Eee Perse ARO MOC ga eS ym pre-Roman times pg ANaTIMe ei ate a nt y. L + CONQUEST + MURDER * HONOUR * LOVE AVN has) 38 WO aN GaNWelcome to HISTORY Book of KINGS QUEENS TTroughouthistory, monarchs have hada huge impact on the ‘woe, whether uniting nations or tearing them apart. Somehave Inherited gzeat power wile others ave fought to take what they saw a rghtfullytheits, There have been kings that instigated was to demonstrate ther strength and conguer the word, and ‘queens wo helped shape the future oftheir nations Inthis new revised edition, we take lok at some of te most iconic and ‘influential monarchs the work has ever seen from Herod and Boudica ruler ofthe lento Henry Vill and Louis XIV. Welalso take aloo atthe 30 kings and queens who changed the wes, ‘he incredible conquest of Alexander the Great, separate truth ‘fom myth in the infamous tory of King Arthur, and discover the story of thereigning Queen Elizabeth I.Kings & Queens Contents IMA ZS AQ’ 60 Charlemagne ovr the father of Euope reinvented the continent 7 64 Alfred the Great . Find out bow Aled i i 22 King Darius I Kingdom of Viking invaders ThePesiankingwhobeamea GB fees leader Ihave shaped the word Lear othe fst ing of Portugal fought for ndependence 72 Eleanor of Aquitaine How dd se eco the most om 76 King John ‘The contoversal hing whe eign ing carved ut an empire rote the Magna Carta an nimsel a god 80 Henry VI and the 40 Zenobia War of the Roses The weman who defied the Discover the re story behind Romans to rule et own emp Englands ody ame of thones 44 Boudica 92 Henry VIII The queen on aquest for revenge The tuth end an kone rule against the Romans nn ae 100 King Charles 1 Discover haw Chaves enoyed rita sucessElizabeth I Naresuan the Gr James I Queen Victoria Ho Edward VIII 154 Elizabeth 1Kings & Queens wy sm 30 Kings and Queens h changed history Monarchs have ruled kingdoms the world over for centuries, but only these few have changed the course of history during their reigns WAYBa Crorind Queens who changed history Elizabeth I Defeated the Spanish Armada - 18 August 1588 The Virgin Queen who reigned over a golden age, paving the way for the British Empire izabeth [are many, but ofall changed the word there is one Daticular that stands out as and having been angered by his heretic eitimat’sisterin law Flizabeth | the Protestant ruler who succeeded the English throne at 25 years od after his wife Mary I died, the Cathoic King Philip I of Spain invaded England witha great fleet of22 galleons and over a hundred armed merchant “The attack ofthe Spanish Armada marked the beginning ofan unofficial war between England and Spain that had been brewing for years. Releasing Englana from the Catholic Church e imposed on it by Philip Il and his lte Queen Consort, Elizabeth I had not only resurrected the Protestantism that the Spanish rulers sought to quash, she had ganeon the year before to formalise treaties with Protestant rebels the ‘Netherlands. Fora King who wanted to remave all trae of jen Vis assault on Catholicism, was galing to see his daughter Elizabeth solfy Protestant power in Europe “Meanwhile pioneers of her realm ike Sir Franc undertaking expeditions of exploration, making Spanish a they di so. Pilp I was sai to have put a price of 000 ducats around £4/865 milion on Di rake were nemies ofthe of wha woul liter become the Bish Emp al supporting ats, thinkers and Shakespeare and Chistoper Mal =<} rt teating a golden age forthe ats and scenes, RIG 15861603 Highly iteligent and very well educated, s _Ezabeth I sounded hers with people she (COUNTRY ENGLAND ‘could trust and built strong relations people that fostered a sense of soar, As the Church was beakng apart in Europe 2 arcs wrestled for power, Elzabeth stood estan nonoutng Engh shobal dominance on 18 August 1588, about avy routed the Spanish Armada atthe Batle of chasingit up tothe Scottish coast, Elizabeth I words most famous specc ‘of 000 who were standing by ready to defend the Thames stuary ny attempt to take London. She promised ek after her in declared" know 1 have the body but {have the heat and stomachKings & Queens Victoria Grandmother of Europe becomes Empress of India - 1 May 1876 The Queen who led the Industrial Revolution and tuled the largest ever empire een Victoria’ reign was atime of tanstion towards new technologies and infrastructures, and atthe Great Exhibition in 1851 she saw new machines lke the camera, talking and pining telegraphs, microscopes locomotives and more. But She of Victorias many lasting kgacis was het expansion ofthe British Empire on a massive scale inti the death of her husband Prince Albert after which se descended into a period of depression and ‘mourning that overshadowed her ltr years. Queen Victoria was a vibrant presence who represented the spi ofthe times er 63.year eign - the longest in British history saw the British Empire encompass a quarter ofthe worl’ land with Britain’ colonies spanning the globe and its navy ruling the sea. In 1857, however, a series ‘of mutinies began in the armies ofthe East ina ‘Company, with sepoys who had been working for the Company beginning to rebel gains the occupation of their lands One ofthe turning points inthe struggle for independence was the moment when a sokler was asked to bite open one ofthe cartridges for his rifle, which were usually made using animal fat forbidden tothe sikh and Muslim sepoys. sparked an uprising that, the felling year, led to the dissolution ofthe East India Company. The rule of the East India Company, wich had been governing indian lands with private armies, passed to Vitoria, ad this began the period of British Raj rule that lasted unt India declared independence in 1847 During this period, Victoria oversaw the construction of vas rll networks at home, where she ‘became the first Bntish monarch to travel byte ands he fs psenger nen agi ate Porn depercom tess nic vera) | AR A ys ected Emges of nd and ea mated he hgh och sos vets The far and fervent reac of British colonialism had an unmistakable impact ‘on global history, and Victoria was the face of it. Her standard, morality and decisions shaped the face of the work, and ted British culture to that of dozens of other counties. There ae few Queens who gave their names fo an age, but Vitoria was one of them, [Not only that she eamed the name ‘grandmother (of Europe’ by rising nine children who married into nobility across the continent, tying together its aristoracies just a she kite together he lob fempite and brought Britain othe peak ofits rule 0 COUNTRY GREAT BAAN30 Kings and Queens who changed history Henry Vil Created the Church of England - November 1534 The king who brought about the Protestant Reformation and shaped modern Christianity into his own hands. Iwas around 1527 defied Rome and c he began openly consorting with Anne B Tnstanity n both Britain and Europe and 1529 when he began attacking the church pd fled to produce a male hit for Henry Aft utple miscariages she no longer appealed tothe ‘ame infatuated with the youre, ey, for hese crimes, executing her fr teeason, adultery REIGN 1500647 ender to annul is marriage COUNTRY ENGLAND 0 Caerne Henry needed Lea EIGN 75621 CCOUNTAY FRANC pains) carter AND GERMANY f LEGACYKings & Queens Isabella I of Castile Sent Columbus to the New World -17 April 1492 Isabella of Castile united the Spanish Kingdoms and funded the discovery of the century the ‘Mother ofthe Americas jabella of Castile he architect vaged nad for decades Di= n “eran + EIGN 174-604 afterwards She and her husband Ferdinand I, King fof Aragon. Naples, Sicily and Valencia, united the old Spanish Kingdoms under thei rule and modernise e kingdom, rein restructuring ts polis. was e beginning of and Ferdinand Columbus came to them seeking protection and finance for a voyage to discover the New World, they assisted im. On 17 Api 145. Isabella and Ferdinand signed a commision making him admiral ofa snd fleet, and vith that suppor planted Spain and iss —— "Boudica Lost the last battle for resistance to the Romans - 60/61 CE Queen Boudica led the southern Celtic tribes in revolt against Roman rule GAY v22n ofthe Ken trbe in what is now known as Noro England, Bou AEA COUNTRY TAN ~UEGACY revolt against the Ninth Spanish Legion and the capital ofthe Roman lands, Londinium. The liter defeat of Boudica. however, ensured oman rue in the south of Britain for generations to come30 Kings and Queens who changed history REIGN COUNTRY i ALSOE « Alexander the Great PCC hacer dco Alexander the Great's empire comprised most of the Pees known world as his forces turned towards India ining to establish himself lary tactician, his armies sian Achaemenid Empire. leaving Alexander capable army. He hime ld with iKings & Queens Louis XIV ‘The Sun King chosen by God Declared he was chosen by God to tule, and ensured that no one could challenge him fer inheriting the French throne tthe age of four, Louis XIV spent a ifeime reaffirming his status as his nations supreme rue. By the time he died atthe age of 76, he had ruled longer than any monarch in European history During the early years o his eign. the country ‘was run by Lous mother and his minster Cada — Macatin ring which tie esa the Pench é reat sant the ua the iy wes eo, | 2 — RE BAST fee Pars mor than once Aste King Louis promoted COUNTRY FRANCE the idea ofa Sun King. He lft himself at Versi to inhabit to avoid ight and refered to hime asthe sto build an enormous palace for hich he encouraged the nobility He revo unkry mere prosperous and ease to control However he spent much of his rule at war, and the final 30 years of his 72 year reign were spent in cotly and unsuccessful conti. oa!) @ i James! ake = First King of Great Britain a United England and Scotland, : and believed that he had the 8) Divine Right to do so ae 1 the ime James VI of Sctland took the throne of England, he ha aleady been a mon 3 : q named King of Scotland at e.and so firmly in the Divine Right o book onthe subject. When he came to England afte the death of Elizabeth he had himself proclaimed the frst king of Great Britain. Believing he knew exactly what he was doing. lames would argue endlessly with Parlament over trv matters, fusing to back down and lose face. While many worried that James wast lenient an Catholics, his teaction to the Gunpowder Pot of 1605 proved otherwise, He had authorised work on the king ames Bible. the good book transiated and altered to conform to the Church of Englands belies His extravagant spending angered politicians, while he lacked his predecessor Elizabeth lve for the people By the time of his J death the seeds ofthe Coil War had already been sawn,30 Kings and Queens who changed history Nebuchadnezzar II Warrior king of the Babylonian Empire Created the Babylonian Empire, forming a state whose legend survives to this day act aon a tat un sty nr he A fu ofNopalasar Wh on Nebchanez ‘REIGN 605562 BCE ‘COUNTRY BABYLON LEGACY BONA CE PEF quia aM IND it woul find glory. When the young man took power he asked the gods that he be “Satatd with splendour: nd spent the est of his eign making sure that ths, -cured independence from Assyria, fought the Egyptians Palestinians and Syrians to create a Babylonian Fmpire He built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and tok contol of the Mesopotamian trade routes to the Mediterranean using the fortunes gained from his efforts to tur his ity into a true wonder ofthe ‘Work. The walls had his name insribedon them, while chariot races took place along thei tops. ‘To many, Nebuchidnezzar wil forever be remembered asthe man who destroyed the Temple in Jerusalem and ‘deported many prominent Jews to Babylon, He is remembered fn the Bible as an enemy of God The last in a line of profligate monarchs, Louis was executed for treason in the French Revolution ‘ois XVPs elgn was doomed fam the stat. Altera succession of ouof touch French kings who bleed tha they were chosen by God and an ever worsening Ananda is attempts to continue tat kegacy edt relation and his death Tis mang to Mare Ancinete was. poi victory bat the Gncortecd) image fhe as an uncaing, eve spending snob mean that she was unpopular with the Derlace Caress spending an supporting the Amercan War of Independence meant tha France was onthe verge of bankruptcy. In desperation, Los cal the ‘States Genta tase taxes without ving Palament any power. The poll factions mtd in opposition an the people supported them, Storming the Basin 1789 and forcing the oa family fo eave Verses for aris When Louis and his ail were caught trying to escape anew conitutional monarchy was established in etalon. butt wast long belo France was declared a epubcn September 1752.On 2 lanary 173Kings & Queens Henry V The Shakespearean France to the sword Wass: . hero who put found his way, but Henry was always a committed poltician and soldier. He argued with his father about how to rule but on becomingking.heled twohhugely success J SP ———__ milary campaigns JS _ IGN 14131422 in France that would aN hea COUNTRY ENGLAND finest our was atthe Battle of Agincour in TANS, but he died after EIGN 1066-87 ‘warfare against ther troops inthe process Conqueror \ Bo beens ep ‘The King who invaded England 2 : Fi nae he Doe of Normandy invaded England in 1066, and : ¥ Tracy and T Maite tfc teeny crowned Hart Pasting ’ justice and ating that the crown had been promised thm. After resting a a ceive victory Willa ook the English throne ecued 7 pation treaty in Borders and teats with the Scots and the Wel, and | 286 CE Aled ordered the creation ofthe Domesday Book He bought Lt brought peace England stat and anew ol ine and property.30 Kings and Queens who changed history Gustav II Adolf Of Sweden he intemal cont that beset developed an nfastructure and before entering the 30 ised the nation the Batic REIGN 740-6 COUNTRY Pi Frederick II Of Prussia Frederick turned Prussia into a military superpower busive childhood atthe hans. fin the Seven approach to John III Sobieski Of Poland-Lithuania The soldier who became a king efre he was ing oh I as aed 2 3 eI BT 98 ampaign to relieve the Battle of Vienna hat glory, bat his werwipelming odds was legendaryKings & Queens Edward I United England by any means necessary dwar was determined 9 et ued Eg ht engi hi ss Cnut The Great ‘The king who made England part of a bigger world he Viking king who EE ensure pea by congue tur back understood thatthe po plenty in his etme, having wn in 1M He divided the country into Ki oles back home. finaly creating a huge empire ‘LEGACY Charles V / Faced the end of an empire tates became Holy Roman Emperor whe the Protestant FU te allowed religious freedom, provided Protestants fought with him against France and the rising Ottoman threat in th snd in the Americas wererit enough to keep his campaign ever, and much of his empire in Europe was las. He finally favour of his son, IPSS wre tr rwey EIGN (01635 COUNTRY ENGLAND, DENMARK. NORWAY Lesacy30 Kings and Queens who changed history Mbande ED Nzinga AG 541204 The African queen who held q COUNTRY ENGLAND off the Portuguese 7 Oo UCP OF i back her enemies, inal y that kepe her in power. 