the letter “ Obscero™ to the Emperor (already menione), in which Liber ate that he recvived the defence by the Fgyptians ff the eame time with the accusation by the Arians, ‘The leer" Obsecro” forme fragment V. and it seems to have been immediately followed in the original ‘work by fragment V1, which opens with the leticr of Tiberius to the confewors, “Gu imagine” {proving how cactus he mas ihn suppor ith, fellowed by quotations from letters to a of Spoleto and to losius, in which the pope the fal of Vincent at Arles. "These leters are incon "The alow in the eno fragment « parsgraph jows in the eame fragment a which deolares that Tiberius, when in exile, revers all these promises and actions, writing to the wicked, waricating Arians the three letters which complete fragment,” These earrespond to" the authentic letter which have preceded, each to each: the first, Pro deifico timore’ is parody of “ Obacero'. the in ck reversal of everything said the third" Non doceo" i palitode, info read, of theletero Hon, The tree are Slearly forgeries, componed for their present position, ‘They’ defend the authenticity of Student pact" ‘which they represent as having been sent to the em: Peror from Rome by the hans of Fortunatian; the tune letere are ot contested, but it is shown that Sberius changed his mind and wrete the «Studens pect’; that ingpite of this he was exited, through the Erachloations of his enemies, a he wrote" Pro deifice tUmore” to the Easterns, assuring them not only that ad condemned. Athanasius‘in = Studens pact", hal Demons, the hep of ern epro™ v0 221 ‘LIBERTUS up by Germinius, Uraacius, and Valens. “Quia scio nos! is addressed precisely to these three court bishops td Libris bogs them to pray the emperor for is restoration, just as in“ Quamuis” he had begged th ‘three confessors to pray to God that he too might exiled, “Non doceo” parodies the grief of Liberius at, the fall of Vincent; it is addressed to Vincent himself ‘and begs him to get the Campanian bishops to meet land write to the emperor for the restoration of Libe- rius, Interspersed in the first and second letters are Etatbras'o the prevarestoy Liem, attributed ‘the forger to'St- Hilary. The forge is clearly one of he Palerins,mhone heey comied in dening fi Validity to the acts of those bishops who had fallen at che Couneilof Rimini in 350; whereas Pope Libe- ‘us had issued a decree admitting their restoration on their sincere repentance, and also. condemned. the Lucierian ‘practice of rebaptizing those whom the fallen bishops had baptized. ‘The aforesaid “Tragmenta” of St. Hilary have peat been serine by mar, and i appears That they belonged to lve diferent books, the one ‘written in 350 as an apology when the anint was eent Into exile by the Syn sy and the other write ten soon afver the Counel of Rimi forthe instruction (Geye Rufus) of the fallen it was entitled {i Yber adversus Valentem et Ureacium”. The letters of Liberlus belonged to the latter work,” RuSmus tlle Ge that it was faterpolated he implies this of the ‘hole edition--and that Hilary was accused a {lon te seore of these corruptionay he denied them, Butlon te bok ing eee fom bi own adn ‘were found in it, and St. Hilary waa expelled ex connmunicate from the couneil.. St Jerome denied all inowledge of the incident, but Rulfnus certainly spoke ith good ovidence, and his story fits in exactly with Be. iffary's own aceount of a counel of ten bishops ‘hich sal at his urgent request at Milan about 364 to fry Auxentius whom he accused of Arianism, ‘The Intter defended himself by equivoeal expressions, the bishops ao well as the orthodox fiperor Valen- tinian were sated; St Hilary, on the contrary, waa ere nf Jong th isturhing the pence, and he abn chy. He done not meation of Irhat heresy he was accused, nor on what grounds; timust bave been Tuciferianism, and Rtinus has formed us of the proofs which were offered. It in- teresting thatthe fragments of the book against Valena and Urticius should stil eontain inthe forged leture Of Liberius (and perhaps, also in one at ; Eusebius) a part of the false evilence on which a Doo tor