‘TING AND TAILING LUGS Zo$> » ¢, G, H, J, K Se MPNECor 4HzremapoOD 2 oS os i a a a < fer Cee ong UST OF SYMBOLS shackle dimension width of lug plate centroidal distance lug plate width at the pin, bott circle diameter lift load at each lug tailing lug load vessel wall stress factor dimensions of lug plate number of bolts for the nozzle dimensions of trunnion lug thickness lug plate thickness collar plate thickness thickness of vessel shell weld size weight of vessel section modulus angle of vessel from horizontal stress ratio, 0, /o, allowable bending stress allowable bearing stress allowable shear stress allowable tensile stress vessel stress allowable stress in the weld bending stress in lug plate due to angle © angle of lft cable from vert. 204A. PURPOSE This design guide describes methods of selecting and designing aifferent types of lifting and tailing devices for use in the erection of pressure vessels. B. ' CODES AND STANDARDS : Since lifting or tailing lugs are non pressure retaining structural members, vessel codes or standards are not applicable in the design of these lugs. Good engineering practice and the recommended procedures given in the AISC Stee! Construction Manual are all that are neeved. C. TYPES OF LIFTING/TAILII Besides slings and attachments improvised in the field, lifting lugs for towers, reactors and other pressure vessels can be broadly classified into (1) the ear type, (2) trunnions, and (8) the top nozzle blind type. See Fig. 1. By far the most common are the ear type lifting lugs. These are usually installed at the top of the vessel and can be used for most vessels, especially large towers. Because of their location, interference with vessel appurtenances, such as platforms and ladders below the top head is not very critical. See Section ~ 1. When a tower is unusually tall, $0 that iting it will require a large crane and/or a long boom, or will produce excessive bending stress in the vessel as a beam, the trunnion type lifting lugs may be more suitable. These are attached to the vessel! shell some distance down from the top head. In using this type of lugs, the interference of the lifting cables with external ladders, platforms, nozzles, etc. attached to the vessel above the lugs, from the lying dawn to the up-right position of the tower should be carefully checked and avoided. See Section. 2. Most heavy wall vessels have a large and strong nozzle located at the center of their top head. With ‘a special boited attachment, this nozzle can be used for the erection of the vessel. This type of lifting blind is especially attractive when there are several vessels with the same size and rating top nozzles, so that one such lifting blind can be used on all of them. Even if the top nozzles were of different size, a special lifting blind can usually be designed to adapt it to more than one nozzle size. The advantages of the top nozzle lifting blind are economy, little interference with vessel appurtenances, and elimination of welding to the vessel which can cause stress risers that are undesirable in some critical vessels. See Section, 3. In uprighting a vessel from the horizontal to its vertical position, a pivot point, which is also capable of sliding toward the vessel foundation, is needed. This point can be provided simply and relatively inexpensively by 2 tailing lug. The design of tailing lugs is described in Section 4. . 2101, EAR TYPE LIFTING LUGS. (FIG. 2) 1.1 In designing a lifting lug, the first thing to do is to determine the lift load. Normally a vessel is lifted in the empty state, but in recent years, the trend has been to lift it fully dressed. That means the vessel will have insulation, some piping and all non-interfering ladders and platforms installed on it during lifting. Whatever the méthod of erection, determine the lift weight, W, multiply it by an impact factor, and then divide it by two to obtain the lift load, F, for each lug. The impact factor can vary from 1.25 to 2.0. The commonly used value is 1.50. Thus: a) 1.50" 0.750 50% =0.75 When the lift employs a tailing jug, the lt load is reduced in proportion to the relative distances of the lifting and tailing points from the center of gravity of the vessel. However, when the column is nearing its vertical position, the tailing device is going to be removed. Then the lifting load will be as calculated in Eq. (1). __ 1.2 _Inlifting, the field uses standard shackles with safe working load ratings determined trom the minimum breaking loads with a safety factor of 5. Based on the lift load from Eg. (1), choose a shackle size from Table 1. _1.3. The dimensions of the shackle selected will determine the lug pin diameter, d, the jug thickness, T, at the pin joint, and the lug projection, L, to provide clearance between the shackle and the vessel. The lug pin diameter can also be determined based on its shearing strength as in ff1.6 below. 