2B REIGN I =e sau, || Eleanor Of Aquitaine ‘The queen who defied her king to bring stability I: ambious Eleanor made Henty of Anjo her second husband, who became the King of England LEGACY 1 FE oR 7 She asisted her children witha rebellion attempt in 1173, and ensured that her favourite son Richard's hone w ime in the Crusades, She kept his Kingdon running smooth negotiating his vi prison and assisted her son John when he became kine aan) Catherine °) coy FNCE De’ Medici \cgicy France's regent during the Wars of Religion et eer eetKings & Queens EIGN 1996-52 COUNTRY ENGLAND LEGACY FANON TE oe AER UN CDE George VI Refused to leave London during World War I Charles IV fealty to him, He preferred to use his skill as politician to gain power. ‘remoting the arts, sclences, charities and church building 35 well as amassing a staggering empie in a (most) peaceful manner. Charles II ‘The Restoration King to return to power in 1660. He encouraged tolerance after punishing those who had executed his father) and promoted peace with France ‘nd international ade in Amerca and India. He ruled during the Geeat Fire and the Great Plague, buts better known for his misteses, is ‘ele in Catholicism and conflicts with Palament A fer Panlament’s ule folowing the Civil Wa, Charles 1 was invited EIGN 1680-85 (COUNTRY ENGLANG x spc 134678 ‘The Holy Roman politician ccounTaY ce ee we HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 1 Charles was born the kingdom he stood to inherit was that Tear of embourg and Bohemia, When he ded he was the Holy W Roman Emperor with fay Germany ané Lombardy ovine UES UO ec cee30 Kings and Queens who changed history EIGN 1696-1725 ‘ EIGN 1902-53 COUNTRY RUSSIA COUNTRY SAUDI ARABIA LEGACY LEGACY cr LSAT TOME mE A ean AMIENS OL OIA EIGN 1849-78 COUNTY ITALY LEGACY LED EH ED TIN TY Peter I Ibn Saud ‘The Russian reformer ‘The father of Saudi Arabia eter tok conto of Russia in ater and tn Saud began hi journey to power by began apeid of moderation, He promoted reclaiming his ater erory incerta Abia ection andthe scence to improve ndstty Vina bloody coup He fought of Turkish forces and looked to Westem methods to strengthen _and encouraged religious fanaticism to support his navy and bring Russian teritories together, _his rue as he expanded his territory through 238 wells bringing the church under his conttal_ conquest of his Ara rivals, He founded the and modernising the alphabet. He was cruel and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and brokered the fist oil ‘unpopular, but dragged Russia into the modesn age. deals ofthe region changing its fortunes forever. EIGN 522-486 BOE COUNTRY PERSIA LEGACY Victor Emmanuel II ‘The Sardinian who united Italy King Darius The Great ‘The Persian architect ats ok power tough vce [scien ome cote te ney ough hs seed tr emp He dvd hs King in stapes reed the conacton fread romotd tae ordered taupe cuvecy ad otal agua an encour elo lene haere guano he Pesan Eire became shining exon of orp and enlightenmentz S 4 $ &King Darius T Deeper PO resi oee Greta Pre eee iio Posen tics eet ko tsar, ene ——— 550 - 486 BCE I Ruling the vast Persian Achaemenid Empire at its height, Darius I became world-renowned for his unstoppable military might, impressive construction prowess and an astute ability to manage his realm's finances at would you do if you inberited one of the largest and most powerful empires the world had ever seen? Wel if you ‘were Darius the third king ofthe ‘mighty Pesin Empire you would spend your reign making it even better transforming its ‘economy and embarking on a series of military ‘campaigns that would lad you o earn the tite of Darius the Great However, Darius the Great didnt begin his fe asa figure destined for greatness, being merely the ‘eldest of ive sons of Hystaspes, member ofthe Pesian royal house that served under King Cyrus and King Cambyses I. According to the account ‘of Herodotus, dubbed the “Father of History” who detail the Persian Empire in his stores, Darius was a youth of no consequence a the ime’ and ‘ended up nothing more than spearman inthe army of Cambyses Il during the Empire’ Egyptian ‘conquest Later Darius would rise to become the petsonal lancer of Cambyses IL and there it would Seem his role in history could have ended, a mere footnote in an epic age All this would change i a radical series of ‘events that, oddly enough, would begin with a ‘dream, Following Cambyses being made King of Persia by his father Cyrus, and Darius ascending to Cambyses side as his personal lancer, Cyrus sudden had a dream while he was away at war in which a vison of Darius equipped with wings rit iS}silt © thetve © Power arabbed Wymaepessons —° estes one Shurtstamss Conbyestapenond SSeoritnes Roses thy hs ‘Scdmodkgane hs Sania nine {ttersansticer” —Syaamaton un fenegnstcl —fensotiabiarthe 24 Kings & Queens stood astride Europe and Asia, Upon waking, Cyrus ‘decided thatthe dream was a warning tht he and his son's empie was in danger and that Darius was forming plans to overthrow Cambyses Fearing fot his sons life Cyrus sent Darius father Hystaspes back to court ta watch over bis son stil until he returned Returning to court Hystaspes ‘ould not find any teasonable Antentions in Darius during the time Cambyses remained king ‘Cambyses Is relgn was indeed ‘cut shor, but rather than by Darius, a man who may or may not have been his brother, Bardia, seized the throne for himselt. According tothe accounts of Driv’ fe, Cambyses attempted to march against Bardia, but ended up commiting ‘suicide Other accounts state that Cambyses lied from a stab wound tha turned ganarenous ther way. Cyrus’ fears had become reality. with (Cambyses falling from power and the Persian Empire temporarily fling ito chaos. Darius, now freed from his ole as lance-bearer to Cambyses, joined with various ther noblemen from Persia who were aginst the usurper$ rule and in September 522 BCE succeeded ina plot to kil the new king in the fortress of Skayauvat While the death ofthe usurper king ended months ‘of chaos and uncertainty, the throne ofthe work's _reatest empire was now vacant and with no ‘obvious successor What happens next is debated _retly among historians, wit various diferent accounts describing the how Darius ascended the ‘throne - some more bizare than others, However, ‘what all the accounts agree on stat the following ‘morning Dari was King of Persia, Darius was soon crowned at Pasargadae and aflervards he moved ta Eebatana to bein the rule of his vat empire. Just as Soon ashe arrived. however he arned of numerous revols against his leadership in lam and Babylonia. He moved and crushed these quickly, but soon more revolts sprung up in Meda, Parthia, Assyria and Egypt - now large swathes of his empire were openly at war with him, Just when things looked like they would end pooly for Darius, his substantial and ‘overt loyal amy came to his rescue, proceeding, Pg his reign, inc Timeline Desa est Brel ai oa l fon a brutal campaign across Persia, smashing ‘ach revolt and executing its leaders. Within singe year every revolt was quelled and Darius was now unopposed as King of Persia From this point on Darius reign went in genera, from strength to stength, He undertook many military campaigns in central Asia, Aria and Scythia. radically transforming the empites ‘economy and adding tits Infrastructure greatly with new roads, canals and civic structure, The Achaemenid Empire was vast and now under Darius’ astute management and delegation ‘tbecame the works most wealthy and powerful realm, expanding rapidly and even ‘saining the support of some ofthe powerful Greek city states, which had either been won ‘over through force of arms or by trade Darius vas ‘now effectively untouchable his will was aw and the was without doubt the most powerful man in the entire work "There was one problem, though. One issue tha, as Darius reign progressed, not only became more apparent but could not be quelled or conquered ‘was the fact that much of mainland Greece was ‘openly ornot- hostile to the Persian Empire and Jept expressing this by interfering in his captured {eritory of fia and Lydia in Asia Minot, Small, skirmishes became lage fights trade slowed and cts during reat influence weakened, with tensions between Greeks "Darius was now effectively untouchable, his will was law and he was the most powerful man in the entire world" simple spearman econete hora eps peo sean peer Dass 3 Ste peoman he amy org cays itotpess: tre much the Spon {aroaanors26525 and Persians escalating asa result. Ate almost a ‘decade in which Darius forces invaded Thrace and _many cities ofthe northern Aegean, these tensions Finally boiled over nto open war with the Greeks sending an army to burn Saris, whichis ocated in ‘modern Turkey Darius responded to this by sanctioning not only the recapture ofthe region. which included many ‘ofthe fonan islands, but also a full scale invasion ofthe Greek mainland with Athens and Eretria- ‘both key players inthe burning ofthe city of Sardis targeted for punishment. Assembling an army of ‘over 20.000 men and placing them atthe disposal of his most rusted of commanders, Mardonins, —_—_—_—_—_—_— oeinnecut, —— ornmeah ‘emu Vatey| ane ow ing of era ares rain Maley Ayer rh wins ‘contol he ayn ‘nar tomoder oy rac and apponts the (Grok Sono Cana Sloe ie ndon eean Sieuce Sethian ature ars ods cempagn Banat be Seythan pest Sey reese dap to. tert and ees to ere Incambotwahtie Pere ferargim to wan Speer (© Asan minor subi tape oe, ‘mech Greek ands. vest cresce reaate tho Pes expr,Darius proceeded to take Thrace and Macedon, However, before he could advance any further his fleet was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Mount ‘Athos, stopping his conquest of Grece dead Battered by the storm and harried by the Greek army, Darius’ men were forced to withdraw, returning to Persia [Not used to failure Darius Immediately directed his empl’ vast resources to instigate another invasion, assembling a second army ‘of 20000 men and sending them back to Greece under the command of his nephew Ataphernes and his most rusted ‘xdmiral Dats. This time Darius army vast hindered in its passing and upon landing in Greece in 490 BCE t besieged, captured and burnt Brera before quickly advancing towards the city of Marathon, [At this point, victory for Darius seemed al but certain, however outside of Marathon his army ‘was met with a Grek one that despite being half its number, pulled off one ofthe most remarkable military victories in history, defeating the Persians in mortal combat and forcing the remnants to retreat fora second time back to Persia. This defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece and, despite bin proceeding to live afew more years, the end of Darius 1100, with the great king’ ealth rapidly deteriorating over the next four years, Darius the Great die in Persia in 486 BCE, where his body was embalmed and then placed in 8 sieatic tomb, His kingdom vas passed onto his son, Xeres, who ‘would himself would go onto famously launch the second Pessian invasion of Greece Unfortunately fo him, just ike his far the might ofthe Pasian Empire, by far one of {he largest military fores inthe world upto that point, would not be enough to deliver victory Today, views on Darius the Greats tenure asking are mixed tending to differ from ancient sources in that they take a wider bon renee tS Cee Framers See! Sere es type of governor Tea Meese LAE Rococo) erence elder half-brother ori Recs yn ‘over Some notable victories, hwever his inability to defeat the Scythians and Greeks caused his military record tobe tammished, However, if yu look at his reign more from a cultural, Scenic and financial perspective. sts altogether less ambgous. Darius can be credited for ansforming the ‘Achaemenid Empie into the ancent worlds Perspective on his eign, rather than merely ally the capital of trade wealth and technological of his substantial conquests. The Persian Empite was indeed expanded by Darius and he presided (First Persaninvasion ‘masa See, wh Fi peer rsonan ‘ain sea Macon Utara madara Foes arm © ound wo pap agate Geeks ‘ween ier ur he ‘mand of mitay pes Sapa Ataperes We {hoy mate seme pros ‘tos tpi he ‘mse sf Bate eng sais, taro ‘esece (oFuiousin detest (es saree reat, byte fire of the rk ‘errs hoc ets Sone prpacton for anther ‘roles Foray innovation, with many of is advances stil being relevant today King Darius T An economical leadership How did Darius help m: Persian Empire the wealthiest in ne world? ‘urn is tne 2 King of Persia, Das onsite an nedton of vers ‘uence cave. Thi was inode Shorty before 00 BCE an was apes 255 the empres constuenteaunties 3 a ay to equate wade ae commerce “Ts move wa 0 sce tate dave fen became recopised beyond the Person Empire io cena and ester Europe "There wee two types of ar, 2 gs cain an sive con ny Das hse eu ode the ming fg dacs, he ‘Sher rcs couls be minted by important feral rd sarap (epona gore) Se nroscton of bot of these cons and ther widespread aopton cated a