ofthe Gurch wat rnc out of Basan appar ently extommunieated. "fe would seem that when St T « Advorsus Constantium’ in 300, just before his retarn from exile in the East, he believed that Iaberius had fallen‘ and had renounced St. Athnnasitsy" but his Wordsarenotquitecear. Atailovents, when he wrote Tis"‘Adversus Valente et Ursacium’” after his e- turn, he showed the letter“ Studens pact" to be a for- by appending Toit somenohie letters ofthe pope. Now this seems to prove that the Luiferians were raking ure of" Studens pct after Rimini in order to vow that the pope, who was now in their opinion too indulgent to” dhe fallen bishops, had himsel been ity of an even worse betrayal of the Catholic cause (ove bis exile. Tn thelr view, sch fall would une pehimant invaliiateall hissubsequent acts. "That EP iilary should have taken some trovble to prove that the Studens pact” was spurious makes it evident that he did not believo Liberius had fallen, subse gusty fn igs ae hin troe wan el, sequently, St, Hilary becomes a strong witneas to the innocence of Liberia, If St. Athanasian believed {nis fal, this was when be was in hiding, and immedi ately after the eupposed event; he waa apparently de-‘LIBERIUS ceived forth mnt by tha rumours speed by the ‘Krians.. "the author ofthe preface tothe Liber Pro cum’ of Faustinus and Sareelinus is aa ‘Ursinin nasquerading as a Luriferian in order to get the ad ‘vantage of the toleration accorded to the fatter sect, and he takes the Lueferian view of Liberus; possibly hoe foliowed Jerome's "Chronicle", which seems to bo following the forged letters; for’ Jerome knew St. Uilary'ebook “Against Valens and Ursaclus" and he rofused 10 accept the assertion of Rufinus that it had eon interpoinfed. In his account of Fort (Be'Vine Hut oi) he say this op was famous for having boon the rst to break the courage flor having been et to break he courage This ine rodible; for St, Athanasius twice tela’us that the pope held out two whole years. Evidently St. Je Pome (who was very earcies about history) had got hold of the story thet Rortunatian had a letter of Tiberius in his hands after the Council of Milan, and [Siar pased through Arqilca on his way fo Thrace righ Aquileia on his way to Thrace; that is to say, Jerome has read the forged letters and hasmot quite understood them. nus who was ime of guile, says he could not ind ott whether Liberiu flf or ot. his coms {To beas much as to say that, knowing necessarily he tssertiona of St. Jerome, he was unable to discover on that they were based,’ Ie himself was not deceived Uy the forgeries, and there was indect no pther bass. Positive evidence in favour of Liberius snot want- ing. “About 432 St. Prosper re-cdited and continued Ste Jerome's “Chronicle, but he was earful to omit the words tadio vitus eri in relating the return of erin Se. Sulleus Severa (03) nye Liberian ‘yas restored ob seditiones Romanas, A letter of Pope i Anastaaie 1 (401) mentions him with Dionysia lary, and Eusebius as one of those who would have died ther than blaspheine Christ with the Arians. St"Ambrove remembered him as an execedingly holy tan, “Socrates has placed the exile of Liberia alter the Council of Milan, through too carelessly following the onder of Rufinus; unlike Rufinus, however, be is hot doubtful about the fall of Liberusy Dut gives ax tufBelent reason for hia etum the revelt of the Ro- ‘ans aguinst Felix, and he has expressly omitted the ‘ory which Sosomen took from Sabinus, writer of ‘Whore good faith Socrates bad a low epinion, To ‘Thoedoret Liberius ia a glorious athlote of the fail he fps us more of him than any other writer has done, ie tells ie with enthusiast. But tho etrongost srquments for the innocence of Liberius aren prior. find be really given into the ‘emperor during his exile, the emperor would. have lished Ms victory fat hod wide there would have Been no possible doubt about it; if would have been more notorious than even that gained over Hlostua, ‘But if be was released boenuse the Romans demanded fim back, bocause his deposition had been too un canonical’ because his resistance was too heroie, and Because Felix was not generally recognized a8 pope, ten we might be sure he would be suspected of having fgiven some pledge to the emperor; the Arians and th Eetictansaidke, and soon the Luciferians, woud ha no difficulty ih spreading a report of hie fall and in inning credence for it. It is hard to oce how Hilary Ip banishment and Athanasius in hiding eould dishe- Tieve such a story, when they heard that Liberius had ‘ura, though hector exiled bao were sil ar Further, the fale stops ou not be eatred unle vd i sincerity by vigour against the Arians, wou Rave besa eoplable i be hos had tation yet earlier, and had not publicly stoned for his sin. Yet, tre ca be quite certain that he made no public con {mien of having fallen, no recantation, no stonement, 222, ‘The forged letters and, still more, the strong words of St. Jerome have perpetuated the belief in his guilt, seciienmacoranty ene to persecute the followers of Felix, who becomes s martyr and a saint. St. Eusebius, martyr, is ret mariranda nt Se Busby, marty, i repr Babee Ut da debe iS ss Ee any clear allusion to fal. ‘Phe Bere: do not mabe lluion toa fll % aymi KY ives his ion. both on Sept. and 17 May; on the former date he is commem- rated by Wandalbert and by some of the enlarged SS. of Unuard. But he a not in the Roman Mareyrology. Monnny Jopowere ox Porn Linenive.-~ Tlicts- rine and erties have been much divided as to the guilt of Liberus.Stilting and Zacearia are the best known finong the caer defender inthe nineteenth coe Palma, Reinerdiag, Hlergearsther, Jungmann, Grisar, Fes, and recently Savio.” ‘These have been in: clined to doubt the authenticity of the testimonies of StcAthanasius and St. Jerome to the fall of Liberus, toe real probability agit these lexi." Ox the other - il these texts, On the and, Protestant and Galan witers have been o- vere ‘on Liberius (e. g. Moeller, Barmby, the ‘Old- Catholic angen, and Bollinger, but they. have not Eine behaved, With these Renout may be grouped, Ele be signed. With tf may ; and lately Schiktang, A'more moderate view repre: sented by Hefele, who denied the authenticity of the istters, but edmaltted the truth of Soromen's story, looking upon the union of the pope with the Sem ‘Arians aa'a deplorable mistake, Dut not as alapee into iterey. He is followed by Funk and Duchesne (1907) mile the Protestant Krager is altogether undecided. Tho newest view, brilliantly ox 1008) is that Li i fave fo the" Liber Precu Horan Apri ay a thogeh Libera feady fallen) ‘wrote the letter “ Studens pact feady fallen) wrote the leer "suudens peel" 2 definite and insufficient formula of 331, and wrote the three other contested letters; the Arian leaders were Still not satisfied, and Libcrias war only restored to rome when the Semi-Arians were able to influence the emperor in 356, after Liberius had agreed with them as Sosomen relates, ‘The weak polsta of this theory’ are an flows: ‘hee no esber authority fora fall so early as the beginning of 357 but word in the document relerred to above; the “Stie " the letter scoepted the formula of 337 (aot that of 851), and had redone 20, he would certainly have been restored at ‘once; the story of Sozomen is untrustworthy, and ibetius mast bave returned in 397, Teshould be carefully noted thatthe question of the fall of Liberius is one that ina been and ean be free Usbated among Catholic. . No one pretends that, Tiberias signed the most Arian formutn in ex estion of his intalibiity i ‘on all nudes that his noble before iis exile and during bie myract of his aftor his reeurn, ray sulle when so many falled af min, and that be acted vigorously for the healing of ordhodoxy throughout the West from the greveus wound. If he really consorted with heretiey, condemned Athanasius, or even, denied the Son of God, it wat a momentary human weakness whlch no moe compromises the papay an does hat ‘The letters of Liberius, together with his sermon on {ee iovdesiiey (preserved by that Father" De Vieg™ to vieiity (preserved by that Father, i i)-and the dialogue with the emperor (Theo- oret,“itet, Bee." 11,5) are in Courtant, ae