1.4 Although the lug pin may be conservatively sized so that it can take some bending as weil as shearing, it is best to keep the difference between the shackle dimension, G, and the lug thickness, T, to a minimum, usually from 3/32" to 3/16". 4.5 The width of the lug plate, D, at the pin is set equal to 3d minimum. “4,8 Lug Design (See Fig. 3 for different failure modes) 1. Determine lug pin diameter from either the commercial shackle size , 1.3) or 2F . 2F waists | a (=) @ 212. Determine lug plate thickness t from ® F : Bae <7 ¢ 3. Find lug thickness. T = t + 2t,, to suit the shackle 1.3) or from @) Fg me arin? aa, 1p 4. “If collar plates are not used, t, = 0, then t = T, and the lug pin may have to be checked for combined shearing and bending loads, espevially where T< (@) Dy Increase in rameter due ro load Wi-Ws 13+ We =, 4 Dy SLED 3183 (000) $] = LAL UL) Decrease in chameter due fo load Ws 1s: = 2OTAAWSRA by FL (2) Elongatian of StreA due 7 load We rs =2HWsR 4/-4~#8 .0784.(Ws-Ws)R3_ 07t4 Ws RR? _ 2WER €L fL AE 20372 WiR? _ Ws, 07AEWSR? z A Pe The tirst term on rhe aght side 13 small compared ~ the second term, and can be neglected. Miz 2Ws or Wert ZarFrom Reark, Maemeat in the ring due to atuard lead fs. My *NG- WSR 2387 C03 %-.5.309% 4.1892 Bara Xt/ esx] Moment due te inward [oad 13+ Me -WgR 1.2387 cosla-xy-8 sin 0-2) 4.18 92 [OT -IT A) amiees ar-xy = WSR [2387 C088 -. SIE FE92 LT MSAK r/4cesxp] Ne Strut | Strut | x MM Me M22 | M=Mithz O |. 1/94 WR |-.0398 WR \p.2368 WR | F796 WR (% __'t.0099 WR |-.0243 WR i 7.01/78 Wik |-.0/8# WAR | 1 _|-0449 WR |4.0/24 WR 0898 WR 0325 WER We _|-0454 WR | +.0454W.R | 0908 WR o [2% | 0128 WR | 4.0489 Wik 0248 WR | [2% _|7.0243 wie |-.0099 Wik | 1.0086 WR|-0/44 WR) |W ) 7.0398 WR |-.194 WR | 4.0796 WR \-.0796 WR 29%Sample Problem Gwen: Clumn €0°0.4100°O T/T plus 1 # skirt WE with ways. vasulatien ard platlorms = 3S Alps Grter of gravity : $0 4b trom base. Vessel phi chness: Le" typ third, 8 milla third, and Fa" botem third. Shirt FB. LA pound MA) pear rhe Fop head. (8) $5—-60' from base. Regurreds Lifting lug design A) Ear Type tithing Lug Max. bt load (verteal, falling Joad 70) Fa Fxi3sx15 = jot Aplbg (46 Feas//ug) Horiz. ltr load = oe =f x /35 x1. Sx BS = 45 Kips / hig Fiem Table |, a s12¢3" anchor shackle 13 reguireds S- 3A" (pin) Glgrp)= 5. +. Use lug thick. 7 = WB Frem ao ), Jug plate thickness tsbieg ~iicsato 05? ee 14 plete , 23¢Gllar plate rhick. t= F948 V4)=18/. Use Assume dimension L =/2". Then Feors Eg.t5), Width of ug plate “62 $e =10.9" Lee 127 Since OF 1s tehen ty be 22 ksi, ancl OF + 204hs/ A= Cee = 11 \ Max. combined stress in the fag plate occurs at Om tan” $B. = tan" BE = 10.4" BSD 10K? | & 65x12 cas loa . Gmbined stress = Wi ti GS = 0.54 + 16,09 = 16.6 ksi < 20 ksi we OR Assume a weld length La =14" and a weld size Ly= fe" From E99), fer vessel in the horiz. positon, shear stvess in lug attachment weld = 24 o7 242018) 105] = 3.2 ksi Centrordal distance C*UGR HAL Moment about weld centrord 24S (/2t/4-4-9)= 950 Ink." Pilar mem. of meta of weld =2 [ensele? 105214 (7-A9) [POSR1248.9* + 210.5418 67 eiue* = /0/0 in.* solo _ Polar sechen moilulus (E977 ~ 92:7 in. \ Torsional stress due fs mement = 98/92.7 =/0.2 ksi 23sCombied shear stress por vessel in hertz. position = F24102 = 13.46 fst OK. Shear stress i weld Por pesse/ in vert positon = 10iffa7 ar28)x05) = 72 ksi OK. ee fn a] (B) Trunnion Type lug (assume ited pipe) ($8 tiem base) Max. it load (vertreal )= fot k. May. Ife lad Uheriz )= 00541521388 22 = 92 k. As in example (A), 3° shackle 1s reguired: d-34 tlh tle Assume dimensions E end L Fo meet chearance requirements: E280, £215" From Ey.Ué), Z af frunnuon pipe = 926 /22+ #33. n°. 1 GD, Z of prnnien PPO * PS eta BS) SL1 oo From Ep./8), Xsechonal anea of pope = 10.8.3 = 75 1° Try 12°%S pipes A=I92 mn, 2-589 in?P2uh 92 Gmbined shear ¢ persional stress = 258.9 * 9a 7b SKS This stress exceeds F=/3.S5 ks 5 » Lie XS popes 22715 ni, Ax thd tn, Teoub=/8 ks Check vesse! stress wsing Fig. 7 eee Teva Diam _ th. Wiis 76. TEE Die 2 9 . Ap= 0.053 005319218 ; Messe! Shess ~ —Gazs? ~ 160 ksi by wing 2 Th rheh pad , ler o7stabes=/375" Stress wround pipe =(a0s3r§2 18 n978°2 1S kst Stress around rhe pad (assume reeserchle size) will stilt be excessive. Lo purring axle Prusnien /'s recemmended. Bearing shvess at shell cpenmng aiken sks Ok. Ff size # weld between hg plate ani! ppecnd 1s Fe, ten weld stress = pitt bb ksi OK Lye I i 227