boom inimenatiorl wade forthe Prsan Empre ith textes. tol, carpets an metal oes {old enmasse To fre ad trace Boor, Dats abo ented 3 royal ghway. ype of pawl and commer! spon system, Reportedly the dai ako moroved the eran Emp’ governmental evens ao, ith ew dae specie tes on and, esc nd matte crest. The eresees reverse ped maintain and improve the enpie’s insure ad recy fonds Dos rumerus constuction projets, nung roads, carl ana temps, emt arid © "orca vane Gece set agast Ferson le resto megyet ath het worsen Os ath mea He shorty) 5 aherandisertonbedent | Teekawsauehvetores =Kings & Queens 73/74 - 4 BCE Herod kang o Judea Cruel, paranoid and held in the grips of madness, Herod I ruled the ancient kingdom of Judea with an iron fist, brutally slaying any who opposed him rod of lumen was born into one ofthe Herod this meant he ost his power and poston ‘most volatile egons of the ancient work He vas force to fle into the night and lacking He quickly kamed to fear rivals suspect anywhere else to g, he travelled tothe heart ofthe betrayal and watch his own back, The Roman empire to beg Caesar to help im Romans had taken ver much of his naive Herod's presence in Rome was not an unusual land, and solidified tei rip onthe area through one; many high-ranking foreigners traveled to the "unpopular puppet kings. Rebellion was in spravling city to seek patronage and aid from the Roman senators who decided the fate of kingdoms What was the ait and from a young age Herod was forced to pick sides - work ith the invaders or fight for an Stor nnEny ‘unusual was how unpopular independent homeland. His PERCE TCaM tod was within the city. The father was ahigh-anking offical ci _ Jewish population saw him as a of King Hyreanus I and had BS ULSIAMIM | yannical ator the Romans theeat ofthe Roman senate so MUDSTUSORMICE CRIM caw him as an incompetent "sed tis prestigious poston to sant Herod a governorship in 49 BCE inthe province of Galle Herod knew this poston came from powerful Roman patronage, and he made sure the Romans knew Predera nr Sr ea firecrer) beggar. The decision by the senate to make Herod King of ‘the Jews was only made through lack ofa beter option. As far as Caesar and the senators were concemed, Judea needed Feder who he would continue supporting them f they was stong and Iya to the Roman cause supported him by instigating a brutal regime in Herod wasnt strong, nor was he particularly Iya Galle forthe gory of Rome. ‘but he understood power and the protection Rome Unfortunately for Herod not everyone shared his coukt offer him ihe became their puppet. astute sense of accommodation when team to With thousands of Roman lestonaries being the Romans In 40 BCE, the puppet king Hyrcanus him and one of Rome’ greatest war heroes, Mark died and was replaced by Antigonus, who quickly Antony, by his sie, Herod marched proudly back to Set about eecting the Roman garsons from Judea his homeland as a conqueror in 37 BCE, He would and exterminating any of his subjects who hadnt be satisfied with a mere governorship this time, conspired with them against thei own people. For he wanted ultimate power. He decided to ignore Solisned ey perce Core Ey preset ar projects, including Artec) BSateel on iy oor Peete presi og ees eae) aceite!Kings & Queens “The Jewish population saw him as a tyrannical traitor, the Romans saw him as an incompetent beggar" Life in the time of Herod Roman rule “The Mie East, wich conte of te Jewish and pagan kingdoms located around the coastine of the Mecteranein, wat lnuenced aa canted bythe Roman ers through ass nd puppet kings. The Romans ‘ead the eno fr ha resources, nd {to guar the ester nko the emp fer ‘the ever present treat ofthe ess. Culture shock Hered’ bingdom was mage up of = numberof the outlying provinces and concentrate his forces around Jecusalem with the approval of Antony. The siege lasted for 40 days. The defenders were desperate to hold onto ther newfound freedom from Roman oppression, but in the end Herod ‘reached the walls and thousands of Boodthisty Roman warriors stormed the cy. The devastation \was homtendous the Romans slaughtered men, ‘women and chien, brutally slaying the people ‘who dared defy Caesars will Herod was outrage: he wanted to subdue the population, not butcher ‘them, and he knew al of Judea would never forget the Jewish blood spilled that day, His complaints to Antony fell on deaf ears ~as far as he was concerned, it was all ina days work ‘Alexander the Great, and Herod hoped the mamiage ‘would give his rule an amount of lstimacy, "The marriage failed to gain the love ofthe people and ashe began to settle down to the {ask of ruling his unhappy kingdom, he fet more ‘vulnerable. He feared assassination at every ferent res Usted inte ae oF who rere ee out of Pera oner te prev ee Centuries. Conrasing atures were active Antony left Hered in the smouldering ruins of his new kingdom with enough Roman guards to keep an eye on him, From ‘urn, particulary from his own family, He had his brotherin-law fom his first marriage be Emperor himself ‘long ine of ough ane iii tory ‘Odaenathus would not lve long enough to find ‘nen Auton rose prominenceas 2 ‘out. He was murdered by a nephew along with ‘ict nd stalwart amy fcr curing one his son Haran from his fist wife, vera hunting the messes eid in Imperato argument, Xdenathu’ death left Zenobies young 1n268. the Emperor allen was under from the scaled Thirty Tyan, Roman mtary and pote leaders who ‘son Vaballathus as hei tothe throne, Since the boy was too young to rule — between five and ten eds ree te dee! ine years old ~ Zenobia assunved the role of eget. long thn compat Cus, pot Position that quickly valved into the undisputed down he ebeton, but may have aed political and military leader of Palmyra. On coins 2 olen Gales sssinatn.Cauds recovered fom the years afer Cxoenathus’ murder, Suceeded as Empert, but ed afte ly 18 months, making room frre nonsense Dorelan to tue the crown He WHPDeS archaeologists fist find them with Vaballathus Zenobia's chief counsellor, C oenteneee noted scholar, Platonic philosopher, as well asaliterary critic face on the front and Zenobias on the back. Very ‘Quickly these postions are reverse, As the de faco ruler of Palmyra, Zenoia picked ‘up exactly wiere her husband lft off with her own dreams ofa Palmyrene Empice. Historians argue about Zenobas specific motivations and politcal calculations. During the 3rd century, the Roman Empie suffered an extended period ofgeat tribulation ‘known as the Imperial Crisis. The Empire had gone through 19 emperors in 30 yeas, most of them lle by ambstous generals or thelr own Praetorian Guard Britain and Gaul had split ftom the Empire, the Goths were invading ftom the north there was a smallpox epidemic inthe provinces and pirates were clsruping trade along the Libyan coast. In Rome's moment of weakmess,Zencbia sae an opportunity, but dd she see herself as Rome's partner in empire or its conqueror? ‘what happens next i unlspted. fn the year 269 CE, with the support of her husbands bate tested General Zabdas,Zenobia marched the Paimyrene army into Egypt. what she called her ancestral homeland When the Roman prefect of Egypt objected to Zenobias occupation, she swiftly dha him beheaded. Zenobaa bestowed upon herself the tile of Queen of Feypt and commissioned a ten-volume history of Cleopatra to commemorate ‘the victory. If the Roman Emperor Claus had is Seton igure sop “When the Roman prefect of Egypt ‘marches tam on te barbrsn marauders “mascot rae objected to Zenobia's occupation, fone smear ah 8p she swiftly had him beheaded" ‘his pont, Zereia ad estabished eof 2s the Queen ofthe ast andre of etna amen Ene Defining moment ‘Aurelian had any hesitation about crushing e 2 woman, he dat show ard bough Assassination of Odaenathus inefl foce of ns bes egos spans 266 CE Zeb, tray offering he» mess of eB ed, Oda. et the tnerey she woud sede or empire Datei One stay resin pots hing tp the gts of Palmyra. When she refie, ‘wah are ep Macon who Osea push rela Gagne er cre Roe a ‘tang snay hho and ng in wk afew MM EOeaN TEAL rts nse young Movs kite Paaene Ing tty Other cmt Ree he ‘etumed two yes ter uring shor ye re mute Ante stay ps Zena heel a the cate Redes ofthe plot. Odaenathus was killed along with his eldest | Star armss Coane es ees Sulina ioepaecome Timeline ae sAowennbor, Starman mri Sante ting orate Sceitionse) “‘mcatan es eae ne eo ae Sees iey mae ete SSicece fore senrensiees Sears Beene aes Steere” Seer f corner syne emacs Sccmwa, meee poe, meres eS mes Sete, rove, Spon en seieoee eet pate ee or a Saar eres oy soe arenaconv objections. he was to busy fighting ofthe Goths to worry about the upstart empress in Egypt Without Roman resistance, Zenobia the wartior ‘queen was piven fe rein to extend er terry imo Syria Lebanon and Palestine. Ati greatest exten, Zenobia's empire stretched fom the Ne River in the south up through the Sinai Peninsula and Palestine, noth tothe Black Sea and west to rmodeen-day Ankara, Tutkey Around this time Zenobia changed her coins yet again to add the tile ‘Augustus, ar empress alongside her own porra. In 270, a new face appeared onthe seen in the form of Aurelian, a Melong military man who rose tothe ranks to become Emperor of Rome and Resttutor Orbs, of restorer ofthe world Aurelian brought order and discipline back to the Roman mitary. He pushed out invading Germanic tribes suchas the Vandals. ftom northern Raly and erected the fortress ike Aureian Walls around Rome. Next he marched against the Goths inthe Balkans and crushed them, By 272, Aurelian had deal vith Rome's most pressing problems and was eady to fur his attention eas othe socalled Palmyrene Empire and its warrior empress. The Historia Augusta relates Zenobia writing a etter to Aurelian proposing that they rule the Mediterranean as co-emperors. I that etter ever actually existed then Aurelian ikely ignored it ‘Aurelian and Zenobia fist met in battle at Antioch. Zenobia' forces were anchored by heavily armoured cavalry called clibanar using a style of warfare borrowed from the Persians. Both horses and rides ere covered with thick armoured plats to withstand a line of Roman archers known, 2s sagitariorum. The canari had a weakness, though, and Aurelian explited it bilan. In Latin, clibanari means the camp oven beaters, because the armoured suits heat up ikea furnace in the midday Sun, Aurelian feinted retreat and lead the cavalry on lengthy chases timing his greatest offensive to coincide with the greatest heat ofthe day. Zeno’ overheated cavalry were no match for Aurelian welltrained lplons and Zenobia retreated to Emissa, modern-day Homs, Aurelian attacked Zenobia again at Emissa, using Palestinian singes ~ armed with rocks and sings, like young David who fought Goliath ro disrupt onan fo Face tor acoin Teds ord he yom (ee = (& )) rete the. Peary Puee egy Frettrnrtng pea oc aE Coco and confuse the almyrene cavalry. At one pont, the 70000:strong eavalry turned in on itsel, ‘trampling its own horsemen in the chaos. Zenobia was right there alongside her troops. “In bth {battes] Une Queen of Palmyra animated the armies ‘by her presence” Gibbon vunites Facing defeat at Emissa, however, Zenobia decided to fle to the stronghold of Palmyra on her speediest camel, Back in Palmyra, Zenobiafalledto gather enough forces to engage in conventional warfare Aurelian Iai siege to the city for months, winch, according te Gibbon, drew criticism fiom Rome In The Decne and Fal ofthe Roman Empire, Gibbon quotes a etter fom Aurelian: “The Roman ‘people speak with contempt ofthe wa that Lam ‘waging against a woman, They're ignorant both ofthe character and ofthe power of enoba. t's impossible to enumerate her warlike preparations, of stones, ‘of arows and every species of ‘missile weapons. Every pat of the walls provided with two or three ballistae and artificial fires are thrown from ber military ‘engines. The fear of punishment has armed her with courage” In the end, the gods favoured ome, Palmyra swift fell and enoba, along with ber son and bei, was captured. The Historia Augusta recalls ‘Zenobia being paraded through the srets of Rome in golden chains. Other accounts say she died on ‘the journey from Palmyra, while oters sill aim she committed suicide ~ like her tragic heroine Cleopatra — rather than sufer the indignity of submitting fo the Emperor or facing the ering Roman crowds ST or Defining moment Siege of Palmyra 274CE Aeciding lo eagle acount he Hiss Agta Autelan's na etfensve past noi a the desert ‘ass of Faye was almost fare As the Roman eins mated es essa they ete an syn ober and age practise fo Pesan assis ‘stem ose adel with Zena, promising het ean he eo fer pope return peel sede Zonta ad that se te Gp eed eth to csonoeShe tented elon with sk cl enrement fom Pe Aeon sirounded ad ‘starved ut the chy, binging Falnyra ose ‘obrendbaroness ‘eeastem empire Marobaturne proved ° Step Sonos fomedy attngat Paar Emo asobed Eytan hea rer to ‘hamper ental whee buticne asap he Biba th es Disirg af ste wuld tated to ree Ertan eet one empress wihowresstance oft atoranean, Setanta the ile {othe BskSea Woof Life in the time of Zenobia Stealing from Rome's own breadbasket Rome supped fee ators of wheat os liens town herp aay, Bat mach ofthe wheat was mported from Eaype When “Zencba conquered Egyot. se aegealy cto ‘he wheat supp a tact nt uni eking hora nest By name only Th wea xy tate of aia eld Ungve poston nthe Roman Empire. forevned 2 an edepecer colony. ee {occ own tates but pry whe protection th enper: Pala ew at ff he tne levied on carvan ving the Sik Road othe west. Spice security ‘sacl stop onthe Sik Roo. aya was resporab fr protec Be ard sce Carvers ong the seth rad within Bund. The ak eto pense mies of swt horse hat ened repitaton for thee sone at repeing bans Lost in translation “Zenoba’s ful rane n Greek was Sptimia Zeno, but was mos elastin ofthe arabe 3 23068, which ws ela trast of Zenebs tue rama name, Bat zabba, or Uauphtr of abbr Zenaba's native guage was Arama Roman triumph Some sores mts capture nd hn Zeobo ws posse ough Rone Sport of Auli moss rump 28 etter 800 gators an congue Capes fom every babar we Seay Sherode ma len cart head buf (© Aurelian strikes back enue of he Gov ‘Sng tet ais {rs ~ cst othe Falmrone ove. narae move bye Severe emars url tes rot comics rer ca lag ren Ioetosorende peace 43Boudica c. 60 CE Boudica In the single-minded pursuit of vengeance, the warrior queen of the Iceni massacred thousands of Romans and almost caused the empire to abandon Britannia entirely hile Boudica of the cei as stil ‘mourning the death of her husband Prasutagusa horde of Roman agents forced their way into her home. The armed men seized the Cekic queen. along with her two daughters, and dragged them llinto public view. There before the eyes of her people, Boudica was brutally flogged if she wer ashve and her two vitpin daughters raped, Wh the violence was aver, the Romans continued their act of cruelty on the lent by confiscating the nd ‘of thei chief nobles, Furious at thee actions, the ‘queen quickly gathered er people. She would stop at nothing unl she ad her revenge against the Roman Empie The Roman commanders gave the orders for these ats in 60 CE after they received the will of recently deceased King Prasutagus. To show his Toyaty to Rome the Bish ruler lef al of his Kingdom tothe emperr, but bequeathed the other half to his daughters an act of lve that would ‘backfire in ways he could never have imagined, According to Roman lw, contracts with client Kings terminated pon their death, and thus turn allof the possessions ofthe kingdom into Roman ¥ property. Usually this transition fem a native ‘monarchy to Roman rule was catied outwith far less brutality, in the hope of ening the foalty and allegiance of the newly conquered people. YetKings & Queens the Romans were greatly insuked, nt just because rebels allover the island, For several years afer sutagus presumed to think econ st surges Became at arg portion of ofthe full fledged guerrilla wa fm to his hers the ca Catwvellan tries of the women. While powerful women were relatively commen among the tons. female ulets we d the iavasion, the king karned ot to fae the eons onthe any out successful tics onthe foreign army Though the [ent ofcally became toman Empire after the conquest, a len alo participated in a minor revolt thelr feelings about this very ler ot take lng for thousand ted Boudica and he family The Romans had only congo anitannia less than 20 ye before during the reign of Emperor Claus in 43 CE, and the oppressive treatment o {heir new subjects by imperial officials had created numerous enacted a draconian measure to Aiscourage Britons fom joining Caratacus. The governor had hs men force thei way into the homes ofthe een and confiscated Il weapons, However, when the en insurgents revolted with "Powerful women were common among Britons, but an absurd concept to Rome The Romans The road to rebellion =. Irumore by Gaus ‘ontania | oo ar ae arror from the neighbouring Catuelluni and Coritani, they had no chance against the Roman my. Scapula quickly crushed the rebel forces hen he stormed the cei il fort they fought ffom and slaughtered all ofthe rebels The Ieen had more than enough cause to rlly behind ther queen, but the main reason Britons ffom other tribes Nocked to swell her ranks was land by targeting rebel king was force to meet the Roman army in pitched battle the governor defeated him. Caatacs then fle 0 ‘ot of Cartimandua, quee Yet instead of oer ti Romans, gaining much trust from her overlords but losing the respect of many of her people. Among fallen out of favour with her was Venutius, her husband, After Cartimandua divorced him in $7 CE, he tempted to seize her kingdom from her but was thwarted bythe Roman forces aid oftheir cen queen d remained in hing throug Boudica rebellion ‘Unable o jin the forces of Caratacus or Venutius, many discontent Britons who stil wished © nevot appr Stan Ee Oa He : a ace, ie caeas: Roe See, Soe QBS secies SES egies, Bandsaece tlther weapon epocaBoudica to make a stand against the empire continved to increase Boudiew’ forces as she led them south into the lands ofthe Trinovantes. Like the Iceni the Trinovantes harboured a de towards the Romans fr decade and so became t Join in withthe revo. While wa al over Britannia rlliod to the movernent, none ofthe tribes contributed and a procura ons corre een inciding the women, children and eles why companied the march, the British horde may have increased to well over my towards tel fis target - the of Camulodunum. The town was not aly the erreqesforon Shanti es sti omen femte rent. Reece smy, Rich tie butt erro 4)Kings & Queens Boudica’s battle ‘The Iceni queen crossed the country in pursuit of vengeance Spar einai oe ‘ero ooh ape nm 2 Legion X Ambushed 2Destacon of Tee ies =o Setsemmccere ‘colonia for retired veterans in $0 CE. Arable land was also required forthe farms ofthe sles, so it vas taken ftom members ofthe tbe. As some ‘of the stongestsuppostrs ofthe Romans the ‘nobles ofthe Tinovantes were‘ewarded even further for their loyalty with membership into the priesthood ofthe Augustales. As priests dicated tothe worship ofthe delied ‘emperors it was the duty ofthe Augustales ‘to build the grand temple of Claudius within thet former capital-To pay forthe temple and the construction requited to transform Camulodunum into a colonia the Trinovantes were given considerable Toans by both the Roman state and the fabulously wealthy statesman Seneca, However, the top financial officer lor procurator, ofthe province, Catus Decianus, had recently demanded that allloans given tothe tribe were tobe paid back in fllimmedintely, or the funds would be taken by force. After enduring ‘excessive taxation and then given such an ulimatum, the Teinovantes decided that thee support for the empire had come to an end. When the Roman cizens of Camulodunum ‘became aware ofthe approaching horde led by Bouclia, they desperately pleaded forhelp t0 the procuratorin nearby Londinium. Since the ‘governor, Gaus Suetonius Paulinus, Was ‘campaign inthe far west ofthe provine, Deciamus ‘was the second highestrankng Roman offical in the vicinity. But te procurator was nota rity commander and, therefore, was only able to send litte more than 200 ilkequpped men to reinforce the smal garrison already stationed in the town, Shorty afterward, the financial offal led to Gaul in disgrace for his approval ofthe severe maltreatment of the Ieni and Trinovantes that ld to the rebellion. What the cizens of (Camulodunum did not know was thatthe ninth lepion, led by Quintus Peis Cera, was alreadySee eer Sdtyeremm nit Sitateccoae ‘Armour [as Secon cee Soeur bog Boudica ‘nits way to save the town before Boudica was able to reach itn the hope of intercepting the rebel horde, Cris rushed towards thee presumed location. The Roman commander moved with too much hast, for he and his men were tunable to detect the rap they had walked into before it was too late. Suddenly, Bish amis appeared fiom all drectons and an onslaught ensued. Ofte 2000 soldiers under his commang, only 500 made it out ofthe devastating ambush alive with Cris Boudica continued on her coutse to Camulodunum 3s the beaten legion fled tothe safety ofa smal fr. ‘With no soli defences constructed yet to Protect the growing colonia, te cizens of ‘Camulodunum watched in horor as Boudica led her army into the town. unopposed, and ordered the destruction of everything insight, Dozens of ‘buildings were set on fire and thousands of people ‘were slaughtered inthe streets, Boudica didnot itend on taking prisoners, nor did her warriors, so any Roman caught by the armed mob was killed. “The Roman soldiers and the res ofthe survivors buricadd themselves within the massive temple ‘of Claudius, bu the desperately outnumbered force was completly surrounded. Amid the black smoke filing the sky and reek of decaying flesh Surrounding the edifice, the defenders hed off the British horde for two long days. But by the end of the second day the besiegers finally broke through the remaining barricades and massacred all who remained within the despised temple Boukica and her men pillaged as many spoils asthey could fin inthe ruins of Camulodunum before they moved on towards the merchant town ‘of Londinium, This time around, the citizens were aware ofthe advancing army, wth ample time to allow them to gather their possessions and abandon the town. Yet hope was with the Romans, for Governor Paulinus had ative with small contingent of cavalry to survey the situation. Soon afterwards, however, optimism gave way to felings ‘ot horror asthe ctizens of Londinium realized that Paulinus phinned to ret frm the cy and leave itopen to the British marauders Inder to reach the town as quickly as possible the governor had been forced to tavel ahead ofthe ‘ast majority of his amy. ince he was hopelessly ‘outnumbered, Paulinus decide to reunite with is, forces and meet Boudica in a place of his choosing, Wiete her superior numbers would not be so much of an advantage. Londinium vas almost deserted by the time that Boudica reached the town, and any Roman let behind was sain and imperil buildings were destroyed. Unspeakabl atrocities were also “Boudica did not intend on taking prisoners, so any Roman caught b the armed mob was killed” 43Kings & Queens perpetrate on some ofthe aristocratic women ‘aught in the town, possibly in revenge forthe ‘crimes committed against Boudica. After the Britons mutilated their breasts and faces. these unfortunate Roman noblewomen were executed ‘by impalement on spikes. nce the absolute “destruction of Londinium vas complete and sulficient booty gathered, the horde moved on to sack another smaller town, Verulamium, before itheaded down the road now known as Watling Street towards the ultimate confontation with the Roman army under Paulinus. Inher wake. Boudica Jefe path of destruction that may have included the deaths of as many as 70.000 Romans and Romanised Britons. ‘The leponares that Paulinus was forced to eave behind when he made his rapid trek east were retutning from the sucessful invasion of the island “When destruction of Londinium was complete and sufficient booty gathered, the horde went on to sack another town" ‘of Mona off the coast of Wales. Asa major religous ‘centre of the druids, Mona was perceived a a huge ‘threat tothe Romans, forthe Celtic pists had Jong been the supporters of nealy every uprising, against imperial rule across Gaul and Britannia, ‘Therefore, when Paulinus became the governor of Britannia in 58 CE, he made this top preity to ‘rush all resistance on Mona and massacre all of the tebe priests found there ‘After their major triumph against the druids, the legionaties were highly motivated to eradicate the Bris insurgents of Boudica After the devastation ‘of Verulamium, Boudica continued dawn Watling Steet as Paulinus gathered his forces. With only Legion XX, some units from Legion XIV and auras as well as the small remnant of Legion 1X, Paulinus army only numbered about 14.000 soldiers, The govemor would have had slighty more ‘men at his disposal but the commander of Legon fled to muster his troops and combine with the forces of Paulinus, Boudica. onthe other hand, led _ horde of hundreds of thousands that may have == Battle of Watling Street — a Diraroureten ‘nya er eceeacansBoudica consisted of as many as 230000, But Paulinus had too advantages - the taining of his men, an the fact that they were all bate ready soldiers. ‘When Boudica finally reached the Romans in the Midlands, they were mos key positioned rear Manduessedum. Paulinus had chosen an ideal location to assemble his men, witha thick forest behind them and slopes protecting ther flanks. Thelegionares formed the centre ofthe army with auxilary units on each side and cavalry ‘contingents onthe wings. The warrior bands of Boudica’s masive host gathered before the Roman legions, brandishing their swords ad screaming war cies as Boudica rode along the front ines ina chariot with her daughters. Asher lg hair flowed in the wind, the tall warrior queen raised her powerful vice above the tumult o give arousing speech that reminded her troops of the crueky and oppression they were fighting against. On the other sde of the fel, Paulinus also aise the confidence of his men through very direct words. He emphasised their extensive training for them to see that their professionalism was a much greater asset than ‘overwhelming numbers, When the tho forces coded atthe bate of Watling Steet, the chariots of the Britons wreaked havoc down the Roman lines, However, the large infantis f each army inevitably clashed and it was the superior equipment and martial skills of the Romans that won the diy. Furthermore, when the Britons broke and fled from the slaughter ‘caused by the deadly Roman short swords, they were rapped by the semi-circle of carts and coukd "In the end, everything in the path of the legionaries was slain, including women, children and animals’ rot escape Inthe end, everything the path of the victorious lepionaris was Sai, including women, children and the pack animals taveling wth the Eitons. In defeat, Boudica drank poison, choosing to end her own fe rather than fall into the hands of the Romans although ultimately unsuccessful at removing the Romans from Bsitannia.Boudlca had her revenge with the deaths of thousands of het Imperial oppressors. In fact so much devastation had occurred that Emperor Nero nearly gave up on the fag edging province, due to the fact that ithad become more costly to maintain than it was financially beneficial, He would have done soit were not forthe courageous efforts of Paulinus Afterwards, the governor went on to continue the savagery ofthe Romans, focusing his brutality primarily on the remaining people ofthe Ken and Trinovantes until they were sufficiently subdued Bousica may have achieved the vengeance she sought. bu the sad truth is that her people faced ‘even more oppression after her death because of her actions against the empire52 Kings & Queens King Arthur King, emperor, hero, god - the name King Arthur conjures an array of images, but just how much truth is there to this ancient legend? he armoured bodies lay so thick on the ‘round that asthe rain pele the et fel with an incessant ding-ing-ding upon metal. There remained but wo figures facing each other across the pain; one raised his head toward the other, his visor masking his face and his black sped armour glintingas the ain ran ‘down the polished surface. The ‘The tale depicts the legendary Battle of Ccamilann, a confict tat sar the demise of one ofthe most famous kings in British history a ‘monarch so ingrained in the national conscience that is tale appears on the halls ofthe British Paiament A figure with such prominence that some are so desperate to prove he was real that great excavations and archaeological digs ae held in his other stood against the setting Bisrcrses name - King Arthut mace” (BESS ate cet wrinkles around his eyes, Fem rome) simply a myth created to Aecks of grey in his beard and dinks in his gleaming silver armour, but he grasped his long sword with a tion, frm grip Hs foe was the fist to move, stabbing his sword forward witha jerky sudden Jab. The ser knight deflected him easty with & Swf uid movement and thrust his sword forward driving it through his enemy's chest ‘The gleaming sword sliced through the armour like ik But his foe had landed a blow too, blood seeping from his mouth, and with his final ounce ‘of strength he drove his sword through the silver knights back. There was a moment of silence a5 the wind moved around them, then the two fel Pesce Te Inspire a population in need of heroes? Although historians have flied to agree on who exactly may have inspired the King Arthur we know tay, there are many viable candidates, Lucius Artorius Castus.a Roman solder of the late-2nd or early 3d century is a possible Arthur. Ths career warior supposedly ld troops of Sarmatians against invading Caledoians in ancient Britain, all the while grasping a standard bearing large re dragon pendant -the inspiration behind Arthurs surname Pendragon’ Historians hypathesse that his military vietores prompted him tobe raised to. figure of great bravery among the Welsh and thus the character of Arch was botn. TheKing Arthur vawsleime)i Celtic literature depicting glorious victories against the invading armies infested the folklore’Kings & Queensproblem with Artorius, just Tike Artur stat there isa staggering lack of historical recording of his supposed impressive deeds, which people would expect frm a figure prominent that immortal legend ‘Aman actually called ‘King of the Britons in ancient sources fs Riothamus who lived inthe Sh century. Rlothamus reportedly Gaul ce, just as Arthur did, and was betrayed by a close fiend, just as Arthut was. And when Riothamus ded he was neat a town ealed will Arthur was supposedly carted "pon his death, Camparsons have also drawn between Arthur and Ambrosi Aurelanu well known for ‘van’ are also theories that Aurel the forces atthe Battle of Bandon HII the very same battle where Arthur apparently lean army Autelianus s recorded as having the virtues of gentleman’ and was a Christian -two key qualities Arthur shares, ‘One of the more unusual origin theories of Arthur’ origin comes from his name self Deriving ffom the Clic word Art, meaning ‘ear. is possible that Arthur i simply a personification of a Cekic bear god. The Celtic tradition of worshipping King Arthur PUTA E CE) fierce warrior revered animal spirits was popular 50 would make sense for their celebrated hero to originate from such bei. ‘ere are plenty more ‘candidates for possible Arthurs, any warrior who was succesful in iton with a vaguely similar name ny ofthese seems tobe a feasible option. Whe are actually the tue Arthur of legend never kno but one ting we ca ta accutately is Arthurs emergence and journey through Merature he very etiest mention of Arthur i in Hisor ten in 830 by Nennius, a Welsh monk, which says “Then in those day Arthur fought against ther with the kings of th Britons but he was commander in those bat Because ofthe vague mention itis difficult assess whether this Arthur was actually aking himself or simply a mighty wartior. Nevertheless he goes on to ist 12 battles Arthur was ivoh in, battles that eccur ove such and lengths of time that it woul! be imposs for one man to fight in them al. This somewhat fictional historca ist sos the very fist seeds (of doubt of Arthur’ legitimacy ~ or perhaps instead, the origins ofa myth he next time Arthur crops up isin the work of Goffey of Monmouth, anotherKings & Queens ‘Welsh cleric. tn his mammoth chronicle Historia ‘Regu Brann, At takes on ne ie and some ofthe best known pats of his ale come ‘nto being. Apparently based ona los Celtic ‘manuscript that - conveniently enough - only GGeotrey was able to ead, the apparent historical book details the story of King Arthurs fe from his birth to his betrayal and death Tiss aso the first instance we ar introduced to some ofthe ‘most famous people in his story, such as Guinevere And Merlin, The book vas an instant success and 200 manuscripts ar stl around to this day -a tremendous number for 2 Medieval work whieh demonstrates ust how succesful it was atthe time But why did the Britons take ‘on tis tae ofan ancient ing so enthusiastically? What was itabout Arthurs tale that made him so popular? The answers pretty simple, but also rather cliche Britain desperately needed a hero. After the Norman invasion of 1066 the kingdom was in turmoil and it wasnt just Arthur tale that emerged -a whole host of Ceicitrature depicting slorious victories against the invading armies infested common foie. These tales became intetinked with history, demonstrating the iastrious and noble past ofthe Cel. Geoffrey's tale of ston Cetic king who defeated the ‘barbarians and waged war against the Romans, ‘which was subtly and clevery linked to real-world ‘events such a the battle of Mount Badon (which Arthur is not mentioned in relation to unt store ritonum) created the perfect intermingling of fact and fiction fra nation that needed a strong figure to hep them keep a old on ther identity. However it was Art emergence into French culture that gave the tale some of ts most notable aspects, When Henry I maried Beanor of Aquitaine. the very English word of Arthur was introduced ito the romantic and sublime world of French terature. One of the most famous French writers ofthe perio, Chrétien de Troyes, was enraptured by the idea of the noble warior king and penned new tales of Arthur and his, ‘cour, transforming him from a mighty ‘warrior into a leader of a spitual ‘quest turning his world from one ‘of bod and steel to courtly romance and the search for ‘the mysterious Holy Gail The tonic Holy Grail ist appea in Chieien’s poem Perceval The Story Of The Grail which he claimed was written fom source given to him by Philip. Count of lances, It is unclear whether people in the Medieval era considered Arthur ft, tion ‘ora mixture ofboth, but just 100 years after Monmauthis book was published one person was very keen to demonstrate it was as lose o fact asi coukd be- King Edward. t would have been advantageous forthe king who ld a crusade ofthe Holy Land to prove his connection to the mightiest and most revered kng in Britis history With his spin doctors demonstrating proof that dard was a descendant of Arthur bimsel, it added weight to his right to unite the whole ponulace, and he succesfully subjected a ebeious Wale to English law.In a world where the kingsf ait) PST Bell Geechee eel Pee te erry errr me yey ent eeren na nl ee ney Rte ee here etees eee eee eee eae ecient etree ena eet eee eet pee ret ner eer eg ern ern ai Wee eres ees eee N paren os POSITION KNIGHT OF THE AQUND TABLE CCR TeSRA a ne eee ee eee no Lene ne CURT TSS Se Lancelot began as just one ofthe Knights of Can aa aa COOSA a lec Suen Gy ee ae ea ee ees eee ay (Queen Guinevere i believed to have caused eee eet ens Peer rete Sec ear ney ee ee ee ea Chr es nd poner Cee tens Cree eros heen ere act en tee before ascending to heaveneee tens pete homily Arthurian legendchanged the poltcal ofthe word as we know it This aged the cretion ras that Bian is, for many cay hur we know the tales actualy exist ofthe men ded his tales, But eens War Pethaps the most fematkable tory he > rescued main:Kings & Queens 768 - S14 CE Charlemagn The ‘father of Europe’ and ruler of much of France and Germany, Charlemagne made his name as a king, but left a legacy as the first Roman emperor since the 5th century. ver 300 years, Europe had fallen into darkness. wth the power ofthe pope and the once mighty Roman church beset by enemies, the legacy ofthe western Roman Empice toppled as steadily and as surely as the Caesars had themselves stabity withdrawing lke overstretched legionnaites and knowiedge fading anay tke the crumbling Roman roads that cross hatched the continent Europe needed a strong leader to pull t back from the precipice andit gota brace of them in the form ofthe Carolingian dynasty a family of selfmade kings who stabs thet ands by force. expanded their fonts with trying agression and ensured the primacy ofthe Cristian church atthe point ofthe sword. Yet tough this crucible Liiediaaed Of violence emerged a western Buope eorged to survive another 1000 years ‘By the 6th century, most of what is now France ‘westem Germany, Switzerland, the Nethertands and Belgium was inhabited by the Franks a Germanic trie spit ito several small kingdoms that had rushed ito the power vacaum ft by the al of Rome, These petty principalities had been united not by their monarch - rulers in name only the ris fainéants, the do-nothing kings of the Merovingian dyrasty, had been increasingly Besser tein sidelined by ther own ministers but bytheMayor ofthe Palace, the executive ofthe royal administration who was halfprime minister and hale Shogun-esque warlord, Pepin of Herstal had warred his way to stability between 680 CE and his death in 74 CE, bringing the other Frankish lands to het and taking Christianity to their furthest and most pagan reaches His son, Charles Martel was stronger hand yet. Though Pepin had nominated his grandson a successor, Charles - born out of ‘wedlock anid exclded from the court - as having ‘one oft, and took the not quite throne by force Despite not being Pepin choice of heir, he more than honoured his father’s vision, expanding the centralised control of the Frank lands and expanding his rue further into modern Holland Denmark and Germany with a standing army and revolutionary use of heavy cavalry, the foundation of Europe’ knights. He defeated the pagan Saxons Inthe east and hated the advance ofthe Moors the North African and Spanish Muslims of the Powerful Umayyad Caliphate - wi attempted to follow up their conquest of Spain by pushing across the Pyrenees mountains into France.‘Chales the Hammer’ was even offered high office by the ope, which he declined, bu it was an omen of his srandson's ovn journey to come. Ssoceeding his father Pepin the Short in 768 CE - who had given up the pretence of being anything other than supreme ruler by forcing the lst Merovingian king into a monastery and taking the tite of King ofthe Franks for himself Charlemagne, which means Charles the Great shared the 2al of his predecessors. At war for most (of his lie, Chalemagne took Charles Martel fight against the Moors into northern Spain, continued the conquest ane conversion of the Saxons and launched new campaigns against the Lombards ‘of northern Hal, the Slavs in Croatia and avars in Hungary Leading his personal guard, the scara cavaty, into bate with his sword Joyeuse Chalemagne’s ‘expt have one armoured foot in myth and the other in fact with separating the two being a lifcult task but his journey fom king to the fst Roman emperor since the fl ofthe Roman Empire has itl to do with is legend as awartior king And everything to do with the insecurity of the church, Pope Leo Il succeeded Adrian Ion the day of the previous pontffs burial. so fearful was he that the Frankish king to whor his predecessor owed his lands and safety would feel right to interfere in the election ofthe new pope. Yet, despite is wariness he was quick to bring Rome's most powerful ally on side along with the letter that announced his succession, Leo included the leys to St Peters Basia and the Popes banner. The nots subtle message was that he viewed Charlemagne asthe defender ofthe Holy Se, and trusted him with Rome's protection. The Frank was equally ‘magnanimous in return, congratulating the Pontiff and sending vast ices, the spoils of his war against the Avars, ut not without condition, suggesting that ashe happened toe the stalwart defender of Christian, the pope aa duty to pray forte Frankish armies as they continued ther conquest. Charlemagne would honour his side of this implied bargin, an in return Leo elevated him to an office lft vacant since the Sth century While Leo engaged in his etter viting campaign with the monarch to the north west and used the var lotto become a patron ofthe arts, the family ofthe late Adrian Iaunched a conspiracy o remove him from his post and replace him with his nephew Paschal the rimicerus.On 25 Apil 799 CE, during the procession of ‘The Greater Litanies through the Eternal City, Leo was atacked by atmed thugs who stabbed him in the eyes and attempted to tear outis tongue atthe rot. After dragging him tothe church of San Sikeston Capte and tying to gouge out his eyes agin, the Bodied pope was left unconscious 38a prisoner at the monastery of St Erasmus, Accused of perjury and fornication by his rivals, the wounded but amazingly not blinded or voiceless - Leo fled Rome to Spoleto, 126 lometres (78 mils) noth of the city, where under the protection ofthe Duke of Spoleto be “Charlemagne's journey from king to emperor has everything to do with the insecurity of the church’ 62was able to make his way to Charlemagne at Paderborn in Saxony That sucha loyal servant ofthe Frankish king could be fund so close to Rome. deep within aly’ central Umbra region, neatly underlines the unbalanced relationship of power between the Franks and the Reman Catholie church that had initially caused Leo such anxiety. Though the territory had been given to Rome in 76 after the defeat ofthe Lombards, the king retained the wer to choose the Duke, making papal contol meaningless as tht of the lst Merovingian kings ‘under Charlemagne ancestor. Clearly the threat of political interference fom Charlemagne ad been trumped by that of actual bodily harm, and Leo begged forthe monarchs aid. He had no authority to do so - neither he nor the conspirators in Rome were subjects of the Franks, and no law yet existed that would ‘make bishops subordinate to secular authority With conflict lef in Saxony to pursue, Charlemagne let the matter stew fora year and kept the recovering pontiff a his guest Finally heading to Rome in November 800 CE with a sizeable {and no dout fat threatening) entourage CChalemagne summoned a council of the citys religious authorties and patiently listened to the accusations put to Leo, before allowing the deposed pon to make an impassioned plea of innocence ‘Unsurprisingly, Chalemange tok L's and ordered the conspirators executions, but Leo requested that they instead be exiled, with the "unpopular pope perhaps seeing an opportunity to impress with capacity for forgiveness. Crowned Emperor ofthe Romans on Christmas Day that same yearby the grateful pope, the oficial report insists that Charlemagne was ambushed lke some sort of eary:meeieval surprise party “The kings biographer, the monk Einhard claimed that his bege had such “version [to being crowned Emperor that he declared he would not have st foot inthe church fhe could have foreseen the designs ofthe pope: Birth of the modern Europe eT get) CV) Cy ited “The wat Charlemagne Charlemagne si He his name changed nothing o} the way he conducted his affairs’ les entirely possible that Cha Jemange and Leo Afterall the ides of ning priest hiding a bejeweled imperial crown as fit were a birthday ‘ake too ldierous to contemplate. Documents from his reign reveal that Charlemagne prefested using the title Charles, the most serene Augustus crowned by (God, the great, peaceful Emperor ruling the Roman Empie'raer than the simpler and more often used ‘Emperor of the Romans. ‘These arent eniely the actions of someone with an aversion to ‘the rok and the kings humility ‘may have been as expertly stage managed as Leo's mercy Nonetheless with his rule over the Frankish lands uncontested an his empire secured ‘through sheer military prowess, Charlemagne no more needed t ‘eclare himself Roman emperor tha the fearsome Charles Martel needed tobe king but the vulnerable pope required an jgreement during ther year together. emperor to protect him and avast Empire with the church a its heart. Oly Rome had nostalgia forts lst empire the Franks held their 4th century resistance to Reman rule, and thei oke in dismembering the Roman Empire 35a point of ferce pride Ultimately though, the way Charlemagne signed his name changed nothing of the way he conducted his afar, and the impact of his ascension ~ reluctant or willing - to Europes highest office would take another 150 yeas to make itself uly ki The fs Holy Roman emperor, Otto |, tok the tile in 962 CE and reinvented himself in the Frankish kings image, creating a powerful multi ‘ethnic state and a crown that would endure for ‘over 000 years. Through the Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne rule defined not just the primacy of France as one of Europe's imperial religious and cultural superpowers, but of numerous Austrian, German and Kalan states t ‘career that began for Charlemagne a king of the Franks ended not ust as emperor, but aso as the father ofthe Europe that we ean stil recognise today 63Kings & Queens 549 - $99 CE Alfred the Great Warrior, scholar and king of the Anglo-Saxons, Alfred led a great crusade to unite his kingdom and rid it of Viking invaders Alfred's scholarly skill was unmatched in the British Isles. He could speak and read Latin and established the first school for the nobility nthe dark and frboding landscape of th century England, the Anglo-Saxon civilisation, which had called the Bish Ike home fr 400 yeas, stood atthe brink of collapse ruta warriors descended on English shores frm Dyeanoit Noss irateR Kings & Queens 1122 - 1204 : Eleanor of Aquitaine How the Duchess of Aquitaine survived two husbands and her warmongering children to become the most powerful woman in Europe 11173, Henry I was confronted wth "unbelievable news: tree of his sons had taken ‘up arms in rebellion against him, backed by King Louis Vil of France. To make maters worse they were supported by their mother and his wife, leanor of Aquitaine This act of defiance may have come a a surprise to Henry, but he shoukd have known what she ‘was capable oft. He was aware when he married $leanor that she vasa woman of power, pride and ambition who would not let anything standin the ‘way ofthe greater good fr her or her sons. This fiery temperament and willingness to confront her problems publicly had already caused trouble for ber fist husband. Beaor nas bom ae ofthe org eft ee nto daughters. ‘most powerful men in Europe: ‘they had their mariage ant Wiliam X of Aquitaine. The ERASER. | Eleanor was now aged 28 and in Aquitaine territories were credited with creating RSS Weenteend vast encompassing roughly ‘a Court of Love at Although we might assume quarter ofall of medieval France, ad the kingdoms hada reputation for hosting cultural, religious and material ches. When William ded, she inherited tall Willam had decreed tat King Louis Vio France would act as het guardian inthe event of his death, prompting Louis. who knew an opportunity when he saw (one, to arrange her engagement to his son, Prince ‘Louis with the wedding taking place on 25 July 1137 While Wiliam and Bkeanoc made thei fist trp around France as newlyweds, Louis VI passed away, Between them, Louis Vil and Eleanor now hha France and Aquitaine under ther contol “The match of ertries might have been harmonious but the union between Louis and Eleanor was not a happy one. In her mariage agreement, Eleanor made sure that she retained control of Aquitaine at east until a male heir ree reset) Scr Greenest ars ‘came of age Perhaps more importantly, their personalities were completely incompatible: Eleanor loved to travel and took great jy in the cultural and social opportunities her postion allowed he by contrast, Lous lived and ate simply. and it was obvious to everyone at cout that he was ‘nimidated by Eleanor ‘The death blow to their mariage came when Eleanor insisted on accompanying her husband on the Second Crusade i 147. His faues and thet public arguments led to scandalous rumours about them both and, despite marriage counseling from Pope Eugene Il. Louis and Eleanor grew further and further apart. A male heir might have been ther saving grace, but when thee that she would relish her freedom, Eleanor’s power and possessions put her in avery dangerous postion. When she set ut into the French countryside there was areal danger that she ‘might be kidnapped and forced to marry bby men with designs on he kingsom, She had to make her way through the Lote Valley without ‘being recognised or waylad. she was going to marty again, tis time the decision would be hers. She settled on Henry Plantagenet, At this time, the was the Duke of Normandy, but his plan to take the throne of England, then occupied by King Stephen was about to come to fruition. He was Younger than Eleanor, but his ambition and fiery temperament matched hers, and her power, standing and renovined beauty were attractive 0 him, In 152, Eleanor wrote to Henry and asked dh to marry her instead of mounting his invasion& a cag a “Eleanor Was a woman of power, “4 A" pride and ambition who wouldmnot . B +S Bs let anything stand in the way’of the" \e os 5 . greater good for her or vee. 4 \ Ae cot, - - a. _mh Kings & Queens The Third Crusade nee Rid tok the tone of naan his thoughts tues chy tthe les of war, ad the opportu rset prove mse inthe Tied Cusace Ven an, the satan of yp, ack Serusaln 87 Raced, Free arrose of Germany a King Psp of anc ied forces tothe back he Hoiy tana “he attack goof to 2 were start when Federek rowed whe cosing 2 rer prompting much ofthe Geman forces totum back Homer Pip ad lostrone ois sci ed ea theattack on Acre A seg ensue, with Richard ang nearly ayar after t began. Buta, cima methods of valence ete used eludg the massce of 2.600 msm prisoners event forcing the c's surrender in 91 Sali pad of Richard and Pip oto sack they, but by ths pont Pip ad lost is entsasm 2, ed areas of his compaion, returned home: ico stayed on ut 19, atacking Jeu but he vera resoad that the tne ad come to, He hd become avare tht Jn wat oting hs downfal at hame and, afer 2 Fra stoning vetory at af, he sare 2 ree or roe and sie for England He et behind gary of avoty, but had created a lagen for self as cra Timeline m (© Hleanr of Aquitaine is born ‘of agura and neo fatget nd vicows He Soin een sh favors wa eanor marries Louis ‘hetrasomee rans ‘toed wh en Sof er ursan and ‘henechkng tout {athe des dys ter Speesto mary one te ‘of England He huried to meet her and they were ‘wed on 18 May, uniting the kingdoms of Normandy and Aquitaine. She soon became pregnant. td Louis humiliation would be compounded when Stephen died and Henry was crowned king on 19 December I154 The bustling metroplis of London provided leanot with culture and entertainment. She had Jong been renowned for her patronage ofthe art, and it was a role she continued to pay. Henry was {determined to produce heirs, and although hee frst son, Wiliam, die at the tender age ‘of tree. she bore four lving children bythe end of 158 (Henry, Mati, Willam and Geoffiey),and by 1G? she would have futher three (leaner, Joan and John) ‘They wouk! be his downfall. Henry manoeuvted his tile ike chess pieces, siving and taking away power ‘when i suited him, His eldest Henry known asthe Youn King |was vain, proud and easily manipulated, ‘When his father gave Henry's youngest brother Jol castles that he wanted, Henry et for the court of Louis VI his father in lw Richard’ ebelon was almost certainly fueled by his mother. There have been many reasons sven as to wy Eleanor, who had been at her husband’ side for 20 years, would encourage rebelion his incorigible cheating. for example Aeading to the wellknown story of Queen Eleanor and the fai Rosarmund). The mos likely ‘explanation is that she resented being sidelined, and the fat that Henry clearly wanted contol of ‘Aquitaine. The kingdom was owed to Richard, Eleanor’ favourite child, and she would do anything to protect bis interests Defining moment The Second Crusade 1147-49 Heat ad aed to provide ops re Aqutae Batinsted on saeling wih the ep tea the ihe uncle Pine Raynd of Tous who was farmnee cpl itary ommsnder Rams sang "ha ty were engaged an incestuous ete aed rows wth Louse many toeleve that Eeanor vas ‘ota th Grade In facts Loi who mae the nat eer by misting hate pes ono atk Jerse: The sel ed ao ad ht mags, (© leanor mariesemry bite ot Remand Hes Younger tun she ba they shares comron gan ae sree ered Pero eee Een Core od aa enc © Henrys crowned King rae teronond Kg stepten des hoorg ‘ehescoronton ang Egan thet cf Nomar Saute and Bodooense leanor rode out to join her three sons atthe court of her first hushand from Poitiers She understood the danger that she was in, and disguised herself as a man in an attempt to avoid recognition. I did not work. She was captured and atest, and the scandalous news about her open tebelion against her husband became public knowledge. She remained impsoned at Chinon unt the rebellion was over and some ‘months after. and her husband crushed his sons uprising In July 1174 he had her moved to Salsbury Castle Although she was kept ‘comforable and made the occasional public appearance, she was moved from caste to castle and was ‘not allowed to leave England Most stessingly, she was not permitted to visit her homeland of Aquitaine ‘The years passed, and Henry the Young King continued to prefer the company of foreign monarchs. Heny I attempted to eiy im in 182 by forcing Richard and Geoffrey to pay homage to him, Richard, now Duke of Aquitaine refused, and the ‘Young King rebelled. was a poorly thought out campaign, ending with his death on 11 June of ‘dysentery Henry I then requested that Richard sive Aquitaine to John. Richard refused once more and Henry released Eleanor and instructed his son to surrender Aquitaine back to his mother. When CGeotrey died in 186, his close friend King Philip of France began to plot war against Henry I He began negotiating with Richard, andthe Duke (of Aquitaine did homage tothe King of France in 188. A year later, they attacked Henry's teritory together Stunned, the king acknowledged Richard before his death Erect | Eeanorisimprisoned Soot the on ‘ern ery eps ‘Sener oss ner ‘ae slow he torake Spesrances corse ferodarg ht ve tm cou Ses mane fromeate toc‘With Richard now on the throne of England, "leanor returned to power once more Richard ‘understood that he was in an unstable situation, and needed someone he could trust to keep a hold ofthe reins while he was away. Ekeanor was the Perfect choice. Her years of imprisonment had not ‘dampened her wits, and she remained fiercely protective of her son. Soon after he was crowned ‘0 13 September 1188, Richard joined the Third Crusade with Philp while Eleanor kept a close eye ‘on her ambitious son, fh, [Not only did Eleanor watch over her sons kingdom while he was away, she travelled all over Europe to promote thee diplomatic interests. She journeyed over the Alps inthe depths of winter of 1910 accompany Berengaria of Navarre ffom Pamplona to Sicily to marry Richard. Eleanor understood how powerful her reputation was, and took the opportunity to conduct Gliplomatic business on her travels, impressing foreign cours with her presence. Cf her return to England, she had to deal with John, When Wiliam Longchamp, the man who Defining moment Richard is captured 1192 Ric was ava that his journey ame the Tid ‘Crusade wasnt ping to be easy. He had case fence them Spl and mariage alan, a is bt enduct, ‘sar neers Hite a i of a vere ‘ret foci hi to sera nthe Ara ad Journey aos land He was eaughn Vienna where ‘esr peor esp di fo German per em VL was kept pesoe nd 4 ett 138, ‘shen Elen anchor 100000 ma, ‘eMenry demands retum © Richards crowned ‘tagutaine oer moss When refsesto thump eum ‘re hatane ts ater Sohn ery knows be wi cnt isten tare paso Frnt Canoe force terequest forthe retum ef Feta ares. tReet oer wen Heny ies sown the feocous chrom the cromn form Sto lett on py ser tite rean aay nes ay eager PSPC maar Pose ened age of 82 and had reeling Fore children had been left in charge ofthe country’s security, filed in his tas, John eap atthe chance to condemn him and was appointed governor in his Place It was only Eleanor control ove her son that kept outright revolution at bay but Richard was captured while attempting to return home from the Crusades in November 1192 She oversaw the attempts to free her son, including the raising ‘of ransom money and she delivered the payment in person to Germany. Perhaps more impressive, she convinced the proud Richard to submit othe [Emperor as his vassal o secure his feedom, Having returned, Richard forgave John and secured his allegiance but tragedy struck when, ‘in 199, he was morally wounded atthe siege of CChahisChabrol castle. Eleanor rode across France to beat her son's deathbed, John was naw king of England, and Eleanor di not let his past actions lect her behaviour She helped to secure his kngsom by recruiting mercenaries to crush the rebellion of his grandson “Arthur, and securing the tritores of he son land herself She continued to travel in the interests of diplomacy, making final trip to northern Spain ‘where she had chosen one of her grandchildren tobe the bride of king Philips son, ‘Louis. Eleanor lived to the age of 82, continuing to act Inthe interests of her son and (of Aquitaine. When she died, icwas a heavy loss to both. Her fiery temperament and Berce protectveness of her children hal propelled Richard Into power and kept Jon int She had been a diplomat and an icon, a ‘prisoner and a patron ofthe arts, nt to mention the most powerful woman in Europe. fe tleanorwansports Richard des Seren honor Ira ter ets to Beara proves tephstredom out of ‘Spec sn etn ‘meric he wrmongeg She gees Tettnspot Sores mraryherson intone Geman te are sae to ‘im when be des. eapalnigs Desprererae Borer pe indoles sso She weaned ote Patty Ws enemies Iathesenturrestoher "ost per amon Sand eestor ineuope Eleanor of Aquitaine Life in the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine Thomas Becket is assassinated Henry vl might have severed Enlaces we Rome tut Heya sa ese Fae deae He wanted England to have Tore dependence om the pope, Sut ‘ecbshop af Canterbury Thomas Beet refused tog he egal documents, an thir ‘sareementsworened On 29 December 170, Becket was brutal murdered in Canterbury Cathe The first troubadours The frat historcal we of te word troubadour to be found neh century te Octan region of southern France. The voubadours wer al pets ‘who parfomed tar sorgs often t curt about ove and chivalry. They have og been ssocted with Eleanor of Aqua The Knights Hospitaller ‘legendary fing unt wa fomedin the ia yar ofthe i century, re were ey to bath the Secon ar Tied Crusades The Kegs Hosptallr, or Kgs of Sto, were mnie who wou tend tthe wounded 2d dying Defoe becoming he own itary ‘nd revs order The ere ranks were te bots inmarns, bothers raplons and the mitary brothers First leper hospital Disease nd sickness were tevin roses inthe Mile Ages, and ane of te most Seg oars one yee essed ae at ot ofthe cy but there were excepts The st eared leper spl was St Georges outst of Copenogen where i persed fom 109 The longbow is developed Warfare and technology undereent 2 evolution during the tt entry. from span, were he Somer: eds to serve te Shogun to Wakes, there thathstoran lew te fet ngtow was vented whic woud nr yas rove ccm England's wars agaist — ot enor dies © serene Abby were iste thre orgs tetova on on1167 - 1216 King John Revolt, treachery, excommunication: how the last Angevin king, born to inherit nothing, won and lost an empire tanding upon the banks ofthe Thames in the water meadow at Runnymede on 15 June 1215, would have been difficult forking John, brother of Richard and inherit of the Angevin Empire, to not reflet upon the events that had led him there. With lands lost in France, civil war dividing the kingdom, London fallen to rebel barons and a damaged relationship vith the church, Jot was forced to sign a treaty that would redce the crowns power and grant new Yightsto church and stat The fifth and youngest on of Henry f and Eleanor of ‘Aquitaine, fohn was nicknamed Lackland by is father as the chances of him inheriting significant lands seemed slim This was a nickname that would sin an ironic twist towards the end of his eign, Johns fortunes changed in 1173 however, when three of his boxes, ‘Young’ Henry Richard and Geoffrey, revoked agains ther father in protest at Henry's proposed ‘distibution of lands among his sons. Te rebelion filed and John became the favoured son, a status that led to his appointment as Lord of Ireland in 1177 and opened up the possbility of becoming her to his fathers throne, Buti was noe tobe attempts to alter the plans for succession inthe wake of Young Henry’ death {in 183 angered brother Richard, who refused bis father’s request o pass the Duchy of Aquitane to Jon. Though forced to reconcile a the time, the hostility between Richard and his father remained, and Richard ultimately went on to seize the throne six years later, Richard left England to jin the Third Crusade buying John’s loyalty in is absence with lands and tits, John used this time to develop his own Power and influence, taking advantage of growing tensions between Richards appointed fcals by brokering promises of support with England nobles and proposing analliance with King Philip I of France. failed atempt to seize the cron for himself in 1123 resuled in John losing many of his tiles upon Richard's return, Fortunately for John, Richard forgave him, seeing the attempted rebellion as tle ‘more than a youthful indiscretion. The final yeas of Richard eign saw an outwardly loyal Jon work hard to reclaim favour in his bothers court and win back much ofthe power held lost. Following Richards death in 199, Jon was favoured over Arthur, John's nephew and Richards stated het, and crowned king. Arthur withdrew to France swearing fealty to Philp, wile ohn settled into his new role 38 king ‘The Angevin Empire established by his father ane! maintained by Richard, now comprised the Kingdom of England, pars of Ireland and around half of France including the duchies of Normandy Gascony and Aquitane this was terstry that Philip intended to bring back under French rule\ ail Cc aonKings & Queens “With England and Aquitane secured against possible French attack, John focused on building his forces” ‘The Magra Carta was a docuent rate to satsy te gevancesof Ergon bron and the cha by cleat deiins tor ris and responsable, wells hoe ofthe ling. The agreement covered such tops ste ging of hein marope ada widows gt choos oto remary, he handing of et folowing $cebtors dexh andthe noduction of andar weights ar meats for wine dle com ane ot ‘Of preci note though were the proms that no free man woul be Imprisoned exe by awl justice, nor oul they be dies the ight to juste. Thar were ao restrictions laced on ‘he se of tration by he ig nd Fis barns, incluing the formation of 2 counelthat cold sprove eect proposed tats and montr the kng’s omance wth te terms of he ter ‘Aitough he carter was uta rected by both John ae the reba aor, oul ter be evsed 2nd renstated after he ings det, Mary of sect lean ict in raion to his. Timeline bs Sntatsig © fatertetined Ee oe FEET Icy ——Hempteed noone In 1200, John’s th-yar mariage to Isabella, Countess of Gloucester, was annulled so that he could mary Isabella of Angouléme, parking a dispute that would define the rest of his reg Conflict eruped along Normandy’ easter border between John and Hugh de Lusignan,sabellas {en-fancé. de Lusignan’s subsequent appeals to Plip over Johns actions, and Johns refusal to answer Philips summons left the French king with ite choice but to punish John, He seize Normandy and reassigned Joh lands in France (of which Philip was recognised 3s feel overlord to Arthur, The loss of Normandy, and with it the majority of England's continental tertory was unacceptable, and John was determine to take it back, ‘whatever the cost With England and Aquitane secured against possible French attack, Jolin focused on building his forces ready to recapture the lst lands in France, This required ‘money and Jeln put more and more pressure ‘on the English barons to provide the Finances he ‘needed, breeding increased discontent among the barons. particulary those inthe north who fek far removed from John’s campaigns in France Baronial unrest delayed John’ attempt to mount an expedition to Normandy in 1205 forcing him to depar for France with a much smaller military ae Defining moment Rebellion against Richard I 1193-1194 se aes sana fica sd Inprecast by apr ieny Viv turing he a ren yap th {own hms. Opposed the er wo we ty ehar Jr bein neces site hn oon Rea © An unhappy union ‘ero abs Soh cownes ‘acer Howeve, Suoparted ‘Sauna thee eg ates consumed are dere ‘ePaper ba reo tentontoe Mors cin ‘crn ger tometione, Senet treaty of Le Goulet epee Sones eroecmoais roam presence than he had hoped fr. Further funds were needed to forge alliances with Renaud of ‘Boulogne, Count Ferdinand of Flanders and Otto 1, John’ nephew and aspirant tothe crown ofthe oly Roman Empire in Germany. With these ales John hope o push forward with his atempt to retake Normandy from Philp, but in 1212 once ‘again his progress was halted by unrest in England, Seeing an opportunity, Philip sent his son ‘Luis to invade Flanders with the aim to push on to Englands shores, Redeploying his forces to meet this new thea, Jon destroyed Louis fleet, but agin his plans had been disrupted and further taxes were levied to keep John’s ‘campaign in France viable. The whole series of event pushed tensions back home closer and closer to breaking point John’s final French campaign ‘began in 124, though twas with significantly diminished suppor fom many English barons, who refused to supply soldiers foe John’s war effort. In ther place, mercenary regiments were hired to strengthen Joris armies. ‘The nial stages ofthe campaign progressed well - John pressed Louis forces and retook Anjou but was forced to retreat when the local Angevin robles, whose loyalty Ly with their feudal rd Philip refused to advance with im. The final ‘low to Joris hopes of retaking Normandy came 5s to bow — © Treaty ofteoulet © Wedding bells Sar Sedeathnete senate Greeters emandy recone hp esses Ss ‘Rnroumfor P's fig ren ‘tb usgrars oer Sots eon to mary he sed-eape el ch Arete. ToL Goutat the Battle of Bouvines in July in which Pip ‘defeated John’s ales under the leadership of Oto IV. Otto was deposed, Renaud and Ferdinand were ‘captured, and Philp took contol of Brittany and Normandy. John was forced to concede defeat, sign peace treaty and return to England News ofthe failed campaign di ite to settle the growing tensions in England and soon barons in the North and East were organising resistance to Johns rule John aranged discussions with the rebels though whether this was born from ‘genuine wish to reconcile or an attempt {ostll any potential confict until he hha received official support from Pope Innocent I, was unelar By the time Innocent’ letters rived, the rebels were ready to act, marching on London. The ‘capital fellas did Lincoln and Exeter, and the rebels successes prompted more barons to throw their tin against the crown, John’ postion was desperate, and ‘with his only option being to agree to peace talks, a meeting was arranged. The date was 15 June 1215. The place, Runnymede ‘The peace agreement created by tepen Langton, rchbishop of Canterbury, would ter bbe known as the Magna Carta and it would shape English aw fr years to come in addtion to resolving baronial complaints, the charter defined ‘the rights and freedoms ofthe barons, the citizens the chureh and the king The king’ ability 0 impose taxation was restricted, the church would ‘be allowed to appoint is own officials without fnterference anda council of barons would be formed to monitor the king’ adherence to the charter in return, the rebels were to surender London to John and withdraw ther forces. oma or rea renetsen rs Defining moment Excommunication November 1209 orn» ape wie met ioe chs ‘Soman Aough Jt els by seine Eels tran mney hy the cach Earn ey ‘Sas eon ates Taowrbne ech ins Inet omen ‘ener pron dong te eh om stg ow au dh Bae ern sha ue proce retay fone ‘The charter filed. The rebels, believing John would not aide by the agreement, refused to stand dow In turn, ln claiming to have signed the charter under duress, sought help fom Pope Innocent Il, who declared the charter to be ‘shameful demeaning legal and unjust” and excommunicated the rebel batons. The tage was set for the Fst Baron’ Wat Faved with the strength of fons armies, the “English barons sought assistance from another ‘quarter - Prince Lous of France. The ebels hha ealysuocesses, taking the castes at Rochester and Canterbury and ining contol of much of Kent. Jolin enjoyed similar success ‘against the northern barons and Alexander Ilo Scotland and won control of many ofthe isputed northern tetris. ‘With the north contained and rumours of Louis imminent rival in the south, Jn turned back to meet the coming threat ‘Louis landed in Kent in May 1216, and marched on London unopposed, though his attempts to take Daver and Windsor by siege proved unsuccessful. John withdrew to Winchester before pushing towards Cambridge and north in an attempt to divide the rebels of Lincolnshire and East Anglia With Alexander It marching south to pledge his support to Louis, Sohn turned west once ‘more, enduring a disastrous crossing ofthe Wash’ estuaries, which saw much of his baggage train incading the crown jewels disappear ‘By the time John reached Newark Castle he was suitlerng from dysentery and could go no further He died there on 18 October 1216 His kingdom, a pale reflection ofthe empire it had been 16 years ele, passed into the hands of bis hei. Poel Defining moment down the law vine Ris orcad ito xno action by both he church and Engel en oi ssh Magna Casta Runnymede ageing aie bys esis on yal ower andthe edo sats the hutch al he fans These cnenants weld shape Englands as entre to come Jon woul >on clam the care was ‘rl an ned nde des pomting te bros "ein potest and leading tothe Pst Bos Wat Life in the time of King John Soldiers of fortune Soba made extensive veo frign imercerares. Tow more expensive to {enpoy, mercenary conengents cul ht eatround. 8y comparison, esd woop were Festi by hued term sevice, prow rene tata feb, Scutage Seats afm of oto a alowed 3 fers by hs way out rita seve Sos ue fsctag ete om f ietatn at tines when he rest of aly footie was ot appret sor of many Sources of date songs bors Dysentery Dyer the Md Apes ied by alc of proper senape crea. par nero typen arn aban ef spat oes Deter spproved vestments fercaemery ae ne ee osining Dany ter ga ee The Feudal System Feodatsm masa tered order of governance, from the tng down nstated by Wii in 1066, when vied te estycanquered Saxon ans among hs barons the system Persecution of the Jews Many Jews ofthe Mile Ages et sant weath and acted as mney lenders. They were wield by the nobly and hee Protection under the g tthem vulnerable to en tataton whenever the roan nese torase emergency foes ———— saraoremin Seema Settee = a Ree iteoucttme tan Serato is cy fo merist Deathot aking © irene war safe te Gwar euptsin artery Jn England sone at wari Cote Inmocendecres Rumour the me eng abate dt Chetan Tay thresh froma sean ee Thebsronereok, “ste peaceKings & Queens 1455-1487 Henry V1 and the War of the Roses In war, blood is power, blood is family, blood is everything. England's War of the Roses split a country in two and saw the rise and fall of no less than four monarchs was 1453 and England was stil at war with old enemy France. Since the legenda of King Henry V the wartoe King who spied he blood ofthe noble enemy in s the niece ofthe French King Charles incourt and secured England’ claim tothe ass feuding court nobles, with Henr tactically important province of Normandy, both towing to both and leaving the afatsof England seat western powers had been fighting nonstop, and is estate ina paralysing limo. Amid this Back in England, Henry VI rnancombatant - was busy being dominated by his powerful and ruthless wife M shy, pious and with England skowly but surly being pushed back toward the English Channel. English King Henry Vis military affairs were being overseen by the Duke of Somerset Edmund Beaufort. an experienced miltary commander who was about to sulle the gnobity of losing Bordeaux and leaving Calas a5 England’ onty remaining terry on the shores of mainland Europe turmoil a yeat previously the Duke of York Richard Planagenet, had traveled to London with an army to present the cour with ast of grievances that they and the king were failing to adress. This Potentially explosive situation had been handed by Margaret and with the news that she pregnant, it helped tore isolate York to leave the capital with his tail between his gs.OT RU BL LadKings & Queens When King Henry VI vas told ofthe inal loss of Bordeaux he sufered a mental breakdown, Completely unaware of who be was, what was sing on around him and how to act toward people, Henry finally let the lst tentative grip of contol he had over England sip though his fingers. No longer was Henry the softly spoken and ous king of ol, but instead a dazed halfman, stumbling around his home and cour, unable to speak cogently and lable to sudden bouts of Inystena and aggressive confusion. Henry ethereal grasp on reality would go onto last an entre year. Margret deat with him as best she could, shieking him from the cicing vukues at court and making all decisions regarding the rule ofthe nation for him, However, even she couldn shield him from his own demons, with the king repeatedly heard screaming in the depths of night and continuously stricken with bouts of amnesia. When Margaret eventually gave birth to their son Edward, Henry's mental state was 0 deteriorated he dint recognise him. Due 82 to this incapacity, even his wilful and powerful wife Margaret was unable to stop the return ofthe Duke of York and his supporters, a group that now ‘nchided Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick ne of Englands major financial and political powers. A Council of Regency was set up and power taken by Richard as Lord Protectr of Enea. (Once installed he immediately imprisoned his ‘old enemy, the Duke of Somerset, and backed all ‘nobles opposing Henry, shifting the balance of court in his favour. The weak king had seemingly been deposed ‘While the king was stil alive-even fhe was sometimes litle mote than a gbbering wreck = Richard’ position was always perlous and when, ‘on Christmas Day 1454, Henry suddenly and ‘inexplicably regained his senses the balance of power inthis game of thrones shifted yet again. ‘The king had gone from not being able to recognise anyone, laughing maniacalyon his own to the {quiet and shy ruler of old almost veright. With Henry now recovered, his queen lost time in challenging York foc the throne and quickly re-established Henry and herself athe centre of court Never one to shy away from a confonttion and well aware ofthe danger he presented - the ‘queen began scheming to remove Richard from his reduced but stlinfluntalpesition,clluding with other nobles to discredit him and undermine his power and influence. Margaret knew how to work the politcal system, Which relied largely on the noble households Richard soon found himself increasingly bypassed when it came to decisions relegated aay fom {London and, harried by Margate at every tur, he found his alles slipping away. Finally in ea 15S, be decided that enough was enough and anticipating impending arrest fr teason raised an army and marched toward London. By the Standards ofthe military might that was to come this army of roughly 7000 men may have been smal but there was nothing smal in the statement that it made the bate lines between the two great noble houses of England and their supporters had been drawn and the country hel its breath preparing tobe plunged heads into chaos Richard Plantagenet was now not just contending for contol at court but asthe nation’ king. and his loyal nobles gathered round him as the leader and figurehead of the House of York. Opposing im directly was Margret of Anjow and her king, with the former now effectively the leader ofthe House of Lancaster. While the split in suppor forthe two ‘opposing sides wasnt ust decided by geography ‘Completely unaware of who he was, Henry finally let the last tentative grip of control he had over England slip through his fingertips"Henry VI and the War of the Roses: Battle for the Throne ‘The key players in the bloody quest for ultimate power York Theft cadet ranch ofthe patent House of Tudor tthe dose of the The secondaf wo nor rachesof_exeiton ofthe eters son. ard Howse of Parapet descended Wats ofthe Roses. themahty oy Howse of Plantagenet, Pce of Wales by the val House of ownthe aleine of he house fom Msn suppertrs Pike of We the use of Lancaster was ceed York ing te Wars of he Roses. Erman Lagy. test Duke of Lor ot and eso York whe exainent of te Eardom Main supporters Ear of Lancaster, Yorkandthe four uringson of Cverce cee Ff Lancaster by Hey of Eland” Leceste Moray. Ferrers Oey. king or Tre of eee: Eblom: Ate se ini26. From that ate the Howse of Sslsbuy Linch Duke of Lancaster ownthe aes became tgs ofthe Cam othe tone: Rehr (neater proved Erland wih tree Emblem: Ated oe. County The house cone snend—Paragee was descende om King king Hey Henry Vand Henry Clan to the Uvone: ts fguehead when ery Toor extabished he Edward \ibeore becoming eric wh the was Hey the olson of Henry fa Duke of York it YY King of England { Richard Plantagenet Henry VI Date bi 21 Sepamber an Osteo birth 6 December 2 Strengths: Power and wel conecte Strengths: Son ofthe por and popular inert Inge estates and infuence Hen We marie wel tothe Freeborn England France, Morpret of Ar, was general consiered Wenn Ase flay etn benevolent and pious led him verconiece. ensure Ms Westneue Bouts of ppg mnt ‘umdext nace deen he ines ow ngdom led by oes =m Ste of wat thing ie for ete peso Se Se POWER RATING © © © @ owen narine. © & [Rpg Gesmncommon (oo Ss Queen Consort he Queen Consort Elizabeth Woodville " V Margaret of Anjou Date of beh a7 Date of ith 23 March 90 Strengths: Poca sk; maried we above er ttn, aggravating teary’ Tal and was renowred Beouty Weaknesses: Ho powerful enough to ald the tre for her chet Pe power beusuped by Ly Magaet Powen marine: © © oO) Strong: Paisionate prod and strong wile Margaret proved the House of “aie he scheming and utes ruler Hen Vale abe ‘Weaknesses: Ovesteppea her power level the Bt of Tewkesbury. ng ‘oer tmat fl rom ace snd power POWER RATING: &3 & & Pm Earl of Warwick { & Duke of Somerset { 9 Richard Neville Edmund Beaufort Date of birth 22 November 1428 Date of bith 1406 Strengths: rnc pltican Strong. Head fone ofthe most lad, be deposed two kings 1 ar the lnflentl fms in England Experenced reine he karate ‘ed espected by Ns pees Weaknesses: Let hs dominant positon ‘Weaknesses: Por temperament st Be Engl cout be padualy erodes ‘more bates than he woe» personal intr yrs eto drectng is oes ‘onard Fane. POWER RATING: OOO © fea wth tbe Ou of York Bt ole out of ha. PoweR marine: C3 € €3 83Kings & Queens Two Houses Divided Follow the family trees of two historic nobles’ houses oes House of York -} __ House of Lancaster Anne Richard of De Mortimer Conisburgh“Richard Plantagenet was now not just.a contender for control of England but also its ae) as the leader and figurehead of the House of York" nberhn 85Kings & Queens The Bloodiest Battle: Towton ‘Towton was not only the most brutal battle of the War of the Roses but also one of the most decisive. These are its climactic events: Edward joined forces once more with his father's old ally, ‘the Kingmaker' Warwick, and rode forth toward the north armed with a deadly army of over 30,000 men’B.Henry flees ctaecape ser Lancaster — Troops: 35000 Losses: Unknown (oa ead across bath ‘eri: 28,000) }- Leader: Henry Strengths: stone ‘lato the tone of Enda, beng the ony hilo kre Henry V. Weaknesses Pera of debian sanity. Also ‘que shy ad unsited ‘omartre Key supporter: uke of somerset ‘tenet: Experienced tary commoner with Steady juigerer. ‘Weaknesses Plt brteur hada ab for Ssatchirg Ses | Secondary unit Feteoter ‘Strengths: Numerous and gt hers when onthe betel. Weaknesses: Not vays wo eared or fenupped enough York ‘Troops: 30.000 Losses: uninown (oa dead across bath dere: 28,000) Leader: edward w of egand Strengths: cteme'y capable ane ding rity ener Good fighter on he batts Weaknesses: Poot forest and inconsiter pote! sudgerent Key supporter: ard auconberg Strengths: sales rary commander and righ Potcaty say Weaknesses: Dey nd mercenany. Secondary unit: Longbow Strengths: ablous ‘ange and stoping power with amour ‘Weaknesses Vuerble Inimlee combat nc Inetfctven poor sity consis. Henry VI and the War of the Roses postion -but once again Henry Vi recovered his ‘ental strength and took his royal progress (our) into the Midlands in 1456, establishing his court sn Coventry. By this point, the country effectively had two different kings, an unsustainable tate of flats. n this court, the tied Duke of Somerset, Henry Beaufort was emerging as the favourite with plans struck by him and Margaret to roll ack the appointments York had made while Lord Protector and to degrade Warwicks influence ‘on sat affairs The situation was balancing on knife’ edge one sudden move, one perceived Threat. and the whole country would rapidly descend ino allout civil war Te took three years, but that the peace would end was as inevitable asthe sun rsing in the morning and setting the evening. The move that would ‘hatter the precarious peace came in 1459, when ‘York and Warwick were summoned to a royal ‘oun in Coventry by Henry VI and Margaret and, fearing ful play and a potential threat to their lives refused to go. instead grouping togetber with their supporters a the statically vital Ludlow Castle right on the Welsh border. This was the stating pistol forthe beginning of the bloodiest civil war England had ever seen. The Batle of lore Heath was fst, then the Battle of Ludtord Bdge follwed by the Bate of Northampton and the Battle of Wakefield, Each new bloody ‘confrontation saw thousands of men smash into ‘ach other, each thrust with a dagger ora sword that hit home a blow to the hear of the House of Lancaster or York. The balance of power shifted idly from ane house tothe other, but sometimes imo nothingness, with no real victor or contaling stake identifiable The Many Wars of the Roses Bop eteteen csieene) Oe et geet) Wakefield 20 becember 460 Tewkesbury 4 may 1471 Meee toeeg cit Cer ee enrd SedKings & Queens War of the Roses tS erm tl How has literature and film once een cate tei oe Roses vom Peete erate) Eaten ene These battles didnt ust see commoners cut own in ther thousands; fr Richard Plantagenet, the Duke of York. Wakefield would be his final resting place Decades of warfare had finaly caught ‘up with him, With Richard slain in bale and his second son Edmund and ally Richard of Salsbury captured and executed, Wakefield was one ofthe Jnugest Lancatran victories ofthe War ofthe Roses and a boon forthe ageing but powerful Margaret of Anjou. Following Wakefiek, the House of Lancaster pressed on, with ther army returning south, ‘outmanoeuvting Warwiel’s Youkst